Regional Anesthesia in Trauma Patients

Anesthesiology Clinics

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 99-116

  Gregoretti, Cesare ^a   Decaroli, Daniela ^a   Miletto, Antonio ^a   Mistretta, Alice ^b   Cusimano, Rosario ^a   Ranieri, V Marco ^b  

^a CTO HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANESTHESIST; ARM AMPUTATION; EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA; GENERAL ANESTHESIA; HUMAN; INJURY; INTRAOPERATIVE PERIOD; NERVE BLOCK; NURSING CARE; POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA; REGIONAL ANESTHESIA; REVIEW;

ANESTHESIA, CONDUCTION; ANIMALS; HUMANS; LOWER EXTREMITY; PAIN; UPPER EXTREMITY; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 33947703089     PISSN: 19322275     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.anclin.2006.12.002     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Cordell W.H., Keene K.K., Giles B.K., et al. The high prevalence of pain in emergency medical care. Am J Emerg Med 20 3 (2002) 165-169
2. Cuthbertson B.H., Hull A., Strachan M., et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder after critical illness requiring general intensive care. Intensive Care Med 30 (2004) 450-455
3. Bulger E.M., Edwards T., Klotz P.R.N., et al. Epidural analgesia improves outcome after multiple rib fractures. Surgery 2 (2004) 426-430
4. Osinowo O.A., Zahrani M., and Softah A. Effect of intercostal nerve block with 0.5% bupivacaine on peak expiratory flow rate and arterial oxygen saturation in rib fractures. J Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care 56 2 (2004) 345-347
5. Davidson E.M., Ginosar Y., and Avidan A. Pain management and regional anaesthesia in the trauma patient. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 18 (2005) 169-174
6. Cohen S.P., Christo P.J., and Moroz L. Pain management in trauma patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 83 (2004) 142-161
7. Schulz-Stübner S., Boezaart A., and Hata J.S. Regional analgesia in the critically ill. Crit Care Med 33 (2005) 1400-1407
8. Taboada M., and Atanassoff P.G. Lower extremity nerve blocks. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 17 (2004) 403-408
9. Singelyn F.J., and Capdevila X. Regional anesthesia for orthopaedic surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 14 (2001) 733-740
10. Rodgers A., Walker N., Schug S., et al. Reduction of postoperative mortality and morbidity with epidural or spinal anaesthesia: result from overview of randomised trials. Br Med J 321 (2000) 1493
11. O'Hara D.A., Duff A., Berlin J.A., et al. The effect of anesthetic technique on postoperative outcomes in hip fracture repair. Anesthesiology 92 (2000) 947-957
12. Breen P., and Park K.W. General anesthesia versus regional anesthesia. Int Anesthesiol Clin 40 1 (2002) 61-71
13. Urwin S.C., Parker M.J., and Griffiths R. General versus regional anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Br J Anaesth 84 (2000) 450-455
14. Pasero C., and McCaffery M. Multimodal balanced analgesia in the critically ill. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 13 (2001) 195-206
15. Auroy Y., Benhamou D., Bargues L., et al. Major complications of regional anesthesia in France: the SOS regional anesthesia hotline service. Anesthesiology 97 (2002) 1274-1280
16. Auroy Y., Narchi P., Messiah A., et al. Serious complications related to regional anesthesia: results of a prospective survey in France. Anesthesiology 87 (1997) 479-486
17. Moen V., Dahlgren N., and Irestedt L. Severe neurological complications after central neuraxial blockades in Sweden 1990-1999. Anesthesiology 101 (2004) 950-959
18. Wu C.L., Anderson G.F., Herbert R., et al. Effect of postoperative epidural analgesia on morbidity and mortality after total hip replacement surgery in medicare patients. Reg Anesth Pain Med 28 (2003) 271-278
19. Naber L., Jones G., and Halm M. Epidural analgesia for effective pain control. Crit Care Nurse 14 (1994) 69-72 7785
20. Matot I., Oppenheim-Eden A., Ratrot R., et al. Preoperative cardiac events in elderly patients with hip fracture randomized to epidural or conventional analgesia. Anesthesiology 98 1 (2003) 156-163
21. De Leon-Casasola O.A., Lema M.J., Karabella D., et al. Postoperative myocardial ischemia: epidural versus intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. A pilot project. Reg Anesth 20 (1995) 105-112
22. Deiner S., Jeffrey H., Silverstein J.H., et al. Management of trauma in the geriatric patient. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 17 2 (2004) 165-170
23. Krane E.J., Dalens B.J., Murat I., et al. The safety of epidurals placed during general anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 23 (1998) 433-438
24. Scheini H., Virtanen T., Kenatala E., et al. Epidural infusion of bupivacaine and fentanyl reduces perioperative myocardial ischaemia in elderly patients with hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 44 (2000) 1061-1070
25. Taras J.S., and Behrman M.J. Continuous peripheral nerve block in replantation and revascularization. J Reconstr Micrs 14 (1998) 17-21
26. Kaplan R. ASRA consensus statements for anticoagulated patients. American Society of Regional Anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 24 (1999) 477-478
27. Horlocker T.T., Wedel D.J., Benzon H., et al. Regional anesthesia in the anticoagulated patient: defining the risks (the second ASRA Consensus Conference on Neuraxial Anesthesia and Anticoagulation). Reg Anesth Pain Med 28 (2003) 172-197
28. Krombach J.W., Oguzhan D., and Kampe S. Regional anesthesia and coagulation. Curr Opinion Anesthesiol 17 (2004) 427-433
29. Wegeforth P.L.J. Lumbar puncture as a factor in the pathogenesis of meningitis. Am J Med Sci 158 (1919) 183-202
30. Cappelleri G., Aldegheri G., Danelli G., et al. Spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric levobupivacaine and ropivacaine for outpatient knee arthroscopy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Anesth Analg 101 1 (2005) 77-82
31. Casati A., Fanelli G., Cappelleri G., et al. Effects of spinal needle type on lateral distribution of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 87 (1998) 355-359
32. Finlayson B.J., and Underhill T.J. Femoral nerve block for analgesia in fractures of the femoral neck. Arch Emerg Med 5 (1988) 173-176
33. Tan T.T., and Coleman M.M. Femoral blockade for fractured neck of femur in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 42 (2003) 596-597
34. Cuignet O., Pirson J., Boughrouph J., et al. The efficacy of continuous fascia iliaca compartment block for pain management in burn patients undergoing skin grafting procedures. Anesth Analg 98 (2004) 1077-1081
35. Fletcher A.K., Rigby A.S., and Heyes F.L. Three-in-one femoral nerve block as analgesia for fractured neck of femur in the emergency department: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 41 (2003) 227-233
36. Kaden V., Wolfel H., and Kirsch W. [Experiences with a combined sciatic and femoral block in surgery of injuries of the lower leg]. Anaesthesiol Reanim 14 (1989) 299-303 [in German]
37. Lopez S., Gros T., Bernard N., et al. Fascia iliaca compartment block for femoral bone fractures in prehospital care. Reg Anesth Pain Med 28 (2003) 203-207
38. Sia S., Pelusio F., Barbagli R., et al. Analgesia before performing a spinal block in the sitting position in patients with femoral shaft fracture: a comparison between femoral nerve block and intravenous fentanyl. Anesth Analg 99 (2004) 1221-1224
39. Barbero C., Fuzier R., and Samii K. Anterior approach to the sciatic nerve block: adaptation to the patient's height. Anesth Analg 98 (2004) 1785-1788
40. Franco C.D. Posterior approach to the sciatic nerve in adults: is Euclidean geometry still necessary?. Anesthesiology 98 (2003) 723-728
41. Di Benedetto P., Casati A., Bertini L., et al. Posterior subgluteal approach to block the sciatic nerve: description of the technique and initial clinical experiences. Eur J An-aesthesiol 19 (2002) 682-686
42. Bailey S.L., Parkinson S.K., Little W.L., et al. Sciatic nerve block. A comparison of single versus double injection technique. Reg Anesth 19 (1994) 9-13
43. -1 for sciatic nerve block. Br J Anaesth 86 (2001) 674-677
44. Fanelli G., Casati A., Beccaria P., et al. A double-blind comparison of ropivacaine, mepivacaine during sciatic and femoral nerve. Anesth Analg 87 (1998) 597-600
45. Casati A., Magistris L., Fanelli G., et al. Small-dose clonidine prolongs postoperative analgesia after sciatic-femoral nerve block with 0.75% ropivacaine for foot surgery. Anesth Analg 91 (2000) 388-392
46. Murphy D., McCartney C., and Chan V. Novel analgesic adjuncts for brachial plexus block: a systematic review. Anesth Analg 90 (2000) 1122-1128
47. Mannion S., Hayes I., Loughnane F., et al. Intravenous but not perineural clonidine prolongs postoperative analgesia after psoas compartment block with 0.5% levobupivacaine for hip fracture surgery. Anesth Analg 100 (2005) 873-878
48. De Kock M., Gauthier P., Fanard L., et al. Intrathecal ropivacaine and clonidine for ambulatory knee arthroscopy. A dose-response study. Anesthesiology 94 (2001) 574-578
49. Capdevila X., Pirat P., Bringuier S., et al. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks in hospital wards after orthopedic surgery. Anesthesiology 103 (2005) 1035-1045
50. Marhofer P., Schrogendorfer K., Koinig H., et al. Ultrasonographic guidance improves sensory block and onset time of three-in-one blocks. Anesth Analg 85 (1997) 854-857
51. Janzen P.R., Hall W.J., and Hopkins P.M. Setting targets for sedation with a target-controlled program. Anaesthesia 55 (2000) 666-669
52. Casati A., Fanelli G., Koscielniak-Nielsen Z., et al. Using stimulating catheters for continuous sciatic nerve block shortens onset time of surgical block and minimizes postoperative consumption of pain medication after hallux valgus repair as compared with conventional nonstimulating catheters. Anesth Analg 101 4 (2005) 1192-1197
53. Boezaart A.P., de Beer J.F., du Toit C., et al. A new technique of continuous interscalene nerve block. Can J Anaesth 46 (1999) 275-281
54. Brown D.L. Brachial plexus anesthesia: an analysis of options. Yale J Biol Med 66 (1993) 415-431
55. Ilfeld B.M., and Enneking F.K. Brachial plexus infraclavicular block success rate and appropriate endpoints. Anesth Analg 95 (2002) 784
56. Sala-Blanch X., Lazaro J.R., Correa J., et al. Phrenic nerve block caused by interscalene brachial plexus block: effects of digital pressure and a low volume of local anesthetic. Reg Anesth Pain Med 24 (1999) 231-235
57. Borgeat A., Tewes E., Biasca N., et al. Patient-controlled interscalene analgesia with ropivacaine after major shoulder surgery: PCIA vs PCA. Br J Anaesth 81 (1998) 603-605
58. Lehtipalo S., Koskinen L.O., Johansson G., et al. Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block for postoperative analgesia following shoulder surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 43 (1999) 258-264
59. Borgeat A., Perschak H., Bird P., et al. Patient-controlled interscalene analgesia with ropivacaine 0.2% versus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia after major shoulder surgery: effects on diaphragmatic and respiratory function. Anesthesiology 92 (2000) 102-108
60. Boezaart A.P., De Beer J.F., and Nell M.L. Early experience with continuous cervical paravertebral block using a stimulating catheter. Reg Anesth Pain Med 28 (2003) 406-413
61. Boezaart A.P., Koorn R., Borene S., et al. Continuous brachial plexus block using the posterior approach. Reg Anesth Pain Med 28 (2003) 70-71
62. Boezaart A.P., Koorn R., and Rosenquist R.W. Paravertebral approach to the brachial plexus: an anatomic improvement in technique. Reg Anesth Pain Med 28 (2003) 241-244
63. Benumof J.L. Permanent loss of cervical spinal cord function associated with interscalene block performed under general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 93 (2000) 1541-1544
64. DeLaunay L., and Chelly J.E. Indications for upper extremity blocks. In: Chelly J.E. (Ed). Peripheral nerve blocks: a color atlas (1999), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia 17-27
65. Borene S.C., Edwards J.N., and Boezaart A.P. At the cords, the pinkie towards: interpreting infraclavicular motor responses to neurostimulation. Reg Anesth Pain Med 29 (2004) 125-129
66. Sandhu N.S., and Capan L.M. Ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block. Br J Anaesth 89 (2002) 254-259
67. Ang E.T., Lassale B., and Goldfarb G. Continuous axillary brachial plexus block-a clinical and anatomical study. Anesth Analg 63 (1984) 680-684
68. Sia S., Lepri A., Campolo M.C., et al. Four injection brachial plexus block using peripheral nerve stimulator: a comparison between axillary and humeral approaches. Anesth Analg 95 (2002) 1075-1079
69. Retzl G., Kapral S., Greher M., et al. Ultrasonographic findings of the axillary part of the brachial plexus. Anesth Analg 92 (2001) 1271-1275
70. Kapral S., Jandrasits O., Schabernig C., et al. Lateral infraclavicular plexus block vs. axillary block for hand and forearm surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 43 (1999) 1047-1052
71. Greher M., Retzl G., Niel P., et al. Ultrasonographic assessment of topographic anatomy in volunteers suggests a modification of the infraclavicular vertical brachial plexus block. Br J Anaesth 88 (2002) 632-636
72. Jandard C., Gentili M.E., Girar D.F., et al. Infraclavicular block with lateral approach and nerve stimulation: extent of anesthesia and adverse effects. Reg Anesth Pain Med 27 (2002) 37-42
73. Thompson W.L., and Malchow R.J. Peripheral nerve blocks and anesthesia of the hand. Mil Med 167 (2002) 478-482
74. Borene S.C., Rosenquist R.W., Koorn R., et al. An indicator for continuous cervical paravertebral block (posterior approach to the interscalenic space). Anesth Analg 97 (2003) 898-900
75. Barash P.G., Cullen B.F., and Stoelting R.K. Peripheral nerve blockade. In: Barash P.G., Cullen B.F., and Stoelting R.K. (Eds). Handbook of clinical anesthesia (1997), Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia 369-371
76. Casati Andrea; Fanelli Guido; Chelly JE. Interscalene brachial plexus anesthesia and analgesia for open shoulder surgery: what about pharmacokinetics?: in response:. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;2:606.
77. Silverstein W., Saiyed M., and Brown A. Interscalene block with a nerve stimulator: a deltoid motor response in a satisfactory endpoint for successful block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 25 (2000) 356-359
78. Rosenberg A.D. Reducing post-traumatic morbidity with pain management. Curr Opinion in Anesthesiology 13 (2000) 181-184
79. Ziegler D.W., and Agarwal N.N. The morbidity and mortality of rib fractures. J Trauma 37 (1994) 975-979
80. Holcomb J.B., McMullin N.R., Kozar R.A., et al. Morbidity from rib fractures increases after age 45. J Am Coll Surg 196 (2003) 549-555
81. Karmakar M.K., and Ho A.M.H. Acute pain management of patients with multiple fractured ribs. J Trauma 54 (2003) 615-625
82. Simon B.J., Cushman J., Barraco R., et al., for the EAST Practice Management Guidelines Work Group. (Pain management guidelines for blunt thoracic trauma. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care 59 5 (2005) 1256-1267
83. Catoire P., and Bonnet F. [Locoregional analgesia in thoracic injuries]. Cah Anesthesiol 42 (1994) 809-814 [in French]
84. Asantila R., Rosenberg P.H., and Scheinin B. Comparison of different methods of postoperative analgesia after thoracotomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 30 (1986) 421-425
85. Wisner D.H. A stepwise logistic regression analysis of factors affecting morbidity and mortality after thoracic trauma: effect of epidural analgesia. J Trauma 30 (1990) 799-804 [discussion: 804-5]
86. Luchette F.A., Radafshar S.M., Kaiser R., et al. Prospective evaluation of epidural versus intrapleural catheters for analgesia in chest wall trauma. J Trauma 36 (1994) 865-869
87. Karmakar M.K., Critchley L.A., Ho A.M., et al. Continuous thoracic paravertebral infusion of bupivacaine for pain management in patients with multiple fractured ribs. Chest 123 (2003) 424-431
88. Shanti C.M., Carlin A.M., and Tyburski J.G. Incidence of pneumothorax from intercostal nerve block for analgesia in rib fractures. J Trauma 51 (2001) 536-539
89. Chelly J.E., Casati A., Al-Samsam T., et al. Continuous lumbar plexus block for acute postoperative pain management after open reduction and internal fixation of acetabular fractures. J Orthop Trauma 17 5 (2003) 362-367
90. Pascal J., Simon P.G., Allary R., Passot S., et al. Regional blocking techniques for emergency facial tegument surgery. Br J Anaesth 82 Suppl 1 (1999) A353
91. Zink W., Seif C., Bohl J.R., et al. The acute myotoxic effects of bupivacaine and ropivacaine after continuous peripheral nerve blockades. Anesth Analg 97 (2003) 1173-1179
92. Zink W., and Graf B.M. Local anesthetic myotoxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med 29 (2004) 333-340
93. Scott D.A., Emanuelsson B.M., Mooney P.H., et al. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of long-term epidural ropivacaine infusion for postoperative analgesia. Anesth Analg 85 (1997) 1322-1330
94. Lefrant J.Y., de La Coussaye J.E., Ripart J., et al. The comparative electrophysiologic and hemodynamic effects of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in anesthetized and ventilated pigs. Anesth Analg 93 (2001) 1598-1605
95. Horlocker T.T., Kufner R.P., Bishop A.T., Maxson P.M., et al. The risk of persistent paresthesia is not increased with repeated axillary block. Anesth Analg 88 (1999) 382-387
96. Gao F., Waters B., Seager J., et al. Comparison of bupivacaine plus buprenorphine with bupivacaine alone by caudal blockade for post-operative pain relief after hip and knee arthroplasty. Eur J Anaesthesiol 12 (1995) 471-476
97. Jorgensen H., Wetterslev J., Moiniche S., et al. Epidural local anaesthetics versus opioid-based analgesic regimens on postoperative gastrointestinal paralysis, PONV and pain after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2000) CD001893
98. Borghi B., Agnoletti V., Ricci A., et al. A prospective, randomized evaluation of the effects of epidural needle rotation on the distribution of epidural block. Anesth Analg 98 (2004) 1473-1478
99. Rawal N., and Tandon B. Epidural and intrathecal morphine in intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 11 (1985) 129-133
100. Candido K.D., Franco C.D., Khan M.A., et al. Buprenorphine added to the local anesthetic for brachial plexus block to provide postoperative analgesia in outpatients. Reg Anesth Pain Med 26 (2001) 352-356
101. Silka P.A., Roth M.M., Moreno G., et al. Pain scores improve analgesic administration patterns for trauma patients in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 11 (2004) 264-270
102. Brown J.C., Klein E.J., Lewis C.W., et al. Emergency department analgesia for fracture pain. Ann Emerg Med 42 (2003) 197-205
103. Møiniche S., Kehlet H., and Dahl J.B. A qualitative and quantitative systematic review of preemptive analgesia for postoperative pain relief the role of timing of analgesia. Anesthesiology 96 (2002) 725-741
104. Herwaldt L.A., Coffin S.A., and Schulz-Stübner S. Nosocomial infections associated with anesthesia. In: Mayhall C.G. (Ed). Hospital epidemiology and infection control. 3rd edition (2004), Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 1073-1117
105. Rosenberg P.H., Veering B.T., and Urmey W.F. Maximum recommended doses of local anesthetics: a multifactorial concept. Reg Anesth Pain Med 29 (2004) 564-575
106. Tsui B.C., Gupta S., and Finucane B. Confirmation of epidural catheter placement using nerve stimulation. Can J Anaesth 45 (1998) 640-644
107. Tsui B.C., Guenther C., Emery D., et al. Determining epidural catheter location using nerve stimulation with radiological confirmation. Reg Anesth Pain Med 25 (2000) 306-309
108. Cuvillon P., Ripart J., Lalourcey L., et al. The continuous femoral nerve block catheter for postoperative analgesia: bacterial colonization, infectious rate and adverse effects. Anesth Analg 93 (2001) 1045-1049
109. Langevin P.B., Gravenstein N., Langevin S.O., et al. Epidural catheter reconnection. Safe and unsafe practice. Anesthesiology 85 (1996) 883-888