The effect of constant threat of terror on Israeli Jewish and Arab adolescents

Anxiety, Stress and Coping

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 47-60

  Cohen, Miri ^a   Eid, Jawdat ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA   (Israel)

^b Nazareth Israel   (Israel)

Author keywords

Exposure; Jewish and Arab adolescents; Shared feelings; Stress reaction symptoms; Terrorist attacks

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; AFFECT; ARAB; ARTICLE; DEMOGRAPHY; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; HUMAN; ISRAEL; JEW; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; STATISTICS; TERRORISM; TIME; VIOLENCE;

ADOLESCENT; AFFECT; ARABS; DEMOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HUMANS; ISRAEL; JEWS; MALE; PREVALENCE; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; TERRORISM; TIME FACTORS; VIOLENCE;

EID: 33947371663     PISSN: 10615806     EISSN: 14772205     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10615800601167546     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
2. Allen, J. (1998). Of resilience, vulnerability and a woman who never lived. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 7, 53-71.
3. Allen, J., Heston, J., Durbin, C., & Pruitt, D. B. (1998). Stressors and development: A reciprocal relationship. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 7, 1-18.
4. Almquist, K., & Broberg, A. G. (1999). Mental health and social adjustment in young refugee children 3 1/2 years after their arrival in Sweden. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 723-730.
5. Angold, A., Worthman, C., & Costello, E. J. (2003). Puberty and depression. In G. Hayward (Ed.), Gender differences at puberty (pp. 137-164). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
6. Barenbaum, J., Ruchkin, V., & Shcwab-Stone, M. (2004). The psychosocial aspects of children exposed to war: Practice and policy initiatives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 41-62.
7. Baum, A., & Dougall, A. L. (2002). Research on terrorism: What have we learned? Understanding and predicting effects of terrorism. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 15, 617-621.
8. Behling, O., & Law, K. S. (2000). Translating questionnaires and other research instruments: problems and solutions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
9. Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59, 20-28.
10. Bonanno, G. A. (2005). Resilience in the face of potential trauma. Current Directions in Psychological Sciences, 14, 135-138.
11. De Jong, J. T. V. M. (2002). Public mental health, traumatic stress and human rights violations in low-income countries: A culturally appropriate model in times of conflict, disaster and peace. In J. T. V. M. De Jong (Ed.), Trauma, war and violence: Public mental health in socio-cultural context (pp. 1-91). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
12. Eth, S. (2002). Television viewing as risk factor. Psychiatry, 65, 301-303.
13. Garbarino, J. (2001). An ecological perspective on the effects of violence on children. Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 361-378.
14. Garbarino, J., Bubrow, N., Kostenly, K., & Pardo, C. (1992). Children in danger. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
15. Garbarino, J., & Kostelny, K. (1996). The effects of political violence on Palestinian children's behavior problems: A risk accumulation model. Child Development, 67, 33-45.
16. Gil, A. (2005). Coping style in predicting posttraumatic stress disorder among Israeli students. Anxiety, Stress. Coping, 18, 351-359.
17. Gramezy, N., Mastern, A. S., & Tellegen, A. (1984). The study of stress and competence in children: A building block for developmental psychology. Child Development, 55, 97-111.
18. Hobfoll, S., & London, P. (1986). The relationship of self-concept and social support to emotional distress among women during war. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4, 189-203.
19. International Crisis Group (2004). Identity crisis; Israel and its Arab citizens. Middle East report no. 25. Amman/Brussels.
20. Israel Ministry of Foreign affairs (2005). Palestinian violence and terrorism since September 2000. http:// www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism. Accessed March 2005.
21. Joshi, P. T., & O'Donnell., D. A. (2003). Consequences of child exposure to war and terrorism. Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review, 6, 275-291.
22. Laor, N., Wolmer, L., Mayes, L. C., Gershon, A., Weizman, R., & Cohen, D. J. (1997). Israeli preschool children under Scuds: A 30-month follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 349 - 356.
23. Liverant, G. I., Hofmann, S. G., & Litz, B. T. (2004). Coping and anxiety in college students after the September 11th terrorist attacks. Anxiety, Stress. Coping, 17, 127-139.
24. Macksoud, M. S., & Aber, J. L. (1996). The war experiences and psychosocial development of children in Lebanon. Child Development, 67, 70-88.
25. Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227-238.
26. Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments. American Psychologist, 53, 205-220.
27. Miller, K. E. (1996). The effects of state terrorism and exile on indigenous Guatemalan refugee children: A mental health assessment and an analysis of children's narratives. Child Development, 67, 89-106.
28. Pat-Horenczyk, R. (2005). Post-traumatic distress in Israeli Adolescents exposed to ongoing terrorism: Selected findings from school-based screenings in Jerusalem and nearby settlements. In Y. Danieli, D. Brom, & J. Sills (Eds.), The trauma of terrorism; Sharing knowledge and shared care, an international handbook. New York: Haworth Press.
29. Pennebaker, J. W. (1995). Emotion, disclosure, and health: An overview. In J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, disclosure, and health (pp. 3-10). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
30. Pfefferbaum, B. J, Voe, D. E., E. R., Stuber, J., Schiff, M., Klein, T. P., & Fairbrother, G. (2005). Psychological impact of terrorism on children and families in the United States. In Y. Danieli, D. Brom, & J. Sills (Eds.), The trauma of terrorism: Sharing knowledge and shared care, an international handbook. New York: Haworth Press.
31. Pfefferbaum, B. J, Nixon, S. J., Tivis, R. D., Doughty, D. E., Pynoos, R. S., Gurwitch, R. H., et al. (2001). Television exposure in children after a terrorist incident. Psychiatry, 64, 202-211.
32. Pfefferbaum, B. J, Seale, T. W., McDonald, N. B., Brandt, E. N, Rainwater, S. M., Maynard, et al. (2000). Posttraumatic stress two years after the Oklahoma City bombing in youth geographically distant from explosion. Psychiatry, 63, 358-370.
33. Punamaki, R. L. (1996). Can ideological commitment protect children's psychosocial well-being in situations of political violence? Child Development, 67, 55-69.
34. Punamaki, R. L., & Suleiman, R. (1990). Predictors and effectiveness of coping with political violence among Palestinian children. British Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 67-77.
35. Pynoos, R. S., Frederick, C., Nader, K., Arroyo, W., Steinberg, A., Eth, S., et al. (1987). Life threat and posttraumatic stress in school-age children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 1057-1063.
36. Pynoos, R., & Nader, K. (1989). Case study: children's memory and proximity to violence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 234-241.
37. Sack, W. H., Seeley, J. R., & Clarke, G. N. (1997). Does PTSD transcend cultural barriers? A study from the Khmer Adolescent Refugee project. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 49-54.
38. Sanborn, K., & Hayward, C. (2003). Hormonal changes at puberty and the emergence of gender differences in internalizing disorders. In C. Hayward (Ed.), Gender differences at puberty (pp. 29-58). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
39. Saylor, C. F., Cowart, B. K., Jackson, C., & Finch, A. J., Jr. (2003). Media exposure to September 11. American Behavioral Scientist, 46, 1622-1642.
40. Schlenger, W., Caddell, J. M., Ebert, L., Jordan, B. K., Rourke, K. M., Wilson, D., et al. (2002). Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks: Findings from the national study of Americans' reactions to September 11. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 581-588.
41. Schuster, M., Stein, B. D., Jayocox, L. H., Collins, R. L., Marshal, G. N., Elliot, M. N., et al. (2001). A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1507-1512.
42. Seedat, S., Nyamai, C., Njenga, F., Vythilingum, B., & Stein, D. J. (2004). Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms in urban African schools: Survey in Cape Town and Nairobi. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 169-175.
43. Shaffer, D., Fisher, P. L., Lucas, C. P., Duclan, M. K., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2000). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 28-38.
44. Shamai, M. (2002). Parents' perceptions of their children in a context of shared political uncertainty: The case of Jewish settlers in the West Bank before and after the Oslo peace agreement. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 19, 57-75.
45. Shamir, J., & Shikaki, K. (2002). Self-serving perceptions of terrorism among Israelis and Palestinians. Political Psychology, 23, 537-557.
46. Singer, M. I., Slovak, K., Frierson, T., & York, P. (1998). Viewing preferences, symptoms of psychological trauma, and violent behaviors among children who watch television. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1041-1048.
47. Slone, M., Adiri, M., & Arian, A. (1998). Adverse political events and psychological adjustment: Two cross-cultural studies. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1058-1069.
48. Solomon, Z., & Lavi, T. (2005). Israeli youth in the Second Intifada: PTSD and future orientation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 1167-1175.
49. Southwick, S., Morgan, C. A., & Rosenberg, R. (2000). Social sharing of Gulf War experiences: Association with trauma-related psychological symptoms. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188, 695-700.
50. Springer, C., & Padgett, D.K. (2000). Gender differences in young adolescents' exposure to violence and rate of PTSD symptomatology. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 370-379.
51. Stiles, W. B. (1995). Disclosure as a speech act: Is it psychotherapeutic to disclose? In J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, disclosure, and health (pp. 71-92). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
52. Straker, G., Mendelson, M., Moosa, F., & Tudin, P. (1996). Violent political contexts and the emotional concerns of township youth. Child Development, 67, 56-54.
53. Ullman, S. E., & Filipas, H. H. (2001). Predictors of PTSD symptom severity and social reactions in sexual assault victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 369-389.
54. Vernberg, E. M., Ewell, K. K., Beery, S. H., Freeman, C. M., & Abwender, D. A. (1995). Adversive exchanges with peers and adjustment during early adolescence: Is disclosure helpful? Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 26, 43-59.
55. Vogel, J., & Vernberg, E. M. (1993). Psychological responses of children to natural and human-made disasters: I. Children's psychological responses to disasters. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 464-484.
56. Windle, M. (1994). A study of friendship characteristics and problem behaviors among middle adolescents. Child Development, 65, 1764-1777.
57. Ziv, A., Kruglanski, A. W., & Shulman, S. (1974). Children's psychological reactions to wartime stress. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 30, 24-30.