Minimizing the risk of endophthalmitis following intravitreal injections

Comprehensive Ophthalmology Update

Volumn 7, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 277-284

  Lad, Eleonora Maries ^a   Moshfeghi, Darius M ^b  

^a ROSALIND FRANKLIN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND SCIENCE   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Endophthalmitis; Endophthalmitis prophylaxis; Intravitreal injection

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; BEVACIZUMAB; CORTICOSTEROID; DEXAMETHASONE; GATIFLOXACIN; METHOTREXATE; MOXIFLOXACIN; NEOMYCIN; PEGAPTANIB; POLYMYXIN B; POVIDONE IODINE; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RANIBIZUMAB; TRIAMCINOLONE; TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE;

DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; ENDOPHTHALMITIS; EYE INFLAMMATION; EYE TUMOR; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PROPHYLAXIS; RETINA MACULA AGE RELATED DEGENERATION; RETINITIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; INJECTION; VITREOUS BODY;

ENDOPHTHALMITIS; HUMANS; INJECTIONS; RISK ASSESSMENT; VITREOUS BODY;

EID: 33947512076     PISSN: 15277313     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Ohm J: [On the treatment of the retina detachment through strategic emptying of the subretinal fluid and injection of air into the vitreous body]. Albrecht von Graefes Arch Ophthalmol 79: 442-50, 1911
2. Antcliff RJ, Spalton DJ, Stanford MR, et al: Intravitreal triamcinolone for uveitic cystoid macular edema: an optical coherence tomography study. Ophthalmology 108: 765-72, 2001
3. Martidis A, Duker JS, Puliafito CA: Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory cystoid macular edema secondary to birdshot retinochoroidopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 119: 1380-3, 2001
4. Young S, Larkin G, Branley M, et al: Safety and efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone for cystoid macular oedema in uveitis. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 29: 2-6, 2001
5. Baudouin C, Chassain C, Caujolle C, et al: Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients using intravitreal injections of highly concentrated ganciclovir. Ophthalmologica 210: 329-35, 1996
6. Cochereau-Massin I, Lehoang P, Lautier-Frau M, et al: Efficacy and tolerance of intravitreal ganciclovir in cytomegalovirus retinitis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ophthalmology 98: 1348-53; discussion 1353-5, 1991
7. Kirsch LS, Arevalo JF, De Clercq E, et al: Phase I/II study of intravitreal cidofovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 119: 466-76, 1995
8. Jonas JB, Söfker A: Intraocular injection of crystalline cortisone as adjunctive treatment of diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 132: 425-7, 2001
9. Martidis A, Duker JS, Greenberg PB, et al: Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 109: 920-7, 2002
10. Jonas JB, Hayler JK, Söfker A, et al: Regression of neovascular iris vessels by intravitreal injection of crystalline cortisone. J Glaucoma 10: 284-7, 2001
11. Danis RP, Ciulla TA, Pratt LM, et al: Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in exudative age-related macular degeneration. Retina 20: 244-50, 2000
12. Kim IK, Husain D, Michaud N, et al: Effect of intravitreal injection of ranibizumab in combination with verteporfin PDT on normal primate retina and choroid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47: 357-63, 2006
13. Rosenfeld PJ, Heier JS, Hantsbarger G, et al: Tolerability and efficacy of multiple escalating doses of ranibizumab (Lucentis) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 113: 632.e1, 2006
14. Eter N, Krohne TU, Holz FG: New pharmacologic approaches to therapy for age-related macular degeneration. BioDrugs 20: 167-79, 2006
15. Heier JS, Antoszyk AN, Pavan PR, et al: Ranibizumab for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a phase I/II multicenter, controlled, multidose study. Ophthalmology 113: 642.e1-4, 2006
16. Gillies MC, Simpson JM, Luo W, et al: A randomized clinical trial of a single dose of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: one-year results. Arch Ophthalmol 121: 667-73, 2003
17. Gragoudas ES, Adamis AP, Cunningham ET, et al: Pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 351: 2805-16, 2004
18. Alldredge CD, Garretson BR: Intravitreal triamcinolone for the treatment of idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasis. Retina 23: 113-6, 2003
19. Ip MS, Kumar KS: Intravitreous triamcinolone acetonide as treatment for macular edema from central retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol 120: 1217-9, 2002
20. Greenberg PB, Martidis A, Rogers AH, et al: Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for macular oedema due to central retinal vein occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol 86: 247-8, 2002
21. Conway MD, Canakis C, Livir-Rallatos C, et al: Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for refractory chronic pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. J Cataract Refract Surg 29: 27-33, 2003
22. Benhamou N, Massin P, Haouchine B, et al: Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory pseudophakic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 135: 246-9, 2003
23. Peyman GA, Cheema R, Conway MD, et al: Triamcinolone acetonide as an aid to visualization of the vitreous and the posterior hyaloid during pars plana vitrectomy. Retina 20: 554-5, 2000
24. Knox CM, Chandler D, Short GA, et al: Polymerase chain reaction-based assays of vitreous samples for the diagnosis of viral retinitis. Use in diagnostic dilemmas. Ophthalmology 105: 37-44; discussion 44-5, 1998
25. Peyman GA, Vastine DW, Meisels HI: The experimental and clinical use of intravitreal antibiotics to treat bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis. Doc Ophthalmol 39: 183-201, 1975
26. Peyman GA, Nelsen P, Bennett TO: Intravitreal injection of kanamycin in experimentally induced endophthalmitis. Can J Ophthalmol 9: 322-7, 1974
27. Forster RK, Zachary IG, Cottingham AJ, et al: Further observations on the diagnosis cause, and treatment of endophthalmitis. Am J Ophthalmol 81: 52-6, 1976
28. Peyman GA, Vastine DW, Raichand M: Experimental aspects and their clinical application. Ophthalmology 85: 374-85, 1978
29. Barza M, Kane A, Baum J: Oxacillin for bacterial endophthalmitis: subconjunctival, intravenous, both, or neither?. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 19: 1348-54, 1980
30. Hodge WG, Lalonde RG, Sampalis J, et al: Once-weekly intraocular injections of ganciclovir for maintenance therapy of cytomegalovirus retinitis: clinical and ocular outcome. J Infect Dis 174: 393-6, 1996
31. Young S, Morlet N, Besen G, et al: High-dose (2000-microgram) intravitreous ganciclovir in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Ophthalmology 105: 1404-10, 1998
32. McCuen BW, Bessler M, Tano Y, et al: The lack of toxicity of intravitreally administered triamcinolone acetonide. Am J Ophthalmol 91: 785-8, 1981
33. Tano Y, Chandler D, Machemer R: Treatment of intraocular proliferation with intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Am J Ophthalmol 90: 810-6, 1980
34. Penfold PL, Gyory JF, Hunyor AB, et al: Exudative macular degeneration and intravitreal triamcinolone. A pilot study. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 23: 293-8, 1995
35. Blankenship GW: Evaluation of a single intravitreal injection of dexamethasone phosphate in vitrectomy surgery for diabetic retinopathy complications. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 229: 62-5, 1991
36. Bakri SJ, Beer PM: The effect of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide on intraocular pressure. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 34: 386-90, 2003
37. Jonas JB, Kreissig I, Degenring RF: Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 136: 384-6, 2003
38. Jonas JB, Söfker A, Hayler J, et al: Intravitreal crystalline triamcinolone acetonide as an additional tool in pars plana vitrectomy for complicated proliferative vitreoretinopathy?. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 81: 663-5, 2003
39. Hilton GF, Kelly NE, Salzano TC, et al: Pneumatic retinopexy. A collaborative report of the first 100 cases. Ophthalmology 94: 307-14, 1987
40. Sebag J, Tang M: Pneumatic retinopexy using only air. Retina 13: 8-12, 1993
41. Tornambe PE, Hilton GF: Pneumatic retinopexy. A multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial comparing pneumatic retinopexy with scleral buckling. The Retinal Detachment Study Group. Ophthalmology 96: 772-83; discussion 784, 1989
42. Hassan AS, Johnson MW, Schneiderman TE, et al: Management of submacular hemorrhage with intravitreous tissue plasminogen activator injection and pneumatic displacement. Ophthalmology 106: 1900-6; discussion 1906-7, 1999
43. Lahey JM, Fong DS, Kearney J: Intravitreal tissue plasminogen activator for acute central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 30: 427-34, 1999
44. Hattenbach LO, Klais C, Koch FH, et al: Intravitreous injection of tissue plasminogen activator and gas in the treatment of submacular hemorrhage under various conditions. Ophthalmology 108: 1485-92, 2001
45. Fishburne BC, Wilson DJ, Rosenbaum JT, et al: Intravitreal methotrexate as an adjunctive treatment of intraocular lymphoma. Arch Ophthalmol 115: 1152-6, 1997
46. Blumenkranz M, Hernandez E, Ophir A, et al: 5-fluorouracil: new applications in complicated retinal detachment for an established antimetabolite. Ophthalmology 91: 122-30, 1984
47. Eyetech Study Group: Preclinical and phase 1A clinical evaluation of an anti-VEGF pegylated aptamer (EYE001) for the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration. Retina 22: 143-52, 2002
48. Eyetech Study Group: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration: phase II study results. Ophthalmology 110: 979-86, 2003
49. Chang TS TI, Globe DR, Fine J: Longitudinal changes in self-reported visual functioning in AMD patients in a randomized controlled phase I/II trial of Lucentis (ranibizumab; rHuFAV v2). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45: E-Abstract 3098, 2004
50. Vitrase®: hyaluronidase for injection. Approval letter for NDA 21-640. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Web site. Available at http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2004/ANS01287.html. Accessed May 30, 2004
51. Vitrase®: ovine hyaluronidase for intravitreal injection. NDA 21-414 clinical data, pages 134-135. Vol 2004. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Web site. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/warn/2005/VitraseNOVltr.pdf. Accessed September 25, 2003
52. Hauswirth WW, Li Q, Raisler B, et al: Range of retinal diseases potentially treatable by AAV-vectored gene therapy. Novartis Found Symp 255: 179-88; discussion 188-94, 2004
53. Lorenzo CJ, Perez FI, Gonzalez BM: Infectious and noninfectious endophthalmitis after intravitreal high-dosage triamcinolone acetonide. Am J Ophthalmol 142: 529; author reply 29-30, 2006
54. Ta CN: Minimizing the risk of endophthalmitis following intravitreous injections. Retina 24: 699-705, 2004
55. Jager RD, Aiello LP, Patel SC, et al: Risks of intravitreous injection: a comprehensive review. Retina 24: 676-98, 2004
56. Sebag J: Age-related changes in human vitreous structure. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 225: 89-93, 1987
57. Moshfeghi DM, Kaiser PK Scott IU, et al: Acute endophthalmitis following intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection. Am J Ophthalmol 136: 791-6, 2003
58. Wingate RJ, Beaumont PE: Intravitreal triamcinolone and elevated intraocular pressure. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 27: 431-2, 1999
59. Nelson ML, Tennant MT, Sivalingam A, et al: Infectious and presumed noninfectious endophthalmitis after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection. Retina 23: 686-91, 2003
60. Kreissig I, Degenring RF, Jonas JB: [Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide Complication of infectious and sterile endophthalmitis]. Ophthalmologe 103: 30-4, 2006
61. Wang LC, Yang CM: Sterile endophthalmitis following intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 13: 295-300, 2005
62. Ozkiris A, Erkilic K: Complications of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Can J Ophthalmol 40: 63-8, 2005
63. Moshfeghi AA, Scott IU, Flynn HW, et al: Pseudohypopyon after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection for cystoid macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 138: 489-92, 2004
64. Sharma MC, Lai WW, Shapiro MJ: Pseudohypopyon following intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection. Cornea 23: 398-9, 2004
65. Islam MS, Vernon SA, Negi A: Intravitreal triamcinolone will cause posterior subcapsular cataract in most eyes with diabetic maculopathy within 2 years. Eye: [Epub ahead of print], 2006
66. Jonas JB, Degenring R, Vossmerbauemer U, et al: Frequency of cataract surgery after intravitreal injection of high-dosage triamcinolone acetonide. Eur J Ophthalmol 15: 462-4, 2005
67. Konstantopoulos A, Williams CP, Newsom RS, et al: Ocular morbidity associated with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide. Eye: 2006
68. Thompson JT: Cataract formation and other complications of intravitreal triamcinolone for macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 141: 629-37, 2006
69. Jonas JB, Kreissig I, Degenring R: Intraocular pressure after intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Br J Ophthalmol 87: 24-7, 2003
70. Jonas JB, Degenring RF, Kreissig I, et al: Intraocular pressure elevation after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection. Ophthalmology 112: 593-8, 2005
71. Smithen LM, Ober MD, Maranan L, et al: Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and intraocular pressure. Am J Ophthalmol 138: 740-3, 2004
72. Yang CS, Chen MJ, Chou CK, et al: Refractory severe ocular hypertension after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection. Ophthalmologica 219: 413-5, 2005
73. Ung T, Williams CP, Canning CR: Globe rupture as a complication of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone. Eye: 2006
74. Benz MS, Murray TG, Dubovy SR, et al: Endophthalmitis caused by Mycobacterium chelonae abscessus after intravitreal injection of triamcinolone. Arch Ophthalmol 121: 271-3, 2003
75. Glasgow BJ, Engstrom RE, Holland GN, et al: Bilateral endogenous Fusarium endophthalmitis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 114: 873-7, 1996
76. Heinemann MH: Staphylococcus epidermidis endophthalmitis complicating intravitreal antiviral therapy of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Case report. Arch Ophthalmol 107: 643-4, 1989
77. Speaker MG, Milch FA, Shah MK, et al: Role of external bacterial flora in the pathogenesis of acute postoperative endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 98: 639-49; discussion 650, 1991
78. Bannerman TL, Rhoden DL, McAllister SK, et al: The source of coagulase-negative staphylococci in the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. A comparison of eyelid and intraocular isolates using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Arch Ophthalmol 115: 357-61, 1997
79. Han DP, Wisniewski SR, Wilson LA, et al: Spectrum and susceptibilities of microbiologic isolates in the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. Am J Ophthalmol 122: 1-17, 1996
80. Leong JK, Shah R, McCluskey PJ, et al: Bacterial contamination of the anterior chamber during phacoemulsification cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 28: 826-33, 2002
81. Flynn HW, Scott IU, Brod RD, et al: Current management of endophthalmitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin 44: 115-37, 2004
82. _: Results of the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. A randomized trial of immediate vitrectomy and of intravenous antibiotics for the treatment of postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis. Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol 113: 1479-96, 1995
83. Johnson MW, Doft BH, Kelsey SF, et al: The Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. Relationship between clinical presentation and microbiologic spectrum. Ophthalmology 104: 261-72, 1997
84. Durand M: Microbiologic factors and visual outcome in the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. Am J Ophthalmol 124: 127-30, 1997
85. Oum BS, D'Amico DJ, Wong KW: Intravitreal antibiotic therapy with vancomycin and aminoglycoside. An experimental study of combination and repetitive injections. Arch Ophthalmol 107: 1055-60, 1989
86. Olson JC, Flynn HW, Forster RK, et al: Results in the treatment of postoperative endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 90: 692-9, 1983
87. Kresloff MS, Castellarin AA, Zarbin MA: Endophthalmitis. Surv Ophthalmol 43: 193-224, 1998
88. Song A, Scott IU, Flynn HW, et al: Delayed-onset bleb-associated endophthalmitis: clinical features and visual acuity outcomes. Ophthalmology 109: 985-91, 2002
89. Wolner B, Liebmann JM, Sassani JW, et al: Late bleb-related endophthalmitis after trabeculectomy with adjunctive 5-fluorouracil. Ophthalmology 98: 1053-60, 1991
90. Brown RH, Yang LH, Walker SD, et al: Treatment of bleb infection after glaucoma surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 112: 57-61, 1994
91. Gedde SJ, Scott IU, Tabandeh H, et al: Late endophthalmitis associated with glaucoma drainage implants. Ophthalmology 108: 1323-7, 2001
92. Gelender H: Bacterial endophthalmitis following cutting of sutures after cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 94: 528-33, 1982
93. Phillips WB, Tasman WS: Postoperative endophthalmitis in association with diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology 101: 508-18, 1994
94. Thompson JT, Parver LM, Enger CL, et al: Infectious endophthalmitis after penetrating injuries with retained intraocular foreign bodies. National Eye Trauma System. Ophthalmology 100: 1468-74, 1993
95. Thompson WS, Rubsamen PE, Flynn HW, et al: Endophthalmitis after penetrating trauma. Risk factors and visual acuity outcomes. Ophthalmology 102: 1696-701, 1995
96. Greenwald MJ, Wohl LG, Sell CH: Metastatic bacterial endophthalmitis: a contemporary reappraisal. Surv Ophthalmol 31: 81-101, 1986
97. Schiedler V, Scott IU, Flynn HW, et al: Culture-proven endogenous endophthalmitis: clinical features and visual acuity outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol 137: 725-31, 2004
98. Ciulla TA, Starr MB, Masket S: Bacterial endophthalmitis prophylaxis for cataract surgery: an evidence-based update. Ophthalmology 109: 13-24, 2002
99. Speaker MG, Menikoff JA: Prophylaxis of endophthalmitis with topical povidone-iodine. Ophthalmology 98: 1769-75, 1991
100. Schmitz S, Dick HB, Krummenauer F, et al: Endophthalmitis in cataract surgery: results of a German survey. Ophthalmology 106: 1869-77, 1999
101. Apt L, Isenberg S, Yoshimori R, et al: Chemical preparation of the eye in ophthalmic surgery. III. Effect of povidone-iodine on the conjunctiva. Arch Ophthalmol 102: 728-9, 1984
102. Apt L, Isenberg SJ, Yoshimori R, et al: The effect of povidone-iodine solution applied at the conclusion of ophthalmic surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 119: 701-5, 1995
103. Apt L, Isenberg SJ, Yoshimori R, et al: Outpatient topical use of povidone-iodine in preparing the eye for surgery. Ophthalmology 96: 289-92, 1989
104. Caldwell DR, Kastl PR, Cook J, et al: Povidone-iodine: its efficacy as a preoperative conjunctival and periocular preparation. Ann Ophthalmol 16: 577, 580, 1984
105. Alp BN, Elibol O, Sargon MF, et al: The effect of povidone iodine on the corneal endothelium. Cornea 19: 546-50, 2000
106. Rodeheaver G, Bellamy W, Kody M, et al: Bactericidal activity and toxicity of iodine-containing solutions in wounds. Arch Surg 117: 181-6, 1982
107. Zamora JL: Chemical and microbiologic characteristics and toxicity of povidone-iodine solutions. Am J Surg 151: 400-6, 1986
108. Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Yoshimori R, et al: Chemical preparation of the eye in ophthalmic surgery. IV. Comparison of povidone-iodine on the conjunctiva with a prophylactic antibiotic. Arch Ophthalmol 103: 1340-2, 1985
109. Grimes SR, Mein CE, Trevino S: Preoperative antibiotic and povidone-iodine preparation of the eye. Ann Ophthalmol 23: 263-6, 1991
110. Hale M, Lepow ML: Epidemiology of increased lead exposure among 954 one to five-year-old Hartford, Connecticut, Children - 1970. Conn Med 35: 492-7, 1971
111. Binder C, de Kaspar HM, Engelbert M, et al: [Bacterial colonization of conjunctiva with Propionibacterium acnes before and after polyvidon iodine administration before intraocular interventions]. Ophthalmologe 95: 438-41, 1998
112. Binder CA, Miño de Kaspar H, Klauss V, et al: [Preoperative infection prophylaxis with 1% polyvidon-iodine solution based on the example of conjunctival staphylococci]. Ophthalmologe 96: 663-7, 1999
113. Osher RH, Amdahl LD, Cheetham JK: Antimicrobial efficacy and aqueous humor concentration of preoperative and postoperative topical trimethoprim/polymyxin B sulfate versus tobramycin. J Cataract Refract Surg 20: 3-8, 1994
114. Bucci FA: An in vivo study comparing the ocular absorption of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin prior to phacoemulsification. Am J Ophthalmol 137: 308-12, 2004