Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: A review

International Journal of Clinical Practice

Volumn 61, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 105-118

  Waters, L ^a   John, L ^a   Nelson, Mark ^a  

^a CHELSEA AND WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABACAVIR PLUS LAMIVUDINE PLUS ZIDOVUDINE; ATAZANAVIR; BEZAFIBRATE; DELAVIRDINE; DIDANOSINE PLUS NEVIRAPINE PLUS STAVUDINE; EFAVIRENZ; EFAVIRENZ PLUS LAMIVUDINE PLUS ZIDOVUDINE; INDINAVIR PLUS LAMIVUDINE PLUS ZIDOVUDINE; LAMIVUDINE PLUS NEVIRAPINE PLUS STAVUDINE; LAMIVUDINE PLUS ZIDOVUDINE; LOPINAVIR; NEVIRAPINE; PRAVASTATIN; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RIFABUTIN; RIFAMPICIN; RITONAVIR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; SAQUINAVIR; STAVUDINE; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BRAIN TOXICITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DIZZINESS; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; HEART INFARCTION; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; LIPODYSTROPHY; LIPOHYPERTROPHY; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER TOXICITY; MENTAL CONCENTRATION; MONOTHERAPY; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PILL; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL; DRUG ERUPTIONS; DRUG INTERACTIONS; DRUG RESISTANCE, VIRAL; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-ASSOCIATED LIPODYSTROPHY SYNDROME; HUMANS; LIVER DISEASES; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, INFECTIOUS; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 33847040771     PISSN: 13685031     EISSN: 17421241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.01146.x     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Mocroft A, Ledergerber B, Katlama C et al. Decline in the AIDS and death rates in the EuroSIDA study: an observational study. Lancet 2003; 362: 22-29.
2. Palella FJ, Delaney KM, Moorman AC et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. New England Journal of Medicine 1998; 338: 853-860.
3. B Gazzard on behalf of the BHIVA Writing Committee British HIV Association (BHIVA) guidelines for the treatment of HIVinfected adults with antiretroviral therapy (2006). HIV Med 2006; 7: 487-496.
4. Hammer SM, Saag MS, Schechter M et al. Treatment for Adult HIV infection: 2006 recommendations of the International Aids Society-USA panel. JAMA 2006; 296: 827-43.
5. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents 2006. Accessed at http://AIDSinfo.nih.gov on 7th December 2006.
6. Health Protection Agency. HIV Drug Resistance in the United Kingdom: data to end of 2004. CDR Weekly 2006; 16: 14-18.
7. Descamps D, Chaix ML, Andre P et al. French national sentinel survey of antiretroviral drug resistance in patients with HIV-1 primary infection and in antiretroviral-naïve chronically infected patients in 2001-2002. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 38: 545-552.
8. de Mendoza C, Rodríguez C, Colomina J et al. Resistance to nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and prevalence of HIV Type 1 non-B subtypes are increasing among persons with recent infection in Spain. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 1350-1354.
9. Rinck G, Tatt ID, Murphy G et al. Trends in transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance in men who have sex with men attending genitourinary medicine clinics in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Bangkok: XV International AIDS Conference 2004, #PpC4713.
10. Hirsch MS, Brun-Vezinet F, Clotet B et al. Antiretroviral drug resistance testing in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: 2003 recommendations of an International AIDS Society-USA panel. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 113-28.
11. Blower S, Bodine E, Kahn J, McFarland W. The antiretroviral rollout and drug-resistant HIV in Africa: insights from empirical data and theoretical models. AIDS 2005; 19: 1-14.
12. Vardavas R, Blower S. Antiretrovirals, Africa and the evolution of drug resistant HIV: predictions for Botswana. Quebec City, Canada: 14th International HIV Drug Resistance Workshop 2005, #141.
13. Bacheler LT, Anton ED, Kudish P et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mutations selected in patients failing efavirenz combination therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 2475-2484.
14. Molina JM, Wilkin A, Domingo P et al. Once-daily vs. twice - daily lopinavir-ritonavir in antiretroviral-naïve patients: 96-weekresults. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 3rd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis & Treatment; July 24-27 2005.
15. Gallant JE, DeJesus E, Arribas JR et al. Study 934 Group. Tenofovir DF, emtricitabine, and efavirenz vs. zidovudine, lamivudine, and efavirenz for HIV. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 251-60.
16. Walmsley S, Bernstein B, King M et al. M98-863 Study Team. Lopinavir-ritonavir versus nelfinavir for the initial treatment of HIV infection. New Engl J Med 2002; 346: 2022-33.
17. Ananworanich J, Nuesch R, Le Braz M et al. CD4-guided scheduled treatemtn interruptions: low incidence of resistance mutations in the Staccato Trial. Colorado, US: 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 200 g; Denver #622b.
18. Elston RC, Yates P, Tisdale M et al. GW433908 (908)/ritonavir (r): 48-week results in PI-experienced patients: A retrospective analysis based on baseline genotype and phenotype. Bangkok, Thailand: XV International AIDS Conference, #MoOrB1055 2004.
19. Nathan B, Jones R, McKenna A et al. Virological failure and subsequent resistance profiles in subjects exposed to atazanavir. HIV Med 2006; 7: 30. (abstr P75).
20. Wolf E, Walter H, Eckerlein B, Koegl C, Jaegel-Guedes E, Jaeger H. Development of de-novo PI-resistance in lopinavir/ritonavir-monotherapy. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 3rd International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis & Treatment, 2005 WePe4.4C08.
21. Coakley E, Mass M, Parkin N et al. Atazanavir Resistance in a Protease Inhibitor (PI) Naïve Patient Treated with Atazanavir/Ritonavir Associated with Development of the N88S Mutation in Protease. Boston, MA: 12th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 2005. Abstract 716.
22. Samitala F, Kambugu A, Katabira E et al. Early success of antiretroviral therapy in a sub-Saharan African cohort. Denver, Colorado: 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2006. Poster abstract 555.
23. Bangsberg DR, Acosta EP, Gupta R et al. Adherence-resistance relationships for protease and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors explained by virological fitness. AIDS 2006; 20: 223-31.
24. Paterson DL, Swindells S, Mohr K et al. Adherence to protease inhibitor therapy and outcomes in patients with HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 21-30.
25. Bangsberg DR, Weiser SD, Guzman D, Riley ED. 95% adherence is not necessary to suppress the majority of individuals to less than 400 copies/ml on NNRTI regimens. Boston, Massachusetts: 12th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 2005. Abstract 616.
26. Press Release: Reuters New Media 28th April 2006. Accessed at www.aegis.org/news/re/2006/RE060429.html
27. Muhindo R, Bwana M, Gupta R, Emenyonu N, T+Ragmand K, Bangsberg D. Treatment change and discontinuation among HIV+persons treated with fixed-dose generic stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine in Mbarara, Uganda. Denver, Colorado: 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2006. Poster abstract 557.
28. Sow P, Otieno C, Bissagnene E et al. Implementation of an antiretroviral therapy access program for HIV-infected individuals in resource-limited settings: clinical results from 4 African countries. Denver, Colorado: 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2006, Poster abstract 558.
29. Reisler RB, Han C, Burman WJ et al. Grade 4 events are as important as AIDS events in the era of HAART. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003; 34: 379-386.
30. Staszewski S, Morales-Ramirez J, Tashima KT et al. Efavirenz plus zidovudine and lamivudine, efavirenz plus indinavir, and indinavir plus zidovudine and lamivudine in the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults. Study 006 Team. New Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1865-73.
31. Tashima K, Staszewski S, Morales-Ramirez J, Rachlis A, Skiest D, Ruiz N, Aznar E. 3-year durability of response with an efavirenz (EFV)-containing regimen: 144 week follow-up of Study 006. Buenos Aires, Argentina: 1st International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment 2001, Abstract 244.
32. Moyle GJ, Nelson M, Ruiz N et al. Time to treatment success: weeks is not enough in patients starting with high viral load in DP-006. Toronto, Canada: 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 2000, Abstract 547.
33. Tashima K, Staszewski S, Nelson M et al. Durable viral suppression on EFV-based HAART: 168 weeks of follow-up. Bangkok, Thailand: XV International AIDS Conference, 2004. Poster TuPeB4547.
34. Pulido F, Arribas JR, Miró JM et al. Clinical, virologic, and immunologic response to efavirenz-or protease inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy in a cohort of antiretroviralnaive patients with advanced HIV infection (EfaVIP 2 Study). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 35: 343-350.
35. Gray JE, Alvarez DF, Witek J, Dezii CM, Maa JF. Response to therapy in patients with advanced HIV disease. Cancun, Mexico: 11th International Congress on Infectious Diseases, 2004. (Poster 12.030).
36. Robbins GK, De Gruttola V, Shafer R et al. for the AIDS Clinical Trials Group 384 Team. Comparison of Sequential Three-Drug Regimens as Initial Therapy for HIV-1 Infection. New Engl J Med 2003; 349: 2293-2303.
37. Cooper D, Yeni P. Virological and Immunological Outcomes at 3 Years following Initiation of ART with Regimens Containing a NNRTI or PI or both: The INITIO Trial. Boston, MA: 12th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, February 22-25, 2005, Abstract 165LB.
38. Maggiolo F, Ripamonti G, Gregis G et al. Long-term results of a controlled, randomised, prospective trial comparing once- and twicedaily HAART. Bangkok, Thailand: XV International AIDS Conference, 2004. Poster TuPeB4473.
39. Matthews GV, Sabin CA, Mandalia S et al. Virological suppression at 6 months is related to choice of initial regimen in antiretroviral- naive patients: a cohort study. AIDS 2002; 16: 53-61.
40. Riddler S, Haubrich R, DiRienzo G, et al. A prospective, randomized, phase III trial of NRTI-, PI-, and NNRTI-sparing regimens for initial treatment of HIV infection-ACTG 5142. Toronto: XVI International AIDS Conference, August 13-18, 2006, Abstract THLB0204.
41. Miro JM, Pich J, Plana M et al. Immunological reconstitution in severely immunosuppressed antiretroviral-naive patients. Dublin, Ireland Program and abstracts of the European AIDS Clinical Society 10th European AIDS Conference, November 17-20, 2005; Abstract PS1/4.
42. 3. Dublin, Ireland: Program and abstracts of the European AIDS Clinical Society 10th European AIDS Conference, November 17-20, 2005, Abstract PE7.3/4.
43. Van Leth F, Andrews S, Grinsztejn B, Wilkins E, Lazanas MK, Montaner J; 2NN Study Group. The effect of baseline CD4 cell count and HIV-1 viral load on the efficacy and safety of nevirapine or efavirenz-based first-line HAART. AIDS 2005; 19: 463-71.
44. Ribaudo H, Kuritzkes D, Lalama C et al. Efavirenz (EFV)-based regimens are potent in treatment-naïve subjects across a wide range of pre-treatment HIV-1 RNA (VL) and CD4 cell counts: 3-year results form ACTG 5095 (A5095). Toronto: XVI International AIDS Conference, August 13-18, 2006. Abstract ThLB0211.
45. Manfredi R, Calza L, Chiodo F. Head-to-head comparison of two first-line recommended anti-HIV regimens for antiretroviral naive patients: Efavirenz and lopinavir-ritonavir. Dublin, Ireland: Program and abstracts of the European AIDS Clinical Society 10th European AIDS Conference, November 17-20, 2005. Abstract PE 7.3/2.
46. Bartlett JA, Johnson J, Herrera G et al. Long-term results of initial therapy with abacavir and lamivudien combined with efavirenz, amprenavir/ritonavir, or stavudine. J Acquir immune Defic Syndr 2006; 43: 284-292.
47. Montaner JSG, Saag M, Barylski C et al. Focus Study: saquinavir qd regimen versus efavirenz qd regimen; 48 week analysis of HIV infected patients. San Diego, CA, USA: 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 2002, Abstract H-167.
48. Torti C, Maggio F, Patroni A et al. Exploratory analysis for the evaluation of lopinavir/ritonavir versus efavirenz based HAART regimens in antiretroviral naïve HIV-positive patients: results from the Italian MASTER Cohort. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56; 190-5en. Sixteen (1);190-5talian MASTER Cohort. evaluation of lopinavir/ritonavir versus efavirenz based HAART. Oral 23.
49. Waters L, Stebbing J, Jones R et al. A comparison of the CD4 response to antiretroviral regimens in patients commencing therapy with low CD4 counts. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 54: 503-507.
50. Gallant JE, Staszewski S, Pozniak AL et al. Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DF vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients. JAMA 2004; 292: 191-201.
51. Bartlett JA, Fath MJ, DeMasi R et al. An updated systematic overview of triple combination therapy in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected subjects. Denver, Colorado: 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2006, Oral abstract 107LB.
52. Maggiolo F, Ripamonti D, Ravasio L et al. Outcome of 2 simplification strategies for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 41-9.
53. Martínez E, Arnaiz J, De Lazzari E, Cruceta A, Gatell J and The NEFA Study Team. 3-year Final Results of a Simplification Trial with Nevirapine, Efavirenz, or Abacavir as Substitutes of Protease Inhibitors in Patients with HIV Infection (The NEFA Study). Denver, Colorado: 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2006, #521.
54. Gulick RM, Ribaudo HJ, Shikuma CM et al. Triple-nucleoside regimens versus efavirenz-containing regimens for the initial treatment of HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1850-1861.
55. Katlama C, Fenske S, Gazzard B et al. TRIZAL study: switching from successful HAART to Trizivir (abacavir-lamivudine-zidovudine combination tablet): 48 weeks efficacy, safety and adherence results. HIV Medicine 2003; 4: 79-86.
56. Markowitz M, Hill-Zabala C, Lanj J et al. Induction with abacavir/ lamivudine/zidovudine plus efavirenz for 48 weeks followed by 48-week maintenance with abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine alone in antiretroviral- naïve HIV-1-infected patients. JAIDS 2005; 39: 257-64.
57. Moyle G, Nelson M, Higgs C et al. A randomised open label comparative study of combivir + efavirenz (2 class triple therapy) versus trizivir + tenofovir (single class quadruple therapy) in initial therapy for HIV-1 infection. Washington: 44th Interscience Conference of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2004, Abstract H1131.
58. Latham V, Stebbing J, Mandalia S et al. Adherence to trizivir and tenofovir as a simplified salvage regimen is associated with suppression of viraemia and a decreased cholesterol. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56: 186-9.
59. Van Leth F, Phanuphak P, Ruxungtham K et al. 2NN Study Team. Comparison of first-line antiretroviral therapy with regimens including nevirapine, efavirenz, or both drugs, plus stavudine and lamivudine: a randomised open-label trial, the 2NN Study. Lancet 2004; 363: 1253-1263.
60. Manfredi R, Calza L, Chiodo F. Efavirenz versus nevirapine in current clinical practice: a prospective, open-label observational study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 35: 492-502.
61. Cozzi-Lepri A, Phillips AN, d'Arminio Monforte A. Virologic and immunologic response to regimens containing nevirapine or efavirenz in combination with 2 nucleoside analogues in the Italian Cohort Naive Antiretrovirals (I.Co.N.A.) Study. J Infect Dis 2002; 185: 1062-9.
62. Phillips AN, Pradier C, Lazzarin A et al. Viral load outcome of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor regimens for 2203 mainly antiretroviral-experienced patients. AIDS 2001; 15: 2385-2395.
63. Keiser P, Nassar N, White C, Koen G, Moreno S. Comparison of nevirapine- and efavirenz-containing antiretroviral regimens in antiretroviral-naive patients: a cohort study. HIV Clin Trials 2002; 3: 296-303.
64. Matthews GV, Mandalia S, Orkin C et al. Durability of efavirenz compared to nevirapine with long term follow-up of an antiretroviral naive cohort. Paris, France: 2nd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment, 2003. (Abstract 561).
65. Ferradini L, Jeannin A, Pinoges L et al. Scaling up of highly active antiretroviral therapy in arural district of Malawi: an effectiveness assessment. Lancet 2006; 367: 1335-42.
66. Bica I, McGovern B, Dhar R et al. Increasing mortality due to end-stage liver disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 492-497.
67. Macias J, Melguizo I, Fernandez-Rivera FJ et al. Mortality due to liver failure and impact on survival of hepatitis virus infections in HIV-infected patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 21: 775-781.
68. Rockstroh J, Mocroft A, Soriano V et al. INFLUENCE OF HEPATITIS C COINFECTION ON HIV DISEASE PROGRESSION WITHIN THE EUROSIDA COHORT. Warsaw, Poland: 9TH EUROPEAN AIDS CONFERENCE (EACS) 2003, #F12/4.
69. Amin J, Kaye M, Skidmore S, et al. HIV and hepatitis C coinfection within the CAESAR study. HIV Medicine 2004; 5: 174-179.
70. Agwale SM, Tanimoto L, Womack C et al. Prevalence of HCV co-infection in HIV-infected in Nigeria and characterisation of HCV genotypes. J Clin Virol 2004; 31(S1): S3-6.
71. Bonfanti P, Landonio S, Ricci E et al. (for the CISAI Study Group). Low incidence of hepatotoxicity in a cohort of HIV patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir. AIDS 2005; 19: 1433-1434.
72. Martinez V, Ta N, Mokhtari Z et al. Hepatic Steatosis in HIV/ HCV-co-infected Patients Receiving ART. Denver, Colorado: 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 2006. #872.
73. Martinez E, Blanco JL, Arnaiz JA et al. Hepatotoxicity in HIV- 1-infected patients receiving nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2001; 15: 1261-8.
74. Boyle B et al. Guide to Management of NNRTI Toxicities and Side Effects. Available at: www.HIVandHepatitis.com. (Reproduced from Bartlett J, et al. 8th CROI 2001; Abstract 19.
75. Stern JO, Robinson PA, Love J, Lanes S, Imperiale MS, Mayers DL. A comprehensive hepatic safety analysis of nevirapine in different populations of HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003; 34: S21-33.
76. Leith J, Piliero P, Storfer S, Mayers D, Hinzmann R. Appropriate Use of Nevirapine for Long-Term Therapy. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005; 192: 545-546.
77. Sulkowski MS, Thomas DL, Mehta SH, Chaisson RE, Moore RD. Hepatotoxicity associated with nevirapine or efavirenz-containing antiretroviral therapy: role of hepatitis C and B infections. Hepatology 2002; 35: 182-9.
78. Lyons F, Hopkins S, Kelleher B et al. Maternal hepatotoxicity with nevirapine as part of combination antiretroviral therapy in pregnancy. HIV Medicine 2006; 7: 255-60.
79. Benhamou Y, Mats V, Walczak D. Systemic Overview of HAART-associated Liver Enzyme Elevations in Patients Infected with HIV and Co-infected with HCV. Denver, Colorado: 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2006, abstract 88.
80. Viramune®. Summary of Product Characteristics. Accessed at www.emc.medicines.org on 7th December 2006.
81. Fagot J-P, Mockenhaupt M, Bouwes-Bavinck J-N. Nevirapine and the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. AIDS 2001; 15: 1843-1848.
82. Calmy A, Klement E, Teck R et al. Simplifying and adapting antiretroviral treatment in resource-poor settings: a necessary step to scaling-up. AIDS 2004;18:2353-2360.
83. Telzir®. Summary of Product Characteristics. Accessed at www.emc.medicines.org on 7th December 2006.
84. Brau N, Salvatore M, Rios-Bedoya CF et al. Slower fibrosis progression in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with successful HIV suppression using antiretroviral therapy. J Hepatol 2006; 44: 47-55.
85. Macias J, Castellano V, Merchante N et al. Effect of antiretroviral drugs on liver fibrosis in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C: harmful impact of nevirapine. AIDS 2004; 18: 767-74.
86. BHIVA Guidelines: HIV and chronic hepatitis: co-infection with HIV and hepatitis C virus infection 2005. Accessed at www.bhiva. org May 2006.
87. Lacombe K, Massari V, Girard P-M et al. Major role of hepatitis B genotypes in liver fibrosis during coinfection with HIV: HBV genotype G found to be associated with liver fibrosis. AIDS 2006; 20: 419-27.
88. Haerter G, Manfras B, Mueller M et al. Regression of lipodystrophy in HIV-infected patients under therapy with the new protease inhibitor atazanavir. AIDS 2004; 18: 952-955.
89. Nelson M. Personal correspondence.
90. El-Sadr WM, Mullin CM, Carr A et al. Effects of HIV Disease on Lipid, Glucose and Insulin Levels: Results From a Large Antiretroviral-Naive Cohort. HIV Med 2005; 6: 114-121.
91. Malan N, Krantz E, David N et al. Efficacy and Safety of Atazanavir-based Therapy in Antiretroviral Naive HIV-1 Infected Subjects, Both with and without Ritonavir: 48-week Results from AI424-089. Denver, Colorado: 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2006, Oral abstract 107LB.
92. Van Leth F, Phanuphak P, Stroes E et al. Nevirapine and efavirenz elicit different changes in lipid profiles in antiretroviral-therapy-naïve patients infected with HIV-1. PLoS Med 1 2004; e19.
93. Calza L, Manfredi R, Colangeli V et al. Substitution of nevirapine or efavirenz versus lipid-lowering therapy for the management of dyslipidaemia. AIDS 2005; 19: 1051-8.
94. Carr A, Grund B, Neuhaus J et al. Antiretroviral therapy and asymptomatic ischaemic heart disease in HIV-infected adults: a cross-sectional analysis of patients enrolling in the SMART trial. Denver, Colorado: 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2006, Poster abstract 736.
95. Friss-Moller N, Reiss P, El-Sadr W et al. Teh D:A:D Study Group. Exposure to PI and NNRTI and risk of myocardial infarction: results of the D:A:D Study. Denver, Colorado: 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2006, Oral abstract 144.
96. Klein D, Hurley L, Quesenberry C et al. Hospitalizations for CHD and MI among Northern California HIV+ and HIV- men: changes in practice and Framingham risk scores. Denver, Colorado: 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2006, Poster abstract 737.
97. Crane HM, Van Rompaey SE, Kitahata MM. Antiretroviral Medications Associated With Elevated Blood Pressure Among Patients Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS 2006; 20: 1019-1026.
98. Clifford DB, Evans S, Yang Y et al. ACTG 5097s: impact of efavirenz (EFV) on neuropsychological performance, mood, and sleep behaviour in HIV-positive individuals. 2nd International AIDS Society Conference on HIV
99. Poupard M, Ngom N, Thiam D et al. Quality of life and depression among HIV+ patients receiving efavirenz- or protease inhibitorbased HAART in Dakar, Senegal. Denver, Colorado: 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2006, Poster abstract 561.
100. Rode R, Vrijens B, Niemi K et al. Differences in treatment compliance between lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) given once (QD) versus twice (BID) daily do not affect virologic or immunologic outcomes. Washinton DC< USA: 45th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 2005, Poster H-522
101. Package Insert. Atripla® (efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir). Bristol Myers Squibb & Gilead Sciences, LLC. July 2006.
102. Richman DD, Havlir D, Corbeil J et al. Nevirapine resistance mutations of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 selected during therapy. J Virol 1994; 1660-66.
103. Mackie NE, Fidler S, Tamm N et al. Clinical implications of stopping nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy: relative pharmacokinetics and avoidance of drug resistance. HIV Medicine 2004; 5: 180-184.
104. Zala C, Salomón H, Ochoa C, et al. Supervised treatment interruption (STI) following d4T/ddI/nevirapine initiated within six months of seroconversion. Buenos Aires: First International Conference on HIV Treatment and Pathogenesis 2001, #442.
105. Ribaudo HJ, Hass DW, Tierney C et al. Pharmacogenetics of plasma efavirenz exposure after treatment discontinuation: an Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group study. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: 401-407.
106. The Antiretroviral Pregnancy Register - 1 January 1989-31 January 2005. Issued June 2005 www.apregistry.com/forms/report105.pdf (last accessed 20 October 2005).
107. Sustiva® (Efavirenz) Summary of Product Characteristics. Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceuticals Ltd. August 2005
108. Hitti J, Frenkel L, Stek A et al. For the PACTG 1022 Study Team. Maternal toxicity with continuous nevirapine in pregnancy: results from PACTG 1022. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 36: 772-6.
109. Jackson JB, Musoke P, Fleming T et al. Intrapartum and neonatal single dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: 18-month follow-up of the HIVNET 012 randomised trial. The Lancet 2003; 362: 859-868.
110. Moodley D, Moodley J, Coovadia H et al. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of nevirapine versus a combination of zidovudine and lamivudine to reduce intrapartum and early postpartum mother-to-child transmission of human innumodeficiency virus type-1. J Infect Dis 2003; 187: 725-35.
111. The Petra Study Team: Efficacy of three short-course regimens of zidovudine and lamivudine in preventing early and late transmission of HIV-1 from mother to child in Tanzania, South Africa, and Uganda (Petra Study): A randomised, double blind, placebocontrolled trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1178-86.
112. Dorenbaum A, Cunningham CK, Gelber RD et al. Two-dose intrapartum/newborn nevirapine and standard antiretroviral therapy to reduce perinatal HIV transmission: a randomised trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 189-98.
113. Johnson JA, Li J-F, Morris L et al. Emergence of drug-resistant HIV-1 after intrapartum administration of single-dose nevirapine is substantially underestimated. J Infect Dis 2005; 192: 16-23.
114. Flys T, Nissley DV, Claasen DW et al. Sensitive Drug-Resistance Assays Reveal Long-Term Persistence of HIV-1 Variants with the K103N Nevirapine (NVP) Resistance Mutation in Some Women and Infants after the Administration of Single-Dose NVP: HIVNET 012. J Infect Dis 2005; 192: 24-29.
115. Jourdain G, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Tungyai P et al. Exposure to intrapartum single-dose nevirapine and subsequent maternal 6 month response to NNRTI-based regimens. San Francisco, CA, USA: 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2004, Abstract 41B.
116. Zijenah L, Kadzirange G, Rusakaniko R et al. Community-based generic antiretroviral therapy following single-doe nevirapine or short-course AZT in Zimbabwe. Boston, MA, USA: 12th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2005, Abstract 632.
117. Coovadia A, Marais B, Abrams E et al. Virologic response to NNRTI treatment among women who took single-dose nevirapine 18 to 36 months earlier. Denver, CO, USA: 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections CROI 2006, Abstract 641.
118. Mellors J, Palmer S, Nissley D et al. Low-frequency NNRTI-resistant Variants Contribute to Failure of Efavirenz-containing Regimens. San Fransisco, California: 11th CROI 2004, Abstract 39.
119. Eshleman SH, Hoover DR, Chen S et al. Nevirapine (NVP) Resistance in Women with HIV-1 Subtype C, Compared with Subtypes A and D, after the Administration of Single-Dose NVP. J Infect Dis 2005; 192: 30-36.
120. Eshleman SH, Hoover DR, Chen S et al. Resistance after singledose nevirapine prophylaxis emerges in a high proportion of Malawian newborns. AIDS 2005; 19: 2167-9.
121. McIntyre J, Martinson N, Boltz V et al. Addition of short course Combivir (CBV) to single dose Viramune (sdNVP) for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 can significantly decrease the subsequent development of maternal NNRTI-resistant virus. Bangkok: XV Intl AIDS Conference, # LbOrB09.
122. Pozniak AL, Miller RH, Lipman MCI et al, on behalf of the BHIVA guidelines writing committee. BHIVA treatment guidelines for TB/HIV infection February 2005. Accessed at www.bhiva.org on 7th December 2006.
123. Lopez-Cortes LF, Ruiz-Valderas R, Viciana P et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions between efavirenz and rifampicin in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002; 41: 681-90.
124. Manosuthi W, Kiertiburanakul S, Sungkanuparph S, Ruxrungtham K, Vibhagool A, Rattanasiri S, Thakkinstian A. Efavirenz 600 mg/day versus efavirenz 800 mg/day in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis receiving rifampicin: 48 weeks results. AIDS 2006; 20: 131-2.
125. Khoo S, Back D, Winstanley P. The potential for interactions between antimalarial and antiretroviral drugs. AIDS 2005; 19: 995-1005.