Incidence and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in a developing country: Where is the difference?

Respiratory Medicine

Volumn 101, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 762-767

  Jaimes, Fabian ^a,b   De La Rosa, Gisela ^a   Gómez, Emiliano ^a   Múnera, Paola ^a   Ramírez, Jaime ^a   Castrillón, Sebastián ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD DE ANTIOQUIA   (Colombia)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Epidemiology; Incidence; Intensive care units; Prospective studies; Risk factors; Ventilator associated pneumonia

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; COHORT ANALYSIS; COLOMBIA; CONTROLLED STUDY; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; GENDER; HOSPITAL BED CAPACITY; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFECTION RISK; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; LENGTH OF STAY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL; VENTILATOR; VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA;

ADULT; COLOMBIA; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INTENSIVE CARE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PNEUMONIA, VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SEX DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 33847324585     PISSN: 09546111     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2006.08.008     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Vincent J.L., Bihari D.J., Suter P.M., et al. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe. Results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) Study. EPIC International Advisory Committee. JAMA 274 (1995) 639-644
2. Byers J.F., and Sole M.L. Analysis of factors related to the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia: use of existing databases. Am J Crit Care 9 (2000) 344-349
3. Heyland D., Cook D., Griffith L., Keenan S., and Bun-buisson C. The attributable morbidity and mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the critically ill patient. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159 (1999) 1249-1256
4. Cook D.J., Walter S.D., Cook R.J., et al. Incidence of and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients. Ann Intern Med 129 (1998) 433-440
5. Kollef M.H. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. A multivariate analysis. JAMA 270 (1993) 1965-1970
6. Bonten M.J., Bergmans D.C., Ambergen A.W., et al. Risk factors for pneumonia, and colonization of respiratory tract and stomach in mechanically ventilated ICU patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154 (1996) 1339-1346
7. Craven D.E., Kunches L.M., Kilinsky V., Lichtenberg D.A., Make B.J., and McCabe W.R. Risk factors for pneumonia and fatality in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 133 (1986) 792-796
8. Torres A., Serra-Batlles J., Ros E., et al. Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in patients receiving mechanical ventilation: the effect of body position. Ann Intern Med 116 (1992) 540-543
9. Chevret S., Hemmer M., Carlet J., and Langer M. Incidence and risk factors of pneumonia acquired in intensive care units. Results from a multicenter prospective study on 996 patients. European Cooperative Group on nosocomial pneumonia. Intens Care Med 19 (1993) 256-264
10. Jaimes F. A literature review of the epidemiology of sepsis in Latin America. Rev Panam Salud Publica 18 (2005) 163-171
11. Jaimes F., Arango C., Ruiz G., et al. Predicting bacteremia at the bedside. Clin Infect Dis 38 (2004) 357-362
12. Garner J.S., Jarvis W.R., Emori T.G., Horan T.C., and Hughes J.M. CDC definitions of nosocomial infections. In: Olmsted R.N. (Ed). APIC Infection Control and Applied Epidemiology: Principles and Practice (1996), Mosby, St. Louis A-1-A-20
13. Hougaard P. Analysis of multivariate survival data (2000), Springer, New York p. 1-542
14. Loader C. Local regression and likelihood. New York, 1999. p. 1-308.
15. Hamilton L.C. Statistics with Stata (updated for version 7) (2003), Duxbury Press, Belmont, CA
16. Eggimann P., Hugonnet S., Sax H., Touveneau S., Chevrolet J.C., and Pittet D. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: caveats for benchmarking. Intens Care Med 29 (2003) 2086-2089
17. Sofianou D.C., Constandinidis T.C., Yannacou M., Anastasiou H., and Sofianos E. Analysis of risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 19 (2000) 460-463
18. Apostolopoulou E., Bakakos P., Katostaras T., and Gregorakos L. Incidence and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in 4 multidisciplinary intensive care units in Athens, Greece. Respir Care 48 (2003) 681-688
19. Memish Z.A., Cunningham G., Oni G.A., and Djazmati W. The incidence and risk factors of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a Riyadh hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 21 (2000) 271-273
20. Kanafani Z.A., Kara L., Hayek S., and Kanj S.S. Ventilator-associated pneumonia at a tertiary-care center in a developing country: incidence, microbiology, and susceptibility patterns of isolated microorganisms. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 24 (2003) 864-869
21. Ibrahim E.H., Tracy L., Hill C., Fraser V.J., and Kollef M.H. The occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a community hospital: risk factors and clinical outcomes. Chest 120 (2001) 555-561
22. Apostolopoulou E., Sparos L., Soumilas A., and Mantas I. Determinative factors in nosocomial pneumonia in patients with mechanical ventilation in the respiratory care unit. Noseleutike 29 (1990) 113-122
23. Appelgren P., Hellstrom I., Weitzberg E., Soderlund V., Bindslev L., and Ransjo U. Risk factors for nosocomial intensive care infection: a long-term prospective analysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 45 (2001) 710-719
24. Bauer T.T., Ferrer R., Angrill J., Schultze-Werninghaus G., and Torres A. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: incidence, risk factors, and microbiology. Semin Respir Infect 15 (2000) 272-279
25. Beck-Sague C.M., Sinkowitz R.L., Chinn R.Y., Vargo J., Kaler W., and Jarvis W.R. Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in surgical intensive-care-unit patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 17 (1996) 374-376
26. Bonten M.J., Kollef M.H., and Hall J.B. Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia: from epidemiology to patient management. Clin Infect Dis 38 (2004) 1141-1149
27. Cunnion K.M., Weber D.J., Broadhead W.E., Hanson L.C., Pieper C.F., and Rutala W.A. Risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia: comparing adult critical-care populations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153 (1996) 158-162
28. Girou E., Stephan F., Novara A., Safar M., and Fagon J.Y. Risk factors and outcome of nosocomial infections: results of a matched case-control study of ICU patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157 (1998) 1151-1158
29. He L., Chen X., and Pan J. Incidence, risk and prognostic factors of pneumonia acquired at intensive care units. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 21 (1998) 532-534
30. Konrad F., Wiedeck H., Kilian J., and Deller A. Risk factors in nosocomial pneumonia in intensive care patients. A prospective study to identify high-risk patients. Anaesthesist 40 (1991) 483-490
31. Noor A., and Hussain S.F. Risk factors associated with development of ventilator associated pneumonia. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 15 (2005) 92-95
32. Tejada A.A., Bello D.S., Chacon V.E., et al. Risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill trauma patients. Crit Care Med 29 (2001) 304-309
33. Torres A., Aznar R., Gatell J.M., et al. Incidence, risk, and prognosis factors of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 142 (1990) 523-528
34. Concato J., Feinstein A.R., and Holford T.R. The risk of determining risk with multivariable models. Ann Intern Med 118 (1993) 201-210
35. Rothman K.J., and Greenland S. Modern epidemiology. 2nd ed (1998), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
36. Suissa S. Effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: immortal time bias in observational studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168 (2003) 49-53
37. Altman D.G., and De Stavola B.L. Practical problems in fitting a proportional hazards model to data with updated measurements of the covariates. Stat Med 13 (1994) 301-341
38. Knaus W.A., Draper E.A., Wagner D.P., and Zimmerman J.E. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 13 (1985) 818-829
39. Bates D.W., Sands K., Miller E., et al. Predicting bacteremia in patients with sepsis syndrome. Academic Medical Center Consortium Sepsis Project Working Group. J Infect Dis 176 (1997) 1538-1551
40. Martin G.S., Mannino D.M., Eaton S., and Moss M. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 348 (2003) 1546-1554