Intellectual property rights and bio commons: Open source and beyond

International Social Science Journal

Volumn 58, Issue 188, 2006, Pages 319-334

  Srinivas, Krishna Ravi ^a  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT BANGALORE   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CROP PLANT; GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS; SEED;

EID: 33847769047     PISSN: 00208701     EISSN: 14682451     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2451.2006.00621.x     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Aoki, K. 2003. "Weeds, seeds and deeds", Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law, 112, 247-331.
2. Bai, B. 1997. "Protecting plant varieties under TRIPS and NAFTA", Texas International Law Journal, 32 (Winter), 139-154.
3. Bellon, M. R., and Risopoulos, J. 2001. "Small-scale farmers expand the benefits of improved maize germplasm: A case study from Chiapas, Mexico", World Development, 29 (5), 799-811.
4. Benkler, Y. 2002. "Coase's penguin, or, Linux and the nature of the firm", Yale Law Journal, 369-446.
5. Bergquist, M., and Ljungberg, J. 2001. "The power of gifts: organizing social relationships in open source communities", Information Systems Journal, 11 (4), 305-320.
6. Bhatti, S. 2004. "Patents and plant genetic resources ". In: Christou, P. and Klee, H., eds Handbook of plant biotechnology. New York: John Wiley.
7. Binenbaum, E., Nottenburg, C., Pardey, P., G., Wright, B. D., and Zambrano, P. 2003. "South-North trade, intellectual property jurisdictions and freedom to operate in agricultural research on staple crops", Economic Development and Cultural Change, 51 (2), 309-336.
8. Boyle, J. 1996. Shonars, software and spleens: Law and construction of the information society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
9. Brush, S., and Stabinsky, D. 1996. Valuing local knowledge. Washington, DC: Island Press.
10. Burk, D. L. 2002. "Open source genomics". Boston University Journal of Science and Technology Law, 8(1). Available from: http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/scitech/ volume81/panel6.pdf [Accessed 21 November 2006].
11. Byerlee, D. and Echeverria, R. G., eds 2002. Agricultural research policy in an era of privatization. Oxford: CABI Publishing.
12. Carpenter, J. 2005. "The overlap between utility patents, plant patents: The PVPA and trade secrets and the limitations of that overlap", North Dakota Law Review, 81 (1), 171.
13. Carvalho, N. P. de 2002. The TRIPS regime of patent rights. New York: Kluwer Law.
14. Cassier, M. 2002. "Private property, collective property, and public property in the age of genomics", International Social Science Journal, 171, 83-98.
15. Cleveland, D. A. and Soleri, D., eds 2002. Farmers, scientists and plant breeding: Integrating knowledge and practice. Oxford: CABI Publishing.
16. Cohen, W. M. 2005. "Does open source have legs? "In: Hahn, R. W. ed. Intellectual property rights in frontier industries. Washington, DC: AEI Press.
17. Conley, J., and Makowski, R. 2004. "Rethinking products of nature as a barrier to biotechnology patents", Informations and Communications Technology Law, 13 (1), 3-40.
18. Coombe, R. J. 1998. "New dilemmas in international law posed by the recognition of indigenous knowledge and the conservation of biodiversity", Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 59. Available from: http://www.yorku.ca/rcoombe/publications/ Intellectual_Property_Human_Rights_and_Soverei.PDF [Accessed 21 November 2006].
19. Correa, C. M. 2000. TRIPS and developing nations. London: Zed Books.
20. Cukier, K. N. 2003. "Open source biotech. Can a non-proprietary approach to intellectual property work in the life sciences?", Acumen Journal of Life Sciences, 1 (3). Available from: http://www.cukier.com/writings/opensourcebiotech.html [Accessed 21 November 2006].
21. Cullather, N. 2004. "Miracles of modernization: The green revolution and the apotheosis of technology", Diplomatic History, 28, 227-254.
22. DeBeer, J. F. 2005. "Property rights in plants", Journal of World Intellectual Property, 8 (1), 5-32.
23. Di Bona, C., Ockman, S., Stone, M., Behlendorf, B., Bradner, S., Hamerly, J., McKusick, K., O'Reilly, T., Pacquin, T., Perens, B., Raymond, E., Stallman, R., Tiemann, M., Torvalds, L., Vixie, P., Wall, L., and Young, B., eds 1999. Open sources: Voices from the open source revolution. Sebastopol: O'Reilly and Associates.
24. Dutfield, G. 2003. Intellectual property rights and life science industries. Aldershot: Ashgate.
25. Eisenberg, R. S. 2000. "Re-examining the role of patents in appropriating the value of DNA sequences", Emory Law Journal, 49, 783.
26. Eisenberg, R. S. 2001. "Bargaining over the transfer of proprietary research tools: Is this market failing or emerging? "In: Dreyfuss, R. C., Zimmerman, D. L., and First, H., eds Expanding the boundaries of intellectual property: Innovation policy for the knowledge society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 223-250.
27. European Patent Office 2004. Implementing regulations to the convention on the Grant of European Patents of 5 October 1973 as last amended by Decision of the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation of 9 December 2004. Available from: http://www.european-patent-office.org/legal/epc/e/23b.htmlR23b
28. Fowler, C. 2000. "The Plant Patent Act of 1930: A sociological history of its creation", Journal of Patent and Trademarks Office Society, 82 (9), 621.
29. Fowler, C., and Mooney, P. 1990. Shattering. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
30. Ghosh, R. A., ed. 2005. Code: Collaborative ownership and the digital economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
31. Gomulkiewicz, R. W. 1999. "How copyleft uses license rights to succeed in the open source software revolution and the implications for Article 2b 36", Houston Law Review, 179, 180-194. Available from: http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/is99/Copyleft.htm [Accessed 21 November 2006].
32. Helfer, L. R. 2002. "Intellectual property rights in plant varieties: An overview with options for national governments", FAO Legal Paper Online No. 31. Rome. Available from: http://www.fao.org/ Legal/Prs-OL/lpo31.pdf [Accessed 21 November 2006].
33. Heller, M. A., and Eisenberg, R. S. 1998. "Can patents deter innovation? The anti commons in biomedical research", Science, 280 (May), 698-701.
34. Hemphill, T. A. 2003. "Pre-emptive patenting, human genomics, and the US biotechnology sector: Balancing intellectual property rights with societal welfare", Technology in Society, 25 (3), 337-349.
35. Janis, M. D., and Kesan, J. P. 2002a. "US Plant Variety Protection Act: Sound and fury", Houston Law Review, 39, 727.
36. Janis, M. D., and Kesan, J. P. 2002b. "Intellectual property protection for plant innovation: Unresolved issues after J. E.M. v. pioneer", Nature Biotechnology, 20, 1161-1164.
37. Johnson, J. P. 2002. "Open source software: Private provision of a public good", Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 11 (4), 637-662.
38. Juma, C. 1999. The gene hunters. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
39. Kelves, D. 1994. "Ananda Chakrabarty wins a patent: Biotechnology, law and society, 1972-80", Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, 25 (111), 111-136.
40. Kelves, D., and Bugos, G. E. 1991. Plants as intellectual history. WP 144. Pasadena: California Institute of Technology.
41. Kennedy, M. 2001. "Intellectual property: Policy considerations from a practitioner's perspective: A primer on open source licensing legal issues: Copyright, copyleft and copyfuture", St. Louis University Publishing Law Review, 345.
42. Kimpel, J. A. 1999. "Freedom to operate: Intellectual property protection in plant biology and its implications for the conduct of research", Annual Review of Phytopathology, 37, 29-51.
43. Kloppenburg, J. 1988. First the seed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
44. Kryder, R. D., Kowalski, S. P., and Krattinger, A. F. 2000. "The intellectual and property components of Pro-vitamin A rice (golden rice): A preliminary freedom to operate review ". In: International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA Briefs) 20. Ithaca, NY: IHAAA. Available from: http://www.isaaa.org/kc/ Publications/pdfs/isaaabriefs/Briefs%2020.pdf [Accessed 21 November 2006].
45. Leskien, D., and Flitner, M. 1997. "Intellectual property rights and plant genetic resources: Options for a sui generis system", Issues in Genetic Resources, 6.
46. Lewontin, R. C., and Berlan, J. P. 1990. "The political economy of agricultural research: The case of hybrid corn ". In: Vandermeer, J. H., ed. Agroecology. New York: McGraw Hill Publishing Company.
47. Lin, D., Sag, M., and Laurie, R. S. 2002. "Source code versus object code: Patent implications for the open source community", Santa Clara Computer and High Technology Law Journal, 18, 235.
48. Maurer, S. M., Rai, A., and Salij, A. 2004. Finding cures for tropical diseases: Is open source an answer? San Francisco, CA: Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California.
49. Mody, G. 2001. Rebel code: The inside story of Linux and the open source revolution. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing.
50. Moglen, E. 2004. "Freeing the mind: Free software and the death of proprietary culture", Maine Law Review, 56.
51. Morris, M. L., and Bellon, M. R. 2004. "Participatory plant breeding research: Opportunities and challenges for the international crop improvement system", Euphytica, 136 (1), 21-35.
52. Open Source n.d.a. Available from: http://opensource.org/licenses/ [Accessed 27 November 2006].
53. Open Source n.d.b. Available from: http://www/opensource.org/doc/ definition/php [Accessed 27 November 2006].
54. Open Source. n.d.c. Available from: http://www/opensource.org/licences/ apache2.0.php [Accessed 27 November 2006].
55. Ramanna, A. 2003. India's plant variety and farmers' rights legislation: potential impact on stakeholder access to genetic resources EPTD Discussion Paper 96. Washington: International Food Policy Research Institute. Available from: http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/ eptdp96.pdf [Accessed 21 November 2006].
56. Ramirez, H. H. 2004. "Defending the privatization of research tools: An examination of the 'tragedy of the anticommons'in biotechnology research and development 53", Emory Law Journal, 359.
57. Rangnekar, D. 2002. Access to genetic resources, gene-based inventions and agriculture. Study paper 3A. London: CIPR.
58. Raymond, E. S. 1999. The cathedral and the bazaar: Musings on Linux and open source by an accidental revolutionary. Sebastopol: O'Reilly and Associates.
59. Rimmer, M. 2004. "Seeds of hope", Issues, 6 (67). Available from: http//www.issuescontrol.com.au/issues2004/bi67.shtml.
60. Rose, C. 1998. "The several futures of property: Of cyberspace and folk tales, emission trades and ecosystems", Minnesota Law Review, 83, 129-182.
61. Rosen, L. 2004. Open source licensing: Software freedom and intellectual property law. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
62. Thompson, C. 2004. "International law of the sea/seed", Natural Resources Journal, 44 (3), 841-866.
63. Tuomi, I. 2002. Networks of innovation: Change and meaning in the age of Internet. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
64. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development/International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development 2005. Resource book of TRIPS and development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
65. Van Overwalle, G. 2002. "Protection of traditional knowledge: A critical synthesis ". In: Grosheide, F. W. and Brinkhof, J. J., eds Intellectual property law. Oxford: Intersentia.
66. Vaver, D. 2003. "Invention in patent law", International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 11 (3), 286-307.
67. Zeitlyn, D. 2003. "Gift economies in the development of open source software: Anthropological reflections", Research Policy, 32 (7), 1287-1291.