CARRISMA: A new tool to improve risk stratification and guidance of patients in cardiovascular risk management in primary prevention

European Journal of Preventive Cardiology

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 141-148

  Gohlke, Helmut ^a   Winter, Moritz ^b   Karoff, Marthin ^c   Held, Klaus ^d  

^a Klinische Kardiologie II   (United States)

^b Darmstadt   (United States)

^c Klinik Königsfeld der LVA   (United States)

^d Deutsche Gesellschaft f r Pr vention und Rehabilitation   (Germany)

Author keywords

body mass index; physical activity; primary prevention; prognosis; risk stratification; smoking

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE; AGED; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CIGARETTE SMOKING; COMPUTER PROGRAM; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; MULTIVARIATE LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RISK MANAGEMENT; SEX;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BODY MASS INDEX; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DECISION MAKING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOTOR ACTIVITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SMOKING; SOFTWARE;

EID: 33847062043     PISSN: 20474873     EISSN: 20474881     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.hjr.0000244581.30421.69     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Lauterbach KW, Gerber A, Klever-Deichert G, Stollenwerk B. Cost effectiveness of prevention of coronary disease in Germany. Z Kardiol 2005; 94 (Suppl 3):III∖100-III∖104.
2. Wilson PF, D'Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 1998; 97: 1837–1847.
3. D'Agostino RB, Grundy S, Sullivan LM, Wilson P. Validation of the Framingham coronary heart disease prediction scores: results of a multiple ethnic groups investigation. JAMA 2001; 286: 180–187.
4. Assmann G, Cullen P, Schulte H. Simple scoring scheme for calculating the risk of acute coronary events based on the 10-year follow-up of the PROspective CArdiovascular Münster (PROCAM) Study. Circulation 2002; 105: 310–315.
5. Conroy RM, Pyörälä K, Fitzgerald AP, Sans S, Menotti A, De Backer G, et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 987–1003.
6. Greenland P, LaBree L, Azen SP, Doherty TM, Detrano RC. Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals. JAMA 2004; 291: 210–215.
7. Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow D, Rifai N, Rose LM, McCabe CH, et al. The Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy - Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 (PROVE IT-TIMI 22) Investigators. C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 20–28.
8. Meisinger C, Baumert J, Khuseyinova N, Loewel H, Koenig W. Plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein, a strong predictor for acute coronary heart disease events in apparently healthy, middle-aged men from the general population. Circulation 2005; 112: 651–657.
9. Vliegenthart R, Oudkerk M, Hofman A, Oei H-HS, Van Dijck W, Van Rooij FJA, Witteman JCM. Coronary calcification improves cardiovascular risk prediction in the elderly. Circulation 2005; 112: 572–577.
10. Ropers D, Baum U, Pohle K, Anders K, Ulzheimer S, Ohnesorge B, et al. Detection of coronary artery stenoses with thin-slice multi-Detector row spiral computed tomography and multiplanar reconstruction. Circulation 2003; 107: 664–666.
11. Moselewski F, O'Donnell CJ, Achenbach S, Ferencik M, Massaro J, Nguyen A, et al. Calcium concentration of individual coronary calcified plaques as measured by multidetector row computed tomography. Circulation 2005; 111: 3236–3241.
12. Criqui MH. Obesity, risk factors, and predicting cardiovascular events. Circulation 2005; 111: 1869–1870.
13. Ezzati M, Vander Hoorn S, Rodgers A, Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Murray CJL, the Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group. Estimates of global and regional potential health gains from reducing multiple major risk factors. Lancet 2003; 362: 271–280.
14. Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 5). Detection, evaluation, and treatment of hypertension. Heart Dis Stroke 1993; 2: 459–460.
15. Grundy SM, Becker D, Clark LT, Cooper RS, Denke MA, Howard WJ, et al. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002; 106: 3143–3363.
16. Keil U, Fitzgerald AP, Gohlke H, Wellmann J, Hense H-W. Risk of death from heart-circulatory diseases. The new SCORE - Germany - tables for primary prevention [in German]. Dtsch Ärztebl 2005; 102: A1808–A1812.
17. CVD Prevention - HeartScore. General information on the new interactive tool for European risk prediction and management HeartScore. Available at: http://www.escardio.org/initiatives/prevention/HeartScore.htm. Accessed: 8 July 2006.
18. Lakka TA, Venäläinen JM, Rauramaa R, Salonen R, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT. Relation of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness to the risk of acute myocardial infarction in men. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1549–1554.
19. Manson JAE, Hu FB, Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 650–658.
20. Paffenbarger RS, Hyde RT, Wing AL, Hsieh C-C. Physical activity, all cause mortality and longevity of college alumni. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 605–613.
21. Sandvik L, Erikssen J, Thaulow E, Erikssen G, Mundal R, Rodahl K. Physical fitness as a predictor of mortality among healthy, middle-aged Norwegian men. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 533–537.
22. Blair SN, Kampert JB, Kohl HW III, Barlow CE, Macera CA, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Gibbons LW. Influences of cardiorespiratory fitness and other precursors on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men and women. JAMA 1996; 276: 205–210.
23. Kraus WE, Douglas PS. Where does fitness fit in? N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 517–519.
24. Hu FB, Willett WC, Li T, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Manson JE. Adiposity as compared with physical activity in predicting mortality among women. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2694–2703.
25. Sesso HD, Paffenbarger RS, Lee I-M. Physical activity and coronary heart disease in men. The Harvard Alumni Health Study. Circulation 2000; 102: 975–980.
26. Lee I-M, Sesso HD, Paffenbarger RS Jr. Physical activity and coronary heart disease risk in men: does the duration of exercise episodes predict risk? Circulation 2000; 102: 981–986.
27. Lee I-M, Sesso HD, Oguma Y, Paffenbarger RS Jr. Relative intensity of physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation 2003; 107: 1110.
28. Lee I-M, Sesso HD, Oguma Y, Paffenbarger RS Jr. The ‘Weekend Warrior’ and risk of mortality. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160: 636–641.
29. Bijnen FCH, Caspersen CJ, Feskens EJM, Saris WHM, Mosterd WL, Kromhout D. Physical activity and 10-year mortality from cardiovascular diseases and all causes: The Zutphen Elderly Study. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 1499–1505.
30. Hakim AA, Curb JD, Petrovitch H, Rodriguez BL, Yano K, Ross GW, et al. Effects of walking on coronary heart disease in elderly men - The Honolulu Heart Program. Circulation 1999; 100: 9–13.
31. Tanasescu M, Leitzmann MF, Rimm EB, Hu FB. Physical activity in relation to cardiovascular disease and total mortality among men with type 2 diabetes. Circulation 2003; 107: 2435–2439.
32. Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, Rimm EB, Willett WC. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 16–22.
33. Tanasescu M, Leitzmann MF, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Exercise type and intensity in relation to coronary heart disease in men. JAMA 2002; 288: 1994–2000.
34. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, et al, the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1343–1350.
35. Hambrecht R, Walther C, Möbius-Winkler S, Gielen S, Linke A, Conradi K, et al. Percutaneous coronary angioplasty compared with exercise training in patients with stable coronary artery disease - a randomized trial. Circulation 2004; 109: 1371–1378.
36. Lee I-M, Rexrode KM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE. Physical activity and coronary heart disease in women - is ‘no pain, no gain’ passe? JAMA 2001; 285: 1447–1454.
37. National Institutes of Health. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: the evidence report. Obesity Res 1998; 6 (Suppl 2):51SS–209S.
38. Burton BT, Foster WR. Health implications of obesity: an NIH Consensus Development Conference. J Am Diet Assoc 1985; 85: 1117–1121.
39. Giacchetti G, Faloia E, Mariniello B, Sardu C, Gatti C, Camilloni MA, et al. Overexpression of the renin-angiotensin system in human visceral adipose tissue in normal and overweightsubjects. Am J Hypertens 2002; 15: 381–388.
40. Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Blondy P, Capeau J, Laville M, et al. Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 3338–3342.
41. Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW. C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19: 972–978.
42. Keaney JF, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Wilson PW, Lipinska I, Corey D, et al. Obesity and systemic oxidative stress: clinical correlates of oxidative stress in the Framingham study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23: 434–439.
43. Seals DR, Gates PE. Stiffening our resolve against adult weight gain [Editorial]. Hypertension 2005; 45: 175–177.
44. McGill HC Jr, McMahan CA, Herderick EE, Zieske AW, Malcom GT, Tracy RE, Strong JP. Obesity accelerates the progression of coronary atherosclerosis in young men. Circulation 2002; 105: 2712–2718.
45. McMahan CA, Gidding SS, Fayad ZA, Zieske AW, Malcom GT, Tracy RE, et al, for the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Research Group. Risk scores predict atherosclerotic lesions in young people. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 883–890.
46. Fontaine KR, Redden DT, Wang C, Westfall AO, Allison DB. Years of life lost due to obesity. JAMA 2003; 289: 187–193.
47. Peeters A, Barendregt JJ, Willekens F, Mackenbach JP, Al Mamun A, Bonneux L. Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: a life-table analysis. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 24–32.
48. Mora S, Yanek LR, Moy TF, Fallin MD, Becker LC, Becker DM. Interaction of body mass index and Framingham Risk Score in predicting incident coronary disease in families. Circulation 2005; 111: 1871–1876.
49. Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, Heath CW. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1097–1105.
50. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1625–1638.
51. Murphy NF, MacIntyre K, Stewart S, Hart CL, Hole D, McMurray JJV. Long-term cardiovascular consequences of obesity: 20-year follow-up of more than 15 000 middle-aged men and women (the Renfrew-Paisley study). Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 96–106.
52. Bartecchi CE, MacKenzie TD, Schrier RW. The human costs of tobacco use (first of two parts). N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 907–912.
53. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004; 364: 937–952.
54. Ambrose JA, Barua RS. The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease. An update. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1731–1737.
55. Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ 2004; 328: 1519–1528.
56. Keil U, Liese AD, Hense HW, Filipiak B, Döring A, Stieber J, Löwel H. Classical risk factors and their impact on incident non-fatal and fatal myocardial infarction and all-cause mortality in southern Germany. Results from the MONICA Augsburg Cohort Study 1984-1992. Eur Heart J 1998; 19: 1197–1207.
57. Anthonisen NR, Skeans MA, Wise RA, Manfreda J, Kanner RE, Connett JE for the Lung Health Study Research Group. The effects of a smoking cessation intervention on 14.5-year mortality a randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 233–239.
58. Iestra JA, Kromhout D, Van der Schouw YT, Grobbee DE, Boshuizen HC, Van Staveren WA. Effect size estimates of lifestyle and dietary changes on all-cause mortality in coronary artery disease patients - a systematic review. Circulation 2005; 112: 924–934.
59. De Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin J-L, Mamelle N, Monjaud I, Touboul P, et al. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction - final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation 1999; 99: 779–785.
60. Roberts CK, Vaziri ND, Barnard RJ. Effect of diet and exercise intervention on blood pressure, insulin, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide availability. Circulation 2002; 106: 2530–2532.