Maternal investment of the Virunga mountain gorillas

Ethology

Volumn 113, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 235-245

  Robbins, Andrew M ^a   Robbins, Martha M ^a   Fawcett, Katie ^b  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY   (Germany)

^b Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MOUNTAIN ENVIRONMENT; PARENTAL INVESTMENT; POLYGYNY; PRIMATE; REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; RESOURCE ALLOCATION; SEX ALLOCATION; SEX RATIO; SEXUAL DIMORPHISM; VARIANCE ANALYSIS;

AFRICA; CENTRAL AFRICA; RWANDA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; VIRUNGA MOUNTAINS;

GORILLA GORILLA BERINGEI; MAMMALIA; PRIMATES;

EID: 33847105883     PISSN: 01791613     EISSN: 14390310     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01319.x     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Altmann, J. 1980: Baboon Mothers and Infants. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge.
2. Bercovitch, F. B. 2002: Sex-biased parental investment in primates. Int. J. Primatol. 23, 905-921.
3. Bercovitch, F. B., Widdig, A. & Nurnberg, P. 2000: Maternal investment in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): reproductive costs and consequences of raising sons. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 48, 1-11.
4. Bercovitch, F. B., Bashaw, M. J., Penny, C. G. & Rieches, R. G. 2004: Maternal investment in captive giraffes. J. Mammal. 85, 428-431.
5. Boesch, C. 1997: Evidence for dominant wild female chimpanzees investing more in sons. Anim. Behav. 54, 811-815.
6. Boesch, C. & Boesch-Achermann, H. 2000: The Chimpanzees of the Tai Forest. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
7. Bradley, B. J., Robbins, M. M., Williamson, E. A., Steklis, H. D., Steklis, N. G., Eckhardt, N., Boesch, C. & Vigilant, L. 2005: Mountain gorilla tug-of-war: Silverbacks have limited control over reproduction in multimale groups. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 9418-9423.
8. Brown, G. R. 2001: Sex-biased investment in nonhuman primates: can Trivers & Willard's theory be tested. Anim. Behav. 61, 683-694.
9. Brown, G. R. & Silk, J. B. 2002: Reconsidering the null hypothesis: Is maternal rank associated with birth sex ratios in primate groups? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 11252-11255.
10. Cameron, E. Z. 2004: Facultative adjustment of mammalian sex ratios in support of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis: evidence for a mechanism. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 271, 1723-1728.
11. Cameron, E. Z. & Linklater, W. L. 2002: Sex bias in studies of sex bias: the value of daughters to mothers in poor condition. Anim. Behav. 63, F5-F8.
12. Carranza, J. 2002: What did Trivers and Willard really predict? Anim. Behav. 63, F1-F3.
13. Chatterjee, S. & Price, P. 1991: Regression Analysis by Example. Wiley-Interscience, New York.
14. Chism, J. & Rowell, T. E. 1988: The natural history of patas monkeys. In: A Primate Radiation: Evolutionary Biology of the African Guenons (Gautier-Hion, A., Bouilere, F., Gautier, J. P. & Kingdon, J., eds). Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, pp. 412-438.
15. Clark, A. B. 1978: Sex-ratio and local resource competition in a prosimian primate. Science 201, 163-165.
16. Cote, S. D. & Festa-Bianchet, M. 2001: Offspring sex ratio in relation to maternal age and social rank in mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 49, 260-265.
17. Czekala, N. & Robbins, M. 2001: Assessment of reproduction and stress through hormone analysis in gorillas. In: Mountain Gorillas: Three Decades of Research at Karisoke (Robbins, M., Sicotte, P. & Stewart, K., eds). Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 317-340.
18. Dias, L. G. & Strier, K. B. 2003: Effects of group size on ranging patterns in Brachyteles arachnoides hypoxanthus. Int. J. Primatol. 24, 209-221.
19. Dittus, W. P. J. 1998: Birth sex ratios in toque macaques and other mammals: integrating the effects of maternal condition and competition. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 44, 149-160.
20. Fisher, R. A. 1930: The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
21. Gerald, C. 1995: Demography of the Virunga Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei). Masters, Princeton Univ., Princeton.
22. Gillespie, T. R. & Chapman, C. A. 2001: Determinants of group size in the red colobus monkey (Procolobus badius): an evaluation of the generality of the ecological-constraints model. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 50, 329-338.
23. Gowaty, P. A. & Lennartz, M. R. 1985: Sex-ratios of nestling and fledgling red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides - borealis) favor males. Am. Nat. 126, 347-353.
24. Harcourt, A. H. 1978: Strategies of emigration and transfer by primates, with particular reference to gorillas. Zeitschrift Fur Tierpsychologie-J. Comp. Ethol. 48, 401-420.
25. Harcourt, A. H. & Greenberg, J. 2001: Do gorilla females join males to avoid infanticide? A quantitative model. Anim. Behav. 62, 905-915.
26. Hewison, A. J. M. & Gaillard, J. M. 1999: Successful sons or advantaged daughters? The Trivers-Willard model and sex-biased maternal investment in ungulates. Trends Ecol. Evol. 14, 229-234.
27. Hewison, A. J. M., Gaillard, J. M., Blanchard, R. & Festa-Bianchet, M. 2002: Maternal age is not a predominant determinant of progeny sex ratio variation in ungulates. Oikos 98, 334-339.
28. Hill, R. A., Lycett, J. E. & Dunbar, R. I. M. 2000: Ecological and social determinants of birth intervals in baboons. Behav. Ecol. 11, 560-564.
29. Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M. 1993: Skewed birth sex-ratios in primates - should high-ranking mothers have daughters or sons. Trends Ecol. Evol. 8, 395-400.
30. Kalpers, J., Williamson, E. A., Robbins, M. M., McNeilage, A., Nzamurambaho, A., Lola, N. & Mugiri, G. 2003: Gorillas in the crossfire: population dynamics of the Virunga mountain gorillas over the past three decades. Oryx 37, 326-337.
31. Krackow, S. 2002: Why parental sex ratio manipulation is rare in higher vertebrates. Ethology 108, 1041-1056 (invited article).
32. Leigh, S. R. & Shea, B. T. 1995: Ontogeny and the evolution of adult body-size dimorphism in apes. Am. J. Primatol. 36, 37-60.
33. Leigh, S. R. & Shea, B. T. 1996: Ontogeny of body size variation in African apes. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 99, 43-65.
34. Leimar, O. 1996: Life-history analysis of the Trivers and Willard sex-ratio problem. Behav. Ecol. 7, 316-325.
35. McNeilage, A. 1995: Mountain gorillas in the Virunga volcanoes: ecology and carrying capacity. PhD, Univ. of Bristol, Bristol.
36. Millon, A. & Bretagnolle, V. 2005: Nonlinear and population-specific offspring sex ratios in relation to high variation in prey abundance. Oikos 108, 535-543.
37. Nishida, T., Corp, N., Hamai, M., Hasegawa, T., Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M., Hosaka, K., Hunt, K. D., Itoh, N., Kawanaka, K., Matsumoto-Oda, A., Mitani, J. C., Nakamura, M., Norikoshi, K., Sakamaki, T., Turner, L., Uehara, S. & Zamma, K. 2003: Demography, female life history, and reproductive profiles among the chimpanzees of Mahale. Am. J. Primatol. 59, 99-121.
38. Ostner, J., Borries, C., Schulke, O. & Koenig, A. 2005: Sex allocation in a colobine monkey. Ethology 111, 924-939.
39. Packer, C., Collins, D. A. & Eberly, L. E. 2000: Problems with primate sex ratios. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 355, 1627-1635.
40. Robbins, M. M. 1995: A Demographic-Analysis of Male Life-History and Social-Structure of Mountain Gorillas. Behaviour 132, 21-47.
41. Robbins, A. M. & Robbins, M. M. 2005: Fitness consequences of dispersal decisions for male mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 58, 295-309.
42. Robbins, M. M., Robbins, A. M., Gerald-Steklis, N. & Steklis, H. D. 2005: Long-term dominance relationships in female mountain gorillas: strength, stability and determinants of rank. Behaviour 142, 779-809.
43. Robbins, M. M., Robbins, A. M., Gerald-Steklis, N. & Steklis, H. D. in press: Age-related patterns of reproductive success among female mountain gorillas. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 131, 511-521.
44. Robbins, M. M., Robbins, A. M., Gerald-Steklis, N. & Steklis, H. D. in review: Female reproductive success of the Virunga mountain gorillas: comparisons with the socioecological model. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., in press.
45. Saltz, D. & Kotler, B. P. 2003: Maternal age is a predominant determinant of progeny sex ratio variation in ungulates: a reply to Hewison et al. Oikos 101, 646-648.
46. van Schaik, C. P. 1989: The ecology of social relationships amongst female primates. In: Comparative Socioecology: The Behavioural Ecology of Humans and Other Mammals (Standon, V. & Foley, R. A., eds). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp. 195-218.
47. van Schaik, C. P. & Hrdy, S. B. 1991: Intensity of local resource competition shapes the relationship between maternal rank and sex-ratios at birth in cercopithecine primates. Am. Nat. 138, 1552-1562.
48. Schino, G. 2004: Birth sex ratio and social rank: consistency and variability within and between primate groups. Behav. Ecol. 15, 850-856.
49. Sheldon, B. C. & West, S. A. 2004: Maternal dominance, maternal condition, and offspring sex ratio in ungulate mammals. Am. Nat. 163, 40-54.
50. Sicotte, P. 2001: Female mate choice in mountain gorillas. In: Mountain Gorillas: Three Decades of Research at Karisoke (Robbins, M., Sicotte, P. & Stewart, K., eds). Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 59-88.
51. Silk, J. B. 1984: Local Resource Competition and the Evolution of Male-Biased Sex-Ratios. J. Theor. Biol. 108, 203-213.
52. Silk, J. B. & Brown, G. R. 2004: Sex ratios in primate groups. In: Sexual Selection in Primates: New and Comparative Perspectives (Kappeler, P. M. & van Schaik, C., eds). Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, pp. 273-287.
53. Silk, J. B., Willoughby, E. & Brown, G. R. 2005: Maternal rank and local resource competition do not predict birth sex ratios in wild baboons. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 272, 859-864.
54. Singleton, I. & van Schaik, C. P. 2002: The social organisation of a population of Sumatran orang-utans. Folia. Primatol. (Basel). 73, 1-20.
55. Smith, A. C., Buchanan-Smith, H. M., Surridge, A. K. & Mundy, N. I. 2005: Factors affecting group spread within wild mixed-species troops of saddleback and mustached tamarins. Int. J. Primatol. 26, 337-355.
56. Sokal, R. & Rohlf, F. 1995: Biometry. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.
57. Sterck, E. H. M., Watts, D. P. & van Schaik, C. P. 1997: The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 41, 291-309.
58. Stewart, K. & Harcourt, A. 1987: Gorillas: variation in female relationships. In: Primate Societies (Smuts, B., Cheney, D., Seyfarth, R., Wrangham, W. & Struhsaker, T., eds). Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 155-164.
59. Sugiyama, Y. 2004: Demographic parameters and life history of chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 124, 154-165.
60. Takahata, Y., Koyama, N., Huffman, M. A., Norikoshi, K. & Suzuki, H. 1995: Are daughters more costly to produce for Japanese macaque mothers - sex of the offspring and subsequent interbirth intervals. Primates 36, 571-574.
61. Trivers, R. L. & Willard, D. 1973: Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science. 179, 90-92.
62. de Vries, H. 1998: Finding a dominance order most consistent with a linear hierarchy: a new procedure and review. Anim. Behav. 55, 827-843.
63. Wallis, J. 1997: A survey of reproductive parameters in the free-ranging chimpanzees of Gombe National Park. J. Reprod. Fertil. 109, 297-307.
64. Watts, D. P. 1984: Composition and variability of mountain gorilla diets in the central Virungas. Am. J. Primatol. 7, 323-356.
65. Watts, D. P. 1985: Relations between group-size and composition and feeding competition in mountain gorilla groups. Anim. Behav. 33, 72-85.
66. Watts, D. P. 1989: Infanticide in mountain gorillas - new cases and a reconsideration of the evidence. Ethology 81, 1-18.
67. Watts, D. P. 1990: Ecology of gorillas and its relation to female transfer in mountain gorillas. Int. J. Primatol. 11, 21-45.
68. Watts, D. P. 1991: Mountain gorilla reproduction and sexual-behavior. Am. J. Primatol. 24, 211-225.
69. Watts, D. P. 1994: Agonistic relationships between female mountain gorillas (Gorilla-Gorilla Beringei). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 34, 347-358.
70. Watts, D. P. 1996: Comparitive socioecology of gorillas. In: Great Ape Societies (McGrew, W. C., Marchant, L. F. & Nishida, T., eds). Univ. of Cambridge, Cambridge, pp. 16-28.
71. Watts, D. P. 2000: Causes and consequences of variation in male mountain gorilla life histories and group membership. In: Primate Males (Kappeler, P. M., ed.). Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 169-180.
72. Wich, S. A., Utami-Atmoko, S. S., Setia, T. M., Rijksen, H. D., Schurmann, C. & van Schaik, C. 2004: Life history of wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii). J. Hum. Evol. 47, 385-398.
73. Williamson, E. & Gerald-Steklis, N. 2003: Composition of gorilla gorilla beringei groups monitored by Karisoke Research Centre, 2001. Afr. Primates 5, 48-51.
74. Wrangham, R. W. 1980: An ecological model of female-bonded primate groups. Behaviour 75, 262-300.
75. Yamagiwa, J. & Kahekwa, J. 2001: Dispersal patterns, group structure, and reproductive parameters of eastern lowland gorillas at Kahuzi in the absence of infanticide. In: Mountain Gorillas: Three Decades of Research at Karisoke (Robbins, M. M., Sicotte, P. & Stewart, K., eds). Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 89-122.