When does a gait transition occur during human locomotion?

Journal of Sports Science and Medicine

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 36-43

  Hreljac, Alan ^a   Imamura, Rodney T ^a   Escamilla, Rafael F ^a   Edwards, W Brent ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Gait changes; Running; Treadmill locomotion; Walking

Indexed keywords

EID: 33947271993     PISSN: None     EISSN: 13032968     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Abernethy B., Hanna A. and Plooy A. (2002) The attentional demands of preferred and non-preferred gait patterns. Gait & Posture 15, 256-265.
2. Alexander, R.M. (1984) Walking and running. American Scientist 72, 348-354.
3. Alexander, R.M. (1989) Optimization and gaits in the locomotion of vertebrates. Physiological Reviews 69, 1199-1227.
4. Argue, C.K. and Clayton, H.M. (1993) A preliminary study of transitions between the walk and trot in dressage horses. Acta Anatomica 146, 179-182.
5. Beuter, A. and Lefebvre, R. (1988) Un modèle théorique de transition de phase dans la locomotion humaine. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Science 13, 247-253.
6. Biewener, A.A. and Taylor, C.R. (1986) Bone strain: A determinant of gait and speed? Journal of Experimental Biology 123, 383-400.
7. Charteris, J. and Taves, C. (1978) The process of habituation to treadmill walking. Perceptual and Motor Skills 47, 659-666.
8. Collins, J.J. and Stewart, I.N. (1993) Coupled nonlinear oscillators and the symmetries of animal gaits. Nonlinear Science 3, 349-392.
9. Diedrich, F.J. and Warren, W.H. (1995) Why change gaits? Dynamics of the walk-run transition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 21, 183-202.
10. Diedrich, F.J. and Warren, W.H. (1998) The dynamics of gait transitions: Effects of grade and load. Journal of Motor Behavior 30, 60-78.
11. Gatesy, S.M. and Biewener, A.A. (1991) Bipedal locomotion: effects of speed, size and limb posture in birds and humans. Journal of Zoology (London) 224, 127-147.
12. Hreljac, A. (1995) Determinants of the gait transition speed during human locomotion: Kinematic factors. Journal of Biomechanics 28, 669-677.
13. Hreljac, A. and Marshall, R.N. (2000) Algorithms to determine event timing during normal walking using kinematic data. Journal of Biomechanics 33, 783-786.
14. Hreljac, A. and Stergiou, N. (2000) Phase determination during normal running using kinematic data. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 38, 503-506.
15. Hreljac, A., Arata, A., Ferber, R., Mercer, J.A. and Row, B.S. (2001) An electromyographical analysis of the role of dorsiflexors on the gait transition during human locomotion. Journal of Applied Biomechanics 17, 287-296.
16. Hreljac, A., Parker, D., Quintana, R., Abdala, E., Patterson, K. and Sison, M. (2002) Energetics and perceived exertion of low speed running and high speed walking. Facta Universitatis Series: Physical Education and Sport 1(9), 27-35.
17. Li, L. (2000) Stability landscapes of walking and running near gait transition speed. Journal of Applied Biomechanics 16, 428-435.
18. Li, L. and Hamill, J. (2002) Characteristics of the vertical ground reaction force component prior to gait transition. Research Quarterly for Sport and Exercise 73, 229-237.
19. McGreer, T. (1990) Passive dynamic walking. International Journal of Robotics Research 9, 62-82.
20. McMahon, T.A. (1985) The role of compliance in mammalian running gaits. Journal of Experimental Biology 115, 263-282.
21. McMahon, T.A., Valiant, G. and Frederick, E.C. (1987) Groucho running. Journal of Applied Physiology 62, 2326-2337.
22. Milliron, M.J. and Cavanagh, P.R. (1990) Sagittal plane kinematics of the lower extremity during distance running. In: Biomechanics of Distance Running. Ed: Cavanagh, P.R. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 65-105.
23. Öberg, T., Karsznia, A. and Öberg, K. (1994) Joint angle parameters in gait: Reference data for normal subjects 10-79 years old. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 31, 199-213.
24. Prilutsky, B.I. and Gregor, R.J. (2001) Swing- and support -related muscle actions differentially trigger human walk-run and run-walk transitions. Journal of Experimental Biology 204, 2277-2287.
25. Raynor, A.J., Yi, C.J., Abernethy, B. and Jong, Q.J. (2002) Are transitions in human gait determined by mechanical, kinetic, or energetic factors? Human Movement Science 21, 785-805.
26. Schieb, D.A. (1986) Kinematic accommodation of novice treadmill runners. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 57, 1-7.
27. Segers, V., Aerts, P., Lenoir, M. and De Clercq, D. (2005) Differential effect of m. tibialis anterior fatigue on walk-to-run and run-to-walk transition speed in unsteady state locomotion conditions. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics (ASB), Cleveland, OH.
28. Segers, V., Aerts, P., Lenoir, M. and De Clercq, D. (2006) Spatiotemporal characteristics of the walk-to-run and run-to-walk transition when gradually changing speed. Gait & Posture 24, 247-254.
29. Thorstensson, A. and Roberthson, H. (1987) Adaptations to changing speed in human locomotion: Speed of transition between walking and running. Acta Physiologica Scandinavia 131, 211-214.
30. Turvey, M.T., Holt, K.G., LaFiandra, M.E. and Fonseca, S.T. (1999) Can the transitions to and from running and the metabolic cost of running be determined from the kinetic energy of running? Journal of Motor Behavior 31, 265-278.
31. Vint, P.F. and Hinrichs, R.N. (1996) Endpoint error in smoothing and differentiating raw kinematic data: an evaluation of four popular methods. Journal of Biomechanics 29, 1637-1642.
32. Wall, J.C. and Charteris, J. (1980) The process of habituation to treadmill walking at different velocities. Ergonomics 23, 425-435.
33. Wall, J.C. and Charteris, J. (1981) A kinematic study of long-term habituation to treadmill walking. Ergonomics 24, 531-542.
34. Winter, D.A. (1983) Biomechanical motor patterns in normal walking. Journal of Motor Behavior 4, 302-330.
35. Winter, D.A. (1989) Biomechanics of normal and pathological gait: Implications for understanding human locomotor control. Journal of Motor Behavior 10, 337-355.
36. Wells, R.P. and Winter, D.A. (1980) Assessment of signal and noise in the kinematics of normal, pathological, and sporting gaits. In: Human locomotion I: Pathological gait to the elite athlete. Proceedings of the special conference of the Canadian Society for Biomechanics. London, Ontario. 92-93.