Risk of incarceration among male veterans and nonveterans: Are veterans of the all volunteer force at greater risk?

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 337-350

  Greenberg, Greg A ^a,b   Rosenheck, Robert A ^a   Desai, Rani A ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Northeast Program Evaluation Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Crime; Ethnicity; Incarceration; Race; Veterans

Indexed keywords

EID: 33847612045     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X06296585     Document Type: Article

References (115)

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28. Adela Beckerman and Leonard Fontana, "Vietnam Veterans and the Criminal Justice System," Criminal Justice and Behavior 16, 4 (1989): 412-28;
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30. Levin and Ferrier, Defending the Vietnam Combat Veteran;
31. Christopher Mumola, Veterans in Prison or Jail, Bureau of Justice Statistics: Special Report (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 2000).
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34. Andrew J. Saxon, Tania M. Davis, Kevin L. Sloan, Katherine M. McKnight, Miles E. McFall, and Daniel R. Kivlahan, "Trauma Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Associated Problems among Incarcerated Veterans," Psychiatric Services 52, 7 (2001): 959-64;
35. Donna M. Shaw, Cynthia M. Churchill, Russell Noyes, and Paul L. Loeffelhoz, "Criminal Behavior and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Vietnam Veterans," Comprehensive Psychiatry 28, 5 (1987): 403-11.
36. Saxon et al., "Trauma Symptoms"; Mumola, Veterans in Prison or Jail.
37. Boivin, "Forgotten Warriors"; Engendorf et al., Legacies of Vietnam.
38. Ghislaine Boulanger, "Violence and Vietnam Veterans," in The Vietnam Veteran Redefined: Fact and Fiction, ed. Ghislaine Boulanger and Charles Kadushin (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1986), 79-90;
39. Kulka et al., Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation;
40. Engendorf et al., Legacies of Vietnam.
41. Alan Fontana and Robert A. Rosenheck, "The Role of War-Zone Trauma and PTSD in the Etiology of Antisocial Behavior," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 193, 3 (2005): 203-9.
42. Boivin, "Forgotten Warriors"; Bruce Pentland and Ray Scurfield, "Inreach Counseling and Advocacy with Veterans in Prison," Federal Probation 46, 1 (1982): 21-28.
43. Boivin, "Forgotten Warriors"; Engendorf et al., Legacies of Vietnam;
44. Kulka et al., Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation;
45. Starr, Henry, and Bonner, Discarded Army;
46. Willard Waller, The Veteran Comes Back (New York: Dryden, 1944);
47. Dixon Wector, When Johnny Comes Marching Home (Cambridge, MA: Riverside, 1944).
48. Boivin, "Forgotten Warriors"; Engendorf et al., Legacies of Vietnam;
49. Pentland et al., "Inreach Counseling"; Waller, The Veteran Comes Back;
50. Wector, When Johnny Comes Marching Home.
51. Card, Lives after Vietnam;
52. Engendorf et al., Legacies of Vietnam;
53. Kulka et al., Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation;
54. Pentland et al., "Inreach Counseling."
55. Engendorf et al., Legacies of Vietnam;
56. Pentland and Scurfield, "Inreach Counseling"; Starr, Henry, and Bonner, Discarded Army.
57. Boivin, "Forgotten Warriors"; Engendorf et al., Legacies of Vietnam;
58. Arthur Engendorf, "The Postwar Healing of Vietnam Veterans: Recent Research," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 33, 11 (1982): 901-8;
59. David R. Johnson, Hader Lubin, Robert Rosenheck, Alan Fontana, Steven Southwick, and Dennis Charney, "The Impact of the Homecoming Reception on the Development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The West Haven Homecoming Stress Scale (WHHSS)," Journal of Traumatic Stress 10, 2 (1997): 259-77;
60. Levin and Ferrier, Defending the Vietnam Combat Veteran;
61. Pentland and Scurfield, "Inreach Counseling"; Starr, Henry, and Bonner, Discarded Army.
62. Starr et al., Discarded Army.
63. Card, Lives after Vietnam;
64. Engendorf et al., Legacies of Vietnam.
65. Kulka et al., Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation.
66. Card, Lives after Vietnam.
67. Beckerman and Fontana, "Vietnam Veterans and the Criminal Justice System."
68. Mumola, Veterans in Prison or Jail.
69. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1997 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities (Department of Justice, 2000), http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/NACJD/home.html (accessed January 10, 2005).
70. U.S. Census Department, Census 2000 Long Form (Sample) Data; Special Tabulations Produced by the U.S. Census Bureau in Response to Data Requests Submitted by the Office of the Actuary, Department of Veterans Affairs (U.S. Census Department, 2003), www.census.gov/housing/userdata (accessed January 10, 2005).
71. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1997 Survey of Inmates.
72. Ibid.
73. Kenneth Rothman, Modern Epidemiology, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1998).
74. Sue Berryman, Who Serves? The Persistent Myth of the Underclass Army (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1988);
75. Morris Janowitz, "The All-volunteer Military as a Socio-political Problem," Social Problems 22 (February 1975): 432-49;
76. Gwyn Harris-Jenkins and Charles C. Moskos, "Armed Forces and Society," Current Sociology 29, 3 (1981): 1-76.
77. Edwin Dorn, "Sustaining the All-Volunteer Forces," in Professionals in the Front Line: Two Decades of the All Volunteer Force, ed. J. Eric Fredland, Curtis Gilroy, Roger D. Little, and W. S. Sellman (London: Brassey's, 1996): 3-22;
78. Mark Eitelberg, "The All-Volunteer Force after Twenty Years," in Professionals in the Front Line: Two Decades of the All Volunteer Force, ed. J. Eric Fredland, Curtis Gilroy, Roger D. Little, and W. S. Sellman (London: Brassey's, 1996): 66-98;
79. Paul F. Hogan, Curtis J. Simon, and John T. Warner, "Sustaining the Force in an Era of Transformation, " in The All Volunteer Force: Thirty Years of Service, ed. Barbara A. Bicksler, Curtis L. Gilroy, and John T. Warner (Washington, DC: Brassey's, 2004): 57-89;
80. John P. White, "Reflections on Managing the All-Volunteer Force: Past and Future," in The All Volunteer Force: Thirty Years of Service, ed. Barbara A. Bicksler, Curtis L. Gilroy, and John T. Warner (Washington, DC: Brassey's, 2004): 33-44.
81. Richard V. Cooper, Military Manpower and the All-Volunteer Force (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1977);
82. Chongsoo Kim, Gilbert Nestel, Robert L. Phillips, and Michael E. Borous, National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Labor Market Experience: Military Studies (Columbus, OH: Center for Human Resources Research, Ohio State University, 1980);
83. Population Representation in the Military Service: Fiscal Year 1989 (Washington DC: Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1990).
84. Eitelberg, "The All-Volunteer Force"; Mark J. Eitelberg, Janice H. Laurence, Brian K. Waters, and Linda S. Perlman, Screening for Service: Aptitude and Education Criteria for Military Entry (Washington, DC: Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, 1984);
85. Janice Laurence, Peter F. Ramsberger, and Monica Gribben, Effects of Military Experience on the Post-service Lives of Low-Aptitude Recruits: Project 100,000 and the ASVAB Misnorming (Alexandria, VA: Human Resources Research Organization, 1989).
86. Eitelberg, "The All-Volunteer Force."
87. Don Cahalan, Ian A. Cisn, G. L. Gardner, and G. C. Smith, Drinking Practices and Problems in the U.S. Army (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Army, 1972);
88. Robert M. Bray, M. A. Marsden, M. A., L. L. Guess, S. C. Wheeless, and D. K. Pate, 1985 Worldwide Survey of Alcohol and Nonmedical Drug Use among Military Personnel (Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute, 1986);
89. John M. Polich, "Epidemiology of Alcohol Abuse in Military and Civilian Populations," American Journal of Public Health 71, 10 (1981): 1125-32.
90. Robert Rosenheck, Linda Frisman, and An-Me Chung. "The Proportion of Veterans among Homeless Men," American Journal of Public Health 84, 3 (1984): 466-69.
91. Rosenheck, Frisman, and Chung, "The Proportion of Veterans."
92. Kulka et al., Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation.
93. Engendorf et al., Legacies of Vietnam.
94. Ibid.
95. Ibid.
96. Ibid.
97. Ibid.
98. Ibid.
99. Richard T. Cooney, Mady W. Segal, David R. Segal, and William W. Falk, "Racial Differences in the Impact of Military Service on the Socioeconomic Status of Women Veterans," Armed Forces & Society 30, 1 (2003): 53-75;
100. Robert L. Phillips, Paul J. Andrisani, Thomas N. Daymont, and Curtis L. Gilroy, "The Economic Returns to Military Service: Race-Ethnic Differences," Social Science Quarterly 73, 2 (1992): 340-59;
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103. Richard Fernandez, "Social Representation in the Military: A Reassessment," in Professionals on the Front Line: Two Decades of the All-Volunteer Force, ed. J. Eric Fredland, Curtis Gilroy, Roger Little, and W. S. Sellman (London: Brassey's, 1996): 226-45.
104. Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, The Population Representation in the Military Services (Washington, DC: Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, 2004).
105. Dorn, "Sustaining the All-Volunteer Forces"; Eitelberg, "The All-Volunteer Force after Twenty Years," 66-98;
106. Hogan, Simon, and Warner, "Sustaining the Force," 57-89;
107. John P. White, "Reflections on Managing the All-Volunteer Force: Past and Future," in The All-Volunteer Force: Thirty Years of Service, ed. Barbara A. Bicksler, Curtis Gilroy, and John Warner (Washington, DC: Brassey's, 2004): 33-44;
108. Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, The Population Representation in the Military Services.
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110. Dorn, "Sustaining the All-Volunteer Forces";
111. Eitelberg, "The All-Volunteer Force after Twenty Years";
112. Fernandez, "Social Representation in the Military";
113. Hogan, Simon, and Warner, "Sustaining the Force";
114. Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, The Population Representation in the Military Services.
115. Beckerman and Fontana, "Vietnam Veterans and the Criminal Justice System."