Loyalists, Mau Mau, and elections in Kenya: The first triumph of the system, 1957-1958

Africa Today

Volumn 53, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 27-50

  Branch, Daniel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DECOLONIZATION; ELECTION; POLITICAL HISTORY;

AFRICA; EAST AFRICA; KENYA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 33847615153     PISSN: 00019887     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2979/aft.2006.53.2.26     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Anderson, David. 2005a. Histories of the Hanged: Britain's Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
2. Anderson, David. 2005b. "Yours in the Struggle for Majimbo": Nationalism and the Party Politics of Decolonization in Kenya, 1955-64. Journal of Contemporary History 40:547-564.
3. Asingo, Patrick. 2003. The Political Economy of Transition in Kenya. In The Politics of Transition in Kenya: From KANU to NARC, edited by Walter Oyugi, Peter Wanyande, and Crispin Odhiambo Mbai. Nairobi: Heinrich Böll.
4. Atieno Odhiambo, E. S. 1987. Democracy and the Ideology of Order in Kenya. In The Political Economy of Kenya, edited by Michael Schatzberg. New York: Praeger.
5. Atieno Odhiambo, E. S. 1995. The Formative Years 1945-55. In Decolonization and Independence in Kenya 1940-93, edited by Bethwell Ogot and William Ochieng'. London: James Currey.
6. Atieno Odhiambo, E. S. 2002. Hegemonic Enterprises and Instrumentalities of Survival: Ethnicity and Democracy in Kenya. African Studies 61:223-249.
7. Bayart, Jean-François. 1993. The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly. Translated by Mary Harper, Christopher Harrison, and Elizabeth Harrison. London: Longman.
8. Bayart, Jean-François, Stephen Ellis, and Béatrice Hibou. 1999. The Criminalization of the State in Africa. Translated by Stephen Ellis. Oxford: James Currey.
9. Bennett, George, and Carl Rosberg. 1961. The Kenyatta Election: Kenya 1960-1961. London: Oxford University Press.
10. Branch, Daniel. 2005. Loyalism during the Mau Mau Rebellion in Kenya, 1952-1960. D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford.
11. Broch-Due, Vigdis. 2005. Violence and Belonging: Analytical Reflections. In Violence and Belonging: The Quest for Identity in Post-Colonial Africa, edited by Vigdis Broch-Due. Abingdon: Routledge.
12. Berman, Bruce. 1990. Control and Crisis in Kenya. The Dialectic of Domination. London: James Currey.
13. Cell, John. 1980. On the Eve of Decolonization: The Colonial Office's Plans for the Transfer of Power in Africa, 1947. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 8:235-257.
14. Chabal, Patrick, and Jean-Pascal Daloz. 1999. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument. Oxford: James Currey.
15. Clough, Marshall. 1998. Mau Mau Memoirs: History, Memory, and Politics. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
16. Clough, Marshall. 2003. Mau Mau and the Contest for Memory. In Mau Mau and Nationhood: Arms, Authority and Narration, edited by E. S. Atieno Odhiambo and John Lonsdale. Oxford: James Currey.
17. Cooper, Frederick. 1996. Decolonization and African Society. The Labor Question in French and British Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
18. de Wilde, John. 1967. Experiences with Agricultural Development in Tropical Africa. Vol. 2. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
19. Elkins, Caroline. 2005. Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya. New York: Henry Holt.
20. Engholm, Geoffrey. 1960. African Elections in Kenya, March 1957. In Five Elections in Africa: A Group of Electoral Studies, edited by William MacKenzie and Kenneth Robinson. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
21. Fauré, Yves. 1993. Democracy and Realism: Reflections on the Case of Cote d'Ivoire. Africa 63:313-329.
22. Fox, Roddy. 1996. Bleak Future for Multi-Party Elections in Kenya. Journal of Modern African Studies 34:597-607.
23. Gertzel, Cherry. 1966. The Provincial Administration in Kenya. Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies 4:201-215.
24. Gertzel, Cherry. 1970. The Politics of Independent Kenya 1963-8. Evanston IL: Northwestern University Press.
25. Gertzel, Cherry, Maure Goldschmidt, and Donald Rothchild, eds. 1969. Government and Politics in Kenya: A Nation Building Text. Nairobi: East African Publishing House.
26. Heyer, Judith. 1986. Agricultural Development Policy in Kenya from the Colonial Period to 1975. In Rural Development in Tropical Africa. London: Macmillan.
27. Hyden, Goran, and Colin Leys. 1972. Elections and Politics in Single-Party Systems: The Case of Kenya and Tanzania. British Journal of Political Science 2:389-420.
28. Kenya, Colony and Protectorate of. 1953. A Plan to intensify the Development of African Agriculture in Kenya.
29. Kenya, Colony and Protectorate of. 1955. Report of the Commissioner Appointed to Enquire into Methods for the Selection of African Representatives to the Legislative Council. Nairobi: Government Printer.
30. Kenya, Colony and Protectorate of. 1956a. Report of the Commissioner Appointed to Enquire into Methods for the Selection of African Representatives to the Legislative Council. Nairobi: Government Printer.
31. Kenya, Colony and Protectorate of. 1956b. An Ordinance to Provide for the Nomination and Election of African Members to the Legislative Council of the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya; and for Matters Connected Therewith and Incidental Thereto. Nairobi: Government Printer.
32. Kenya, Colony and Protectorate of. 1960. The Origins and Growth of Mau Mau: An Historical Survey. Nairobi: Government Printer.
33. Kenya National Archive. 1936-1938. Boundaries. DC/EBU/3/3.
34. Kenya National Archive. 1946. Embu District Annual Report. DC/EBU/1/2/5. Embu District Annual Report, p. 2.
35. Kenya National Archive. 1952. Kenya: State of Emergency, African Elected Members Organization. MAC/KEN/33/4. Mathu & Koinange, "The Situation in Kenya," 12 September, p. 1;
36. Mathu et al., "A Statement by the African Members of the Legislative Council," 15 October.
37. Kenya National Archive. 1952-1957. Kenya: State of Emergency, African Elected Members Organization. MAC/KEN/33/4, Mboya & Ngala, "Press Statement," 19 July 1957.
38. Kenya National Archive. 1952-1975a. Elections. VP/1/86, Assistant Superintendent of Police, "Chief Stephen Chorio Views," 7 November 1956.
39. Kenya National Archive. 1952-1975b. Elections. VP/1/86, Assistant Superintendent of Police to Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police, 5 March 1958.
40. Kenya National Archive. 1952-1975c. Elections. VP/1/86, Assistant Superintendent of Police to Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police, 9 March 1958.
41. Kenya National Archive. 1952-1975d. Elections. VP/1/86, Assistant Superintendent of Police to Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police, 10 March 1958:2.
42. Kenya National Archive. 1952-1975e. Elections. VP/11/86, Assistant Superintendent of Police to Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police, 12 March 1958.
43. Kenya National Archive. 1952-1975f. Elections. VP/1/86, Assistant Superintendent of Police to Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police, 12 March 1958.
44. Kenya National Archive. 1952-1975g. Elections. VP/1/86, Assistant Superintendent of Police to Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police, 19 March 1958.
45. Kenya National Archive. 1952-1975h. Elections. VP/1/86.Coutts, W. F., "Tour of Central Province," 5 July 1955; PC Central to W. F. Coutts, 20 July 1955.
46. Kenya National Archive. 1952-1975i. Elections. VP/1/86. Extract of Central Provinces DCs' meeting, 21-23 May 1956.
47. Kenya National Archive. 1952-1975j. Elections. VP/1/86. Inspector of Police to Superintendent of Police, 18 February 1957.
48. Kenya National Archive. 1952-1975k. Elections. VP/1/86. Inspector of Police to Superintendent of Police, 22 February 1957.
49. Kenya National Archive. 1952-1975l. Elections. VP/1/86. Special Branch Headquarters, "The African Elections and Their Aftermath," 18 April 1957.
50. Kenya National Archive. 1952-1975m. Elections. VP/1/86, Superintendent of Police to Assistant Commissioner of Police, 21 February 1957:2.
51. Kenya National Archive. 1952-1975n. Elections. VP/1/86. Untitled election pamphlet for Bernard Mate, 1957; "Policy of Bernard Mate" 1957.
52. Kenya National Archive. 1953-1954a. Kikuyu, Embu and Meru Guards. VQ/1/ 51. PC Central, "The Civil Problem of Mau Mau," 14 Jan 1954:5.
53. Kenya National Archive. 1953-1954b. Muembu English Scripts. AHC/9/22. Muembu, 26 December.
54. Kenya National Archive. 1953-1955. Passports for Loyal Kikuyu. MAA/7/ 546. Deputy Chief Secretary to CNC, 27 October.
55. Kenya National Archive. 1954-1956. Meru African District Council. AB/8/ 31. Minutes of the Meru ADC Meeting, 8-9 March 1956:1.
56. Kenya National Archive. 1955-1958a. Chuka Political Records. DC/MUR/4/5. Meru District Annual Report 1957:2.
57. Kenya National Archive. 1955-1958b. Papers of W. H. Laughton. MSS/124/ 5-6. Laughton to Clive Irvine, 4 January 1956.
58. Kenya National Archive. 1955-1958c. Papers of W. H. Laughton. MSS/124/6, Laughton to R. Calderwood, 14 April 1957.
59. Kenya National Archive. 1955-1961a. Nyeri District Annual Reports. DC/ NYI/1/1. Nyeri District Annual Report 1956:4.
60. Kenya National Archive. 1955-1961b. Nyeri District Annual Reports. DC/ NYI/1/1. Nyeri District Annual Report 1957.4.
61. Kenya National Archive. 1955-1961c. Nyeri District Annual Reports. DC/ NYI/1/1. Nyeri District Annual Report 1959:8.
62. Kenya National Archive. 1956a. African District Council Agenda and Minutes. ARC(MAA) 2/5/218 V. Minutes of special meeting of Embu ADC, 2 December.
63. Kenya National Archive. 1956b. African Representation in Legislative Council. DC/MUR/3/1/18, Assistant Supervisor of African Elections Central Province to Supervisor of African Elections, 15 October.
64. Kenya National Archive. 1956c. African Representation in Legislative Council. DC/MUR/3/1/18, DC Fort Hall to DC Kiambu, 2 November.
65. Kenya National Archive. 1956d. African Representation in Legislative Council. DC/MUR/3/1/18. Minutes of meeting to discuss procedure for African elections, 14 July, p. 4.
66. Kenya National Archive. 1956e. African Representation in Legislative Council. DC/MUR/3/1/18, Assistant Supervisor of African Elections Central to Supervisor of African Elections, 6 November.
67. Kenya National Archive. 1956-1957a. Legislative Council African Elections - General Policy. OP/1/536. African Unofficial Members, "Statement of Policy by the United Front of the African Unofficial Members of the Kenya Legislative Council," December 1956.
68. Kenya National Archive. 1956-1957b. Legislative Council African Elections - General Policy. OP/1/536. Secretary for African Affairs to Secretary for Community Development, 31 October 1956.
69. Kenya National Archive. 1956-1958a. VQ/1/6, DC Kiambu to Supervisor of African Elections, 27 March 1958.
70. Kenya National Archive. 1956-1958b. African General Elections. VQ/1/6. DC Nyeri to PC Central, 13 November 1956.
71. Kenya National Archive. 1956-1958c. African General Elections. VQ/1/6, Returning Officer Nyeri/Embu to Supervisor of African Elections, 26 March 1958.
72. Kenya National Archive. 1956-1959a. Qualifications for Voters Loyalty Tests. OP/1/552. DC Mombasa to anon., 23 November 1956.
73. Kenya National Archive. 1956-1959b. Qualifications for Voters Loyalty Tests. OP/1/552. Special Commissioner to Secretary for African Affairs, 18 July 1956.
74. Kenya National Archive. 1957a. African Representation in Legislative Council. DC/MUR/3/1/24, Assistant Supervisor of African Elections, Central Province to all District Commissioners, Central Province, 16 January.
75. Kenya National Archive. 1957b. African Representation in Legislative Council. DC/MUR/3/1/24. DC Fort Hall to DC Thika, 23 January.
76. Kenya National Archive. 1957c. African Representation in Legislative Council. DC/MUR/3/1/24. DC Fort Hall to DO Subukia, 13 February.
77. Kenya National Archive. 1957d. African Representation in Legislative Council. DC/MUR/3/1/24. DO Makuyu to DC Fort Hall, 10 January.
78. Kenya National Archive. 1957e. African Representation in Legislative Council. DC/MUR/3/1/24, "Minutes of Proceedings at Nyeri on Nomination Day, 22nd January 1957," p. 1.
79. Kenya National Archive. 1957f. African Representation in Legislative Council, DC/MUR/3/1/24. Secretary for African Affairs to all PCs, Officer-in-Charge Nairobi & Press Officer, 17 January.
80. Kenya National Archive. 1957g. Legislative Council, Results of African Elections. OP/1/555. Assistant Supervisor of African Elections, Central Province, to Supervisor of African Elections, 15 March, p. 5.
81. Kenya National Archive. 1957-1964. Chiefs. VP/1/104.
82. Kenya National Archive. 1958. Embu District Annual Report. DC/EBU/1/1/ 17. Permanent Secretary, Ministry of African Affairs, to PCs & Officer-in-Charge, Nairobi, 8 February, p. 2.
83. Kenya National Archive. 1960-1970. Handing Over Reports. VP/9/102. DO Othaya, "Handing Over Report - Othaya Division," 2 December 1963:1.
84. Kershaw, Greet. 1991, Mau Mau from Below: Fieldwork and Experience, 1955-1957 and 1962.Canadian Journal of African Studies 25:274-294.
85. Kyle, Keith, 1999. The Politics of the Independence of Kenya. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
86. Lamb, Geoff. 1974. Peasant Politics: Conflict and Development in Murang'a. Lewes: Julian Friedmann.
87. Lonsdale, John. 1992. The Moral Economy of Mau Mau:The Problem. In Unhappy Valley:Conflict in Kenya and Africa, edited by Bruce Berman and John Lansdale. Oxford: James Currey.
88. Ng'ang'a, D. Makaru. 1977. Mau Mau, Loyalists and Politics in Murang'a 1952-70. Kenya Historical Review 5:365-384.
89. Nolutshungu, Samuel. 1992. Fragments of a Democracy: Reflections on Class and Politics in Nigeria. Third World Quarterly 12:86-115.
90. Ogot, Bethwell. 1972. Revolt of the Elders: An Anatomy of the Loyalist Crowd in the Mau Mau Uprising 1952-1956. In Hadith 4: Politics and Nationalism in Colonial Kenya, edited by Bethwell Ogot. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers.
91. Ogot, Bethwell. 1995. The Decisive Years 1956-63. In Decolonization and Independence in Kenya 1940-93, edited by Bethwell Ogot and William Ochieng'. London: James Currey.
92. Oyugi, Walter, Peter Wanyade, and Crispin Odhiambo-Mbai, eds. 2003. The Politics of Transition in Kenya: From KANU to NARC Nairobi: Heinrich Böll.
93. Percox, David. 2001. Internal Security and Decolonization in Kenya, 1956-63. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 29:92-116.
94. Percox, David. 2003. Mau Mau and the Arming of the State. In Mau Mau and Nationhood. Arms, Authority and Narration, edited by E. S. Atieno Odhiambo and John Lonsdale. Oxford: James Currey.
95. Ranger, Terence. 1996. Postscript: Colonial and Postcolonial Identities. In Postcolonial Identities in Africa, edited by Richard Werbner and Terence Ranger. London: Zed.
96. Rhodes House Library, Oxford. 1954-1969a. Papers of Margaret Foote. Mss Afr s 1727, Nyagah to Foote, 23 October 1954.
97. Rhodes House Library, Oxford. 1954-1969b. Papers of Margaret Foote. Mss Afr s 1727, Nyagah to Foote, 19 December 1954.
98. Rhodes House Library, Oxford. 1954-1969c. Papers of Margaret Foote. Mss Afr s 1727, Nyagah to Foote, 18 January 1955.
99. Rhodes House Library, Oxford. 1954-1969d. Papers of Margaret Foote. Mss Afr s 1727, Nyagah to Foote, 19 June 1956.
100. Rhodes House Library, Oxford. 1954-1969e. Papers of Margaret Foote. Mss Afr s 1727. Nyagah to Foote, 6 January 1957.
101. Rhodes House Library, Oxford. 1954-1969f. Papers of Margaret Foote. Mss Afr s 1727, Nyagah to Foote, 14 March 1961.
102. Rhodes House Library, Oxford. 1969. Transcript of a Recording of a Discussion Between Lord Howick, G.C.M.G, K.C.V.O., and Dame Margery Perham, D.C.M.G., C.B.E. Mss Afr s 1574.
103. Roelker, Jack. 1974. The Contribution of Eliud Wambu Mathu to Political Independence in Kenya. Ph.D. dissertation, Syracuse University.
104. Roelker, Jack. 1976. Mathu of Kenya:A Political Study. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press.
105. Rosberg, Carl, and John Nottingham. 1966. The Myth of "Mau Mau": Nationalism in Kenya. New York: Praeger.
106. Rutten, Marcel, Alamin Mazrui, and François Grignon, eds. 2001. Out for the Count: The 1997 General Elections and Prospects for Democracy in Kenya. Kampala: Fountain.
107. Sanger, Clyde, and John Nottingham. 1964. The Kenya General Election of 1963. Journal of Modern African Studies 2:1-40.
108. Schmidt, Elizabeth. 2005.Top Down or Bottom Up? Nationalist Mobilization Reconsidered, with Special Reference to Guinea (French West Africa). American Historical Review 110:975-1014.
109. Sorrenson, M. P. Keith. 1967. Land Reform in the Kikuyu Country: A Study in Government Policy. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
110. Southall, Roger. 2003. Democracy in Africa: Moving Beyond a Difficult Legacy. Democracy and Governance Research Programme Occasional Paper 2. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council.
111. Swainson, Nicola. 1980. The Development of Corporate Capitalism in Kenya 1918-77. Heinemann: London.
112. Tamarkin, Mordechai. 1978. The Loyalists in Nakuru During the Mau Mau Revolt and Its Aftermath, 1953-1963. Asian and African Studies 12:247-261.
113. Throup, David. 1993. Elections and Political Legitimacy in Kenya. Africa 63:372-396.
114. Throup, David. 1988. Economic and Social Origins of Mau Mau 1945-53. London: James Currey.
115. Throup, David and Charles Hornsby. 1998. Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: The Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election. Oxford: James Currey.
116. Tignor, Robert. 1998. Capitalism and Nationalism at the End of Empire: State and Business in Decolonizing Egypt, Nigeria, and Kenya, 1945-7963. Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press.
117. Wanjohi, Nick Gatheru. 1984. The Politics of Ideology and Personality Rivalry in Murang'a District, Kenya: A Study of Electoral Competition. Working Paper 411. Nairobi: Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi.
118. Wasserman, Gary. 1976. The Politics of Decolonization: Kenya Europeans and the Land Issue 1960-1965. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
119. wa Wanjau, Gakaara. 1988. Mau Mau Author in Detention. Translated by Ngigi wa Njoroge. Nairobi: Heinemann.
120. Williams, Gavin. 2003. Fragments of Democracy: Nationalism, Development and the State in Africa. Democracy and Governance Research Programme Occasional Paper 3. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council.