Workplace design: A new managerial imperative

California Management Review

Volumn 49, Issue 2, 2007, Pages

  Chan, Jeffrey K ^a   Beckman, Sara L ^b   Lawrence, Peter G ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33947541552     PISSN: 00081256     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/41166380     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. James Ware and Charles Grantham, "The Future of Work: Changing Patterns of Workforce Management and Their Impact on the Workplace," Journal of Facilities Management, 2/2 (September 2003): 142-159.
2. Becker addresses knowledge-based work more fully. Franklin Becker, "Organizational Ecology and Knowledge Networks," California Management Review, 49/2 (Winter 2007): 42-61.
3. Kevin Kampschroer. Judith Heerwagen, ami Kevin Powell, Creating and resting Workplace Strategy," California Management Review, 49/2 (Winter 2007): 119-137.
4. Judith Heerwagen, Kevin Kelly, and Kevin Kampschroer, "The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work, and Workplace," Whole Building Design Guide, 〈www.wbdg.org/design/cdngorgwork.php?print=1〉, accessed August 5, 2006.
5. Richard Florida, The Rise of the Creative Class (New York, NY. Bask Books, 2002)
6. Charles Grantham and James Ware, "Demographics and the Changing Nature of Work." Corporate Real Estate Leader (May 2004).
7. Heerwagen, Kelly, and Kampschroer, op. cit.
8. Kampschroer et al. provide citations that support this assertion. Kampschroer, Heerwagen, and Powell, op. cit.
9. Turid H. Horgen, Michael L., Joroff, William L. Porter, and Donald A. Schon, Excellcnce by Design: Transforming Workplace and Work Practice (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.), p. 6.
10. Peter R. Monge, "(Re)Designing Dynamic Organizations," in George P. Huber and William H. Gilick, eds., Organizational Change and Redesign- Ideas and Insights for Improving Performance (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 323-345;
11. David A. Nadler and Michael L. Tushman with Mark B. Nadler, Competing by Design: The Power of Organizational Architecture (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1997):
12. Henry Mintzberg, Brute Ahlstrand, and Joseph Lampel, Strategy Safari: A Guided Tour Through the Wilds of Strategic Management (New York, NY: The Free Press, 1998);
13. Franklin Becker, Offices At Work: Uncommon Workspace Strategies that Add Value and Improve Performance (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2004);
14. Roger I.M. Dunbar and William H. Starbuck, "Learning to Design Organizations and Learning from Designing Them," Organization Science, 17/2 (2006): 171-178.
15. Klaus Krippendorff, The Semantic Turn: A New Foundation for Design (New York, NY: Taylor & Francis, 2006).
16. Fritz Steele, Making and Managing High-Quality Workplaces: An Organizational Ecology (New York, NY: Teachers College Press, 1986);
17. Franklin Becker and Fritz Steele, Workplace by Design: Mapping High-Performance Workscape (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1995).
18. Francis Dully, "Design and Facilities Management in a Time of Change," Facilities 18/10,11,12 (2000): 171-375.
19. For a discussion on moving away from the extreme pole of "hardware," see Linda Groat and Lawrence Stern, "Cultivating Organizational Values: A New Model for Workplace Planning," The Journal for Quality and Participation, 25/4 (2002): 40-43
20. For a discussion on an analytic model of interdependence of organizational activities and settings, see Goran A. Lindahl, "The Innovative Workplace: An Analytical Model Focusing on the Relationship between Spatial and Organizational Issues," Facilities, 22/9, 10 (2004): 253-258.
21. Among the many researchers who discussed this, see Jacqueline C. Vischer, "Strategic Work-Space Planning," Sloan Management Review, 37/1 (Fall 1995): 33-42.
22. For a discussion on viewing facility management beyond its conventional role, see Sezgin Kaya, Christopher A. Heywood, Kristen Arge, Graham Brawn, and Keith Alexander, "Raising Facilities Management's Profile in Organizations: Developing a World-Class Framework," Journal of Facilities Management, 3/1 (2004): 65-82.
23. Arnold C. Levin, "Changing the Role of Workplace Design within the Business Organization: A Model for Linking Workplace Design Solutions to Business Strategies," Journal of Facilities Management, 3/4 (2005): 299-311.
24. Aoife Brennan, Jasdeep S. Chugh, and Theresa Kline, "Traditional versus Open Office Design: A Longitudinal Field Study," Environment and Behavior, 34/3 (2002): 279-299.
25. For a pioneering study between interactivity and barriers in R&D firms, see Mary J. Hatch, "Physical Barriers, Task Characteristics, and Interaction Activity in Research and Development Firms," Administrative Science Quarterly. 32/3 (September 1987): 387-399.
26. For a correlation study between decreasing privacy and decreasing satisfaction, see Eric Sundstrom, Robert E. Bun, and Douglas Kamp. "Privacy at Work: Architectural Correlates of Job Satisfaction and Job Performance," The Academy of Management Journal, 23/1 (March 1980): 101-117.
27. Brennan et al., op. cit.
28. Becker (2007), op. cit.
29. Heerwagen (2007) op. cit.
30. Diane Hoskins, Erik Lucken, Evelyn Fujimoto, Gervais Tompkin, James Williamson, Jane Brown, John Parman, Kate Kirkpatrick, and Thomas Vecchione, "The Gensler Design and Performance Index: The U.S. Workplace Survey," a Gensler Publication, Fall 2006.
31. Peter Lawrence, "Building Design: More Than Meets the Eye," The Journal of Business Strategy, 10/4 (July/August 1989): 15-19.
32. Franklin Becker, "Improving Organizational Performance by Exploiting Workplace Flexibility,"Journal of Facilities Management, 1/2 (2002): 154-162.
33. Alfred P. West, Jr. and Yoram (Jerry) Wind, "Putting the Organization on Wheels: Workplace Design at SEI," California Management Review, 49/2 (Winter 2007): 138-153.
34. John S. Brown and Paul Duguid, "Organizational Learning and Communities-of-Practice: Toward a Unified View of Working, Learning, and Innovation," Organization Science, 2/1 (February 1991): 40-57, Special Issue: Organizational Learning: Papers in Honor of (and by) James G. March.
35. Dorothy Leonard and Walter Swap, "Deep Smarts," Harvard Business Review, 82/9 (September 2004): 88-97.
36. Laurence Prusak and Don Cohen, "How to Invest in Social Capital," Harvard Business Review, 79/6 (June 2001): 86-93.
37. Becker (2007), op. cit.
38. W. Richard Scott, Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems, Third Edition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1992).
39. Jacqueline C. Vischer, "The Concept of Workplace Performance and its Value to Managers," California Management Review, 49/2 (Winter 2007): 62-79.
40. James Ware and Charles Grantham, "The Future of Work: Changing Patterns of Workforce Management and Their Impact on the Workplace," Journal of Facilities Management, 212 (September 2003): 142-159.
41. Mahlon Apgar, IV, "The Alternative Workplace: Changing Where and How People Work," Harvard Business Review, 76/3 (May/June 1998): 121-136.
42. For another exposition on this issue, see Wayne F. Cascio, "Managing a Virtual Workplace," Academy of Management Executive, 14/3 (August 2000): 81-90. Both researchers concede that virtual workplaces have hidden costs too.
43. For an excellent integrative approach discussing the American workplace, see James O'Toole and Edward E. Lawler III, The New American Workplace (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).
44. See Don Durfee, "Take My Desk-Please," CFO Magazine, October 1, 2006, 〈www.cfo.com/printable/article.cfm/7960833/c_7988452?f= options〉.
45. For a comparative workplace trend report between North American and Europe, see Christine Barber, Andrew Laing, and Marilyn Simeone, "Global Workplace Trends: A North American and European Comparison," Journal of Corporate Real Estate, 7/3 (2005): 210-221.
46. Apgar, op. cit.
47. Cascio, op. cit.
48. Franklin Becker, Offices at Work: Uncommon Workspace Strategies that Add Value and Improve Performance (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2004).
49. Becker (2002), op. cit.
50. Pamela J. Hinds and Diane E. Bailey, "Out of Sight, Out of Sync: Understanding Conflict in Distributed Teams," Organization Science, 14/6 (2003): 615-632.
51. Kimberly D. Elsbach and Beth A. Bechky, "It's More than a Desk: Working Smarter through Leveraged Office Design," California Management Review, 49/2 (Winter 2007): 80-101.
52. Chester I. Barnard, The Functions of the Executive (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968).
53. Here, we rely on the famous dichotomy between "know how" and "know that" from Gilbert Ryle. For an interesting discussion between this often seen distinction, see Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of the Mind (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1984).
54. For every bit of tacit know-how transformed successfully into explicit know-that by technologies, we can say that by Barnard's definition, it is an efficient move. For an insightful account of how knowledge turns into information, and information internalizing into knowledge again, see Ikujiro Nonaka, "The Knowledge-Creating Company," Harvard Business Review, 69/6 (November/December 1991): 96-104.
55. Michael J. Earl and David F. Feeny, "Is Your CIO Adding Value?" Sloan Management Review, 35/3 (Spring 1994): 11-20.
56. Barry Haynes and II Price, "Quantifying the Complex Adaptive Workplace." Facilities, 22/1. (2004): 8-18.
57. Edward M. Hallowell, "The Human Moment at Work." Harvard Buseness Review, 77/1 (January/February 1999): 58-66.
58. Becker (2007), op. cit.
59. Thomas J. Allen, Architecture and Communication among Product Development Engineers," California Management Review, 49/2 (Winter 2007): 23-41.
60. Robert S. Kaplan arid David P. Norton, The Strategy-Focused Organization: How Balanced Score card Companies Thrive in the New Business Environment (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2001).
61. Hoskins et al., op. cit.
62. Stan Kaczmarczyk and Judi Murtough, "Measuring the Performance of Innovative Work-places," Journal of facilities Management, 1/2 (August 2002): 163-176;
63. Stan Kaczmarczyk, "Financial Impact of Alternative Workplace Strategies," Journal of Facilities Management, 3/2 (September 2004): 117-124.
64. Francis Duffy (with contributions from Kenneth Powell), The New Office (London: Conran Octopus Limited, 1997).
65. Kampschroer, Heerwagen, and Powell, op, cit.
66. Horgen et al., op. cit.
67. Horgen et al., op. cit.
68. Vischer (2007), op. cit.
69. Suzyn Ornstein, "The Hidden influences of Office Design," Academy of Management Executive, 3/2 (May 1989): 144-147.
70. Ibid.
71. West and Wind, op. cit.
72. Earl and Feeny, op. cit.
73. Apgar, op. cit.
74. If Price, "Lean Assets: New Language for New Workplaces," California Management Review 49/2 (Winter 2007): 102-118.
75. Duffy (1997), op. cit.
76. Kaya et al. refer to these steps as part of a World Class Facilities Management (WCFM) Framework. Kaya et al., op. cit.
77. Kaya et al., op. cit.
78. Kaya et al., op. cit.
79. Mintzberg et al. brought up shortcomings such as a detached worldview, bypassing learning from ignoring emergence, and premature closure to raging external uncertainties, among many others. Mintzberg et al., op. cit.
80. Dunbar and Starbuck, op. cit.
81. Karl E. Weick and Kathleen M. Sutcliffe, Managing the Unexpected: Assuring High Performance in an Age of Complexity (San Francisco. CA: Jossey-Bass, 2001).