Multivariate and geometric morphometrics in the analysis of sexual dimorphism variation in Podarcis lizards

Journal of Morphology

Volumn 268, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 152-165

  Kaliontzopoulou, Antigoni ^a,b   Carretero, Miguel A ^b   Llorente, Gustavo A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^b CENTRO DE INVESTIGAÇÃO EM BIODIVERSIDADE E RECURSOS GENÉTICOS   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Geometric morphometrics; Lacertidae; Podarcis; Portugal; Sexual dimorphism; Sympatry

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANTHROPOMETRY; ARTICLE; FEMALE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENETICS; HEAD; HISTOLOGY; LIZARD; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT;

ANIMALS; ANTHROPOMETRY; FEMALE; HEAD; LIZARDS; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; VARIATION (GENETICS);

LACERTIDAE; PODARCIS; PODARCIS BOCAGEI; PODARCIS CARBONELLI; SQUAMATA;

EID: 33847421774     PISSN: 03622525     EISSN: 10974687     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10494     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Adams DC, Rohlf FJ. 2000. Ecological character displacement in Plethodon: Biomechanical differences found from a geometric morphometric study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:4106-4111.
2. Adams DC, Rohlf FJ, Slice DE. 2004. Geometric morphometrics: Ten years of progress following the "revolution." Ital J Zool 71:5-16.
3. Anderson RA, Vitt LJ. 1990. Sexual selection versus alternative causes of sexual dimorphism in teiid lizards. Oecologia 84:145-157.
4. Andersson M. 1994. Sexual size dimorphism. In: Krebs JR, Clutton-Brock T, editors. Sexual Selection. Monographs in Behaviour and Ecology. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, p 246-293.
5. Barreto-Caldas F, Honrado J, Paiva AP. 1999. Vegetação da àrea de paisagem Protegida do Litoral de Esposende (Portugal). Quercetea 1:39-59.
6. Bohonak AJ. 2002. Software for reduced major axis regression, V.1.2. San Diego State University.
7. Bonduriansky R, Day T. 2003. The evolution of static allometry in sexually selected traits. Evolution 57:2450-2458.
8. Bookstein FL. 1984. A statistical method for biological shape comparisons. J Theor Biol 107:475-520.
9. Braña F. 1996. Sexual dimorphism in lacertid lizards: Male head increase vs female abdomen increase? Oikos 75:511-523.
10. Bruner E, Constantini D, Fanfani A. Dell'Omo G. 2005. Morphological variation and sexual dimorphism of the cephalic scales in Lacerta bilineata. Acta Zool 86:245-254.
11. Butler MA, Losos JB. 2002. Multivariate sexual dimorphism, sexual selection, and adaptation in Greater Antillean Anolis lizards. Ecol Monogr 72:541-559.
12. Carothers JH. 1984. Sexual selection and sexual dimorphism in some herbivorous lizards. Am Nat 124:244-254.
13. Carretero MA, Sá-Sousa P, Barbosa D, Harris DJ, Pinho C. 2002. Sintopía estricta entre Podarcis bocagei y Podarcis carbonelli. Bol Asoc Herp Esp 13:20-24.
14. Carretero MA, Ribeiro R, Barbosa D, Sá-Sousa P, Harris DJ. 2006. Spermatogenesis in two Iberian Podarcis lizards: Relationships with male traits. Anim Biol 56:1-12.
15. Clarke MRB. 1980. The reduced major axis of a bivariate sample. Biometrika 67:441-446.
16. Claude J, Paradis E, Tong H, Auffray JC. 2003. A geometric morphometric assessment of the effects of environment and cladogenesis on the evolution of the turtle shell. Biol J Linn Soc 79:485-501.
17. Cooper WE Jr, Vitt LJ. 1989. Sexual dimorphism of head and body size in an iguanid lizard: Paradoxical results. Am Nat 133:729-735.
18. Corti M. 1993. Geometric morphometrics: An extension of the revolution. Trends Ecol Evol 8:302-303.
19. Corti M, Rohlf FJ. 2001. Chromosomal speciation and phenotypic evolution in the house mouse. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 73:99-112.
20. Cox RM, Skelly SL, John-Alder. HB. 2003. A comparative test of adaptive hypotheses for sexual size dimorphism in lizards. Evolution 57:1653-1669.
21. Dabney A, Storey JD. 2004. The qvalue Package: Q-value estimation for false discovery rate control. Available at http:// faculty.washington.edu/ ~jstorey/qvalue/.
22. Direcção Geral do Ambiente. 1995. Atlas do Ambiente. Lisboa: Direcção Geral do Ambiente.
23. Ebenman B. 1986. Sexual size dimorphism in the great tit Parus major in relation to the number of coexisting congeners. Oikos 47:355-359.
24. Fairbairn DJ. 1997. Allometry for sexual size dimorphism: Pattern and process in the coevolution of body size in males and females. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 28:659-687.
25. Fitch HS. 1981. Sexual size differences in reptiles. Misc Pub Mus Nat Hist 70:1-72. (Kansas: University of Kansas.)
26. Green AJ. 1992. Positive allometry is likely with mate choice, competitive display and other functions. Anim Behav 43:170-172.
27. Gvozdik L, Van Damme R. 2003. Evolutionary maintenance of sexual dimorphism in head size in the lizard Zootoca vivipara: A test of two hypotheses. J Zool (Lond) 259:7-13.
28. Harris DJ, Sá-Sousa P. 2001. Species distinction and relationships of the Western Iberian Podarcis lizards (Reptilia, Lacertidae) based on morphology and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Herpetol J 11:129-136.
29. Harris DJ, Sá-Sousa P. 2002. Molecular phylogenetics of Iberian Wall Lizards (Podarcis): Is Podarcis hispanica a species complex? Mol Phylogenet Evol 23:75-81.
30. Herrel A, Van Damme R, De Vree F. 1996. Sexual dimorphism of head size in Podarcis hispanica atrata: Testing the dietary divergence hypothesis by bite force analysis. Neth J Zool 46:253-262.
31. Herrel A, Spithoven L, Van Damme R, De Vree F. 1999. Sexual dimorphism of head size in Gallotia galotti: Testing the niche divergence hypothesis by functional analyses. Funct Ecol 13:289-297.
32. Herrel A, De Grauw E. Lemos-Espinal JA. 2001a. Head shape and bite performance in xenosaurid lizards. J Exp Zool 290:101-107.
33. Herrel A, Van Damme R, Vanhooydonck B. De Vree F. 2001b. The implications of bite performance for diet in two species of lacertid lizards. Can J Zool 79:662-670.
34. Heulin B. 1988. Observations sur l'organisation de la reproduction et sur les comportements sexuels et agonistiques chez Lacerta vivipara. Vie Milieu 38:177-187.
35. Hews DK. 1990. Examining hypotheses generated by field measures of sexual selection on male lizards, Uta palmeri. Evolution 44:1956-1966.
36. Hews DK. 1996. Size and scaling of sexually-selected traits in the lizard, Uta palmeri. J Zool (Lond) 238:743-757.
37. Hood CS. 2000. Geometric morphometric approaches to the study of sexual size dimorphism in mammals. Hystrix 11:77-90.
38. Kaliontzopoulou A. 2004. Efecto de la simpatria en la morfología de dos especies del género Podarcis en Portugal, DEA Thesis. Barcelona: University of Barcelona. (In Spanish).
39. Kaliontzopoulou A. Carretero MA, Llorente G. 2005. Differences in the pholidotic patterns of Podarcis bocagei and P. carbonelli and their implications for species determination. Rev Esp Herpetol 19:71-86.
40. Kratochvil L. Fokt M. Rehak I, Frynta D. 2003. Misinterpretation of character scaling: A tale of sexual dimorphism in body shape of common lizards. Can J Zool 81:1112-1117.
41. Lande R. 1980. Sexual dimorphism, sexual selection, and adaptation in polygenic characters. Evolution 34:292-305.
42. Loy A, Spinosi O, Carlini R. 2004. Cranial morphology of Martes foina and Martes martes (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae): The role of size and shape in sexual dimorphism and interspecific differentiation. Ital J Zool 71:27-35.
43. Manier MK. 2004. Geographic variation in the long-nosed snake Rhinocheilus lecontei (Colubridae): Beyond the subspecies debate. Biol J Linn Soc 83:65-85.
44. Marugán-Lobón J, Buscalioni AD. 2003. Disparity and geometry of the skull in Archosauria (Reptilia: Diapsida). Biol J Linn Soc 80:67-88.
45. McArdle BH. 1988. The structural relationship: Regression in biology. Can J Zool 66:2329-2339.
46. Molina-Borja M. 2003. Sexual dimorphism of Gallotia atlantica atlantica and Gallotia atlantica mahoratae (Lacertidae) from the Eastern Canary Islands. J Herpetol 37:769-722.
47. Monteiro LR, Cavalcanti MJ, Sommer HJS III. 1997. Comparative ontogenetic shape changes in the skull of Caiman species (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae). J Morphol 231:53-62.
48. Mouton N, van Wyk JH. 1993. Sexual dimorpism in cordylid lizards: A case study of the Drakensberg crag lizard, Pseudocordylus melanotus. Can J Zool 71:1715-1723.
49. Olsson M, Shine R, Wapstra E, Ujvari B, Madsen T. 2002. Sexual dimorphism in lizard body shape: The roles of sexual selection and fecundity selection. Evolution 56:1538-1542.
50. Pérez-Mellado V. 1981a. La lagartija de Bocage, Podarcis bocagei (SEOANE, 1884): primeros datos sobre su distribución, colorido y ecología. Amphib-Reptil 3-4:253-268.
51. Pérez-Mellado V. 1981b. Nuevos datos sobre la sistemática y distribución de Podarcis bocagei (SEOANE, 1884) (Sauria, Lacertidae) en la Península Ibérica. Amphib-Reptil 2:259-265.
52. Pérez-Mellado V. 1997a. Podarcis bocagei (Seoane, 1884). In: Salvador A, Coordinator. Fauna Ibérica, Vol. 10. Reptiles. Madrid: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC. p 243-257.
53. Pérez-Mellado V. 1997b. Género Podarcis (Wagler, 1830). In: Salvador A, Coordinator, Fauna Ibérica, Vol. 10, Reptiles. Madrid: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC. p 242-306.
54. Pérez-Mellado V, Gosá A. 1988. Biometría y folidosis en Lacertidae (Sauria, Reptilia). Algunos aspectos metodológicos. Rev Esp Herpetol 3:105-119.
55. Perry GK, LeVering I, Girard, Garland T Jr. 2004. Locomotor performance and social dominance in male Anolis cristatellus. Anim Behav 67:37-47.
56. Petrie M. 1992. Are all secondary sexual display structures positively allometric and, if so, why? Anim Behav 43:173-175.
57. Pinho C, Ferrand N, Harris DJ. 2004. Genetic variation within the Podarcis hispanica species complex - new evidence from protein electrophoretic data. In: Pérez-Mellado V, Riera V, Perera A, editors. The biology of lacertid lizards. Evolutionary and ecological perspectives. Menorca: Institut Menorquí d' Estudis. Recerca. p 269-277.
58. Pinho C. Ferrand N, Harris DJ. 2006. Reexamination of the Iberian and North African Podarcis (Squamata: Lacertidae) phylogeny based on increased mitochondrial DNA sequencing. Mol Phylogenet Evol 38:266-273.
59. Rohlf FJ. 1990. Morphometrics. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 21:299-316.
60. Rohlf FJ. 1999. Shape statistics: Procrustes superimpositions and tangent spaces. J Class 16:197-223.
61. Rohlf FJ. 2003a. tpsSmall, version 1.20. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
62. Rohlf FJ. 2003b. tpsRegr, version 1.28. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
63. Rohlf FJ. 2004. tpsUtil, file utility program, version 1.26. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
64. Rohlf FJ, 2005a. tpsDig, digitize landmarks and outlines, version 2.04. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
65. Rohlf FJ. 2005b. tpsRelw, relative warps analysis, version 1.42. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
66. Rohlf FJ, Slice D. 1990. Extensions of the Procrustes method for the optimal superimposition of landmarks. Syst Zool 39:40-59.
67. Rosas A, Bastir M. 2002. Thin-plate spline analysis of allometry and sexual dimorphism in the human craniofacial complex. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:236-245.
68. Rufino M, Abelló P, Yule AB. 2004. Male and female carapace shape differences in Liocarcinus depurator (Decapoda, Brachyura): An application of geometric morphometric analysis to crustaceans. Ital J Zool 71:79-83.
69. Sá-Sousa P. 2001a. A controversa sistemática das lagartixas do género Podarcis Wagler, 1830 (Sauria, Lacertidae) em Portugal. Ph.D. Thesis. Lisbon: University of Lisbon.
70. Sá-Sousa P. 2001b. Comparative chorology between Podarcis bocagei and P. carbonellae (Sauria: Lacertidae) in Portugal. Rev Esp Herpetol 15:85-97.
71. Sá-Sousa P, Harris DJ. 2002. Podarcis carbonelli (Perez-Mellado, 1981) is a distinct species. Amphib-Reptil 23:459-468.
72. Sá-Sousa P. Almeida AP, Rosa H, Vicente L, Crespo EG. 2000. Genetic and morphological relationships of the Berlenga wall lizard (Podarcis bocagei berlengensis: Lacertidae). J Zoolog Syst Evol Res 38:95-102.
73. Schoener TW. 1967. The ecological significance of sexual dimorphism in size in the lizard Anolis conspersus. Science 155:474-477.
74. Schoener TW. 1977. Competition and the niche. In: Gans C, Tinkle DW, editors. Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 7: Ecology and behaviour A. New York: Academic Press. p 35-136.
75. Schwarzkopf L. 2005. Sexual dimorphism in body shape without sexual dimorphism in body size in water skinks (Eulamprus quoyii). Herpetologica 61:116-123.
76. Slatkin M. 1980. Ecological character displacement. Ecology 61:163-177.
77. Slatkin M. 1984. Ecological causes of sexual dimorphism. Evolution 38:622-630.
78. Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ. 1995. Biometry: The principles and practice of statistics in biological research, 3rd ed. New York: W. H. Freeman. 887 p.
79. Stamps J. 1983. Sexual selection, sexual dimorphism and territoriality. In: Huey RB, Pianka ER, Schoener TW. editors. Lizard Ecology: Studies of a Model Organism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p 169-204.
80. Stamps J. 1993. Sexual size dimorphism in species with asymptotic growth after maturity. Biol J Linn Soc 50:123-145.
81. Stayton CT. 2005. Morphological evolution of the lizard skull: A geometric morphometrics survey. J Morphol 263:47-59.
82. Storey JD. 2002. A direct approach to false discovery rates. J Roy Stat Soc B 64:479-498.
83. Storey JD, Tibshirani R. 2003. Statistical significance for genomewide studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:9440-9445.
84. Uller T, Olsson M. 2003. Prenatal sex ratios influence sexual dimorphism in a reptile. J Exp Zool 295A:183-187.
85. Valenzuela N, Adams DC, Bowden RM, Gauger AC. 2004. Geometric morphometric sex estimation for hatchling turtles: A powerful alternative for detecting subtle sexual shape dimorphism. Copeia 2004:735-742.
86. Verbeek B. 1972. Ethologische Untersuchungen an einigen europaischen Eidechsen. Bonn Zool Beitr 23:122-151.
87. Vidal MA, Ortiz JC, Ramírez CC, Lamborot M. 2005. Intraspecific variation in morphology and sexual dimorphism in Liolaemus tenuis (Tropiduridae). Amphibia-Reptilia 26:343-351.
88. Watkins GG. 1996. Proximate causes of sexual size dimorphism in the iguanid lizard Microlophus occipitalis. Ecology 77:1473-1482.