The psychopathological spectrum of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome;Lo spettro psicopatologico della sindrome di Gilles de la Tourette

Italian Journal of Psychopathology

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 433-443

  Cavanna, Andrea E ^b,c   Mula, M ^b,c   Critchley, H D ^a   Robertson, M M ^a   Monaco, F ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PIEDMONT   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome; Obsessive compulsive disorder; Psychopathology; Tics

Indexed keywords

ATOMOXETINE; CITALOPRAM; CLOMIPRAMINE; CLONIDINE; DEXAMPHETAMINE; FLUOXETINE; FLUPHENAZINE; FLUVOXAMINE; HALOPERIDOL; METHYLPHENIDATE; PAROXETINE; PIMOZIDE; RISPERIDONE; SERTRALINE; TIAPRIDE; VENLAFAXINE;

ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PERSONALITY DISORDER; SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE; TIC;

EID: 33847010992     PISSN: 15921107     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Gilles de la Tourette G. Etude sur une affection nerveuse caracterisée par de l'incoordination motrice accompagnée d'echolalie et de coprolalie. Arch Neurol (Paris) 1885;9:19-42,158-200.
2. Itard JMG. Memoire sur quelques fonctions involontaires des appareils de la locomotion de la prehension et de la voix. Arch Gen Med 1825;8:385-407.
3. Simkin B. Mozart's scatological disorder. Br Med J 1992;305:19-26.
4. Karhausen LR. Weeding Mozart's medical history. J Royal Soc Med 1998;91:546-50.
5. th edn, text revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: APA 2000.
6. th edn (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: APA 1994.
7. Apter A, Pauls DL, Bleich A, Zohar AH, Kron S, Ratzoni G, et al. An epidemiologic study of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in Israel. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:734-8.
8. Khalifa N, von Knorring AL. Tourette's syndrome and other tic disorders in a total population of children: clinical assessment and background. Acta Paediatr 2005;94:1608-14.
9. Kadesjo B, Gillberg C. Tourette's disorder: epidemiology and comorbidity in primary school children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000;39:548-55.
10. Khalifa N, von Knorring AL. Prevalence of tic disorders and Tourette syndrome in a Swedish school population. Dev Med Child Neurol 2003;45:315-9.
11. Lanzi G, Zambrino CA, Termine C, Palestra M, Ferrari Ginevra O, Orcesi S, et al. Prevalence of tic disorders among primary school students in the city of Pavia, Italy. Arch Dis Child 2004;89:45-7.
12. Singer HS. Tourette's syndrome: from behaviour to biology. Lancet Neurol 2005;4:149-59.
13. Olson S. Making sense of Tourette's syndrome. Science 2004;305:1390-2.
14. Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Garvey M, Mittleman B, Allen AJ, Perlmutter S. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:264-71.
15. Mell LK, Davis RL, Owens D. Association between streptococcal infections and obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette's syndrome and tic disorders. Pediatrics 2005;116:56-60.
16. Shapiro AK, Shapiro ES, Young JG, Feinberg TE. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. 2nd edn. New York: Raven Press 1988.
17. Pauls DL, Hurst CR, Kruger SD, Leckman JF, Kidd KK, Cohen DJ. Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: evidence against a genetic relationship. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:1177-9.
18. Pauls DL, Leckman JF, Cohen DJ. Evidence against a genetic relationship between Tourette's syndrome and anxiety, depression, panic and phobic disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1994;164:215-21.
19. Comings DE. Tourette syndrome and human behaviour. Duarte, CA: Hope Press 1990.
20. Comings DE. Tourette's syndrome: a behavioral spectrum disorder. Adv Neurol 1995;65:293-303.
21. 21 Pauls DL, Towbin KE, Leckman JF, Zahner GE, Cohen DJ. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence supporting a genetic relationship. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:1180-2.
22. Eapen V, Pauls DL, Robertson MM. Evidence for autosomal dominant transmission in Tourette's syndrome: a United Kingdom cohort study. Br J Psychiatry 1993;162:593-6.
23. Freeman RD, Fast DK, Burd L, Kerbeshian J, Robertson MM, Sandor P. An international perspective on Tourette syndrome: selected findings from 3,500 individuals in 22 countries. Dev Med Child Neurol 2000;42:436-47.
24. Cardona F, Romano A, Bollea L, Chiarotti F. Psychopathological problems in children affected by tic disorders: study on a large Italian population. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004;13:166-71.
25. Eapen V, Fox-Hiley P, Banerjee S, Robertson M. Clinical features and associated psychopathology in a Tourette's syndrome cohort. Acta Neurol Scand 2004;109:255-60.
26. The Tourette Syndrome Classification Study Group. Definitions and classification of tic disorders. Arch Neurol 1993;50:1013-6.
27. Robertson MM. Tourette syndrome, associated conditions and the complexities of treatment. Brain 2000;123:425-62.
28. Jankovic J. Tourette syndrome: phenomenology and classification of tics. Neurol Clin 1997;15:267-75.
29. Leckman JF, Walker DE, Cohen DJ. Premonitory urges in Tourette's syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:98-102.
30. Robertson MM, Banerjee S, Kurlan R, Cohen DJ, Leckman JF, McMahon W, et al. The Tourette syndrome diagnostic confidence index: development and clinical associations. Neurology 1999;53:2108-12.
31. Kurlan R, Daragjati C, Como PG, McDermott MP, Trinidad KS, Roddy S. Non-obscene complex socially inappropriate behavior in Tourette's syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1996;8:311-7.
32. Robertson MM, Trimble MR, Lees AJ. Self-injurious behaviour and the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a clinical study and review of the literature. Psychol Med 1989;19:611-25.
33. Packer LE. Social and educational resources for patients with Tourette syndrome. Neurol Clin 1997;15:457-73.
34. Robertson MM. Heterogeneous psychopathology of Tourette syndrome. In: Bédard M, Agid Y, Chouinard S, editors. Mental and behavioural dysfunction in movement disorders. Totawa, NJ: Humana Press 2003, p. 443-66.
35. Janet P. Les Obsessions et la Psychasthenie. Vol 1. New York: Arno 1976.
36. Dinan TG. Obsessive compulsive disorder: the paradigm shift. J Serotonin Res 1995;1(Suppl 1):19-25.
37. Shafran R. Obsessive compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Child Psychol Psychiatry Rev 2001;6:50-8.
38. Robertson MM. The relationship between Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder. J Serotonin Res 1995;1(Suppl 1):49-62.
39. Cummings JL, Frankel M. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and the neurological basis of obsessions and compulsions. Biol Psychiatry 1985;20:1117-26.
40. Gilles de la Tourette G. La maladie des tics convulsifs. Sem Med 1889;19:153-6.
41. McHenry LC Jr. Samuel Johnson's tics and gesticulations. J Hist Med Allied Sci 1967;22:152-68.
42. Murray TJ. Dr Samuel Johnson's movement disorder. Br Med J 1979;1:1610-4.
43. Robertson MM. The Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: the current status. Br J Psychiatry 1989;154:147-69.
44. King RA, Leckman JF, Scahill L, Cohen DJ. Obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, and depression. In: Leckman JF, Cohen DJ, editors. Tourette syndrome: tics, obsessions, compulsions. New York: John Wiley & Sons 1999, p. 43-62.
45. Robertson MM, Channon S, Baker J, Flynn D. The psychopathology of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: a controlled study. Br J Psychiatry 1993;162:114-7.
46. Robertson MM, Banerjee S, Fox-Hiley PJ, Tannock C. Personality disorder and psychopathology in Tourette's syndrome: a controlled study. Br J Psychiatry 1997;171:283-6.
47. Swerdlow RN, Zinner S, Farber HR, Seacrist C, Hartston H. Symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome: a spectrum? CNS Spectr 1999;4:21-33.
48. Smeraldi E. Trattato Italiano di Psichiatria. Vol. II. Il disturbo ossessivo-compulsivo e il suo spettro. Terza edizione. Milano: Masson 2003.
49. Diniz JB, do-Rosario Campos MC, Hounie AG, Curi M, Shavitt RD, Lopes AC, et al. Chronic tics and Tourette syndrome in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatry Res 2006;40:487-93.
50. Montgomery MA, Clayton PJ, Friedhoff AJ. Psychiatric il lness in Tourette syndrome patients and first-degree relatives. Adv Neurol 1982;35:335-9.
51. Nee LE, Polinsky RJ, Ebert MH. Tourette syndrome: clinical and family studies. Adv Neurol 1982;35:291-5.
52. Frankel M, Cummings JL, Robertson MM, Trimble MR, Hill MA, Benson DF. Obsessions and compulsions in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Neurology 1986;36:378-82.
53. Robertson MM, Trimble MR, Lees AJ. The psychopathology of the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a phenomenological analysis. Br J Psychiatry 1988;152:383-90.
54. George MS, Trimble MR, Ring HA, Sallee FR, Robertson MM. Obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:93-7.
55. Como PG, LaMarsh J, O'Brien KA. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in Tourette's syndrome. Adv Neurol 2005;96:249-61.
56. Robertson MM, Gourdie A. Familial Tourette's syndrome in a large British pedigree: associated psychopathology, severity, and potential for linkage analysis. Br J Psychiatry 1990;156:515-21.
57. do-Rosario Campos MC, Leckman JF, Curi M, Quadrano S, Katsovich L, Miguel EC, et al. A family study of early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiat Genet 2005;1:92-7.
58. Hemmings SMJ, Kinnear CJ, Lochner C, Niehaus DJH, Knowles JA, Moolman-Smook JC, et al. Early- versus late-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: investigating genetic and clinical correlates. Psychiatry Res 2004;128:175-82.
59. Elstner K, Selai CE, Trimble MR, Robertson MM. Quality of life (QOL) of patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Acta Psychiatrica Scand 2001;103:52-9.
60. Miguel EC, Gedanke Shavitt R, Ferrão YA, Brotto SA, Diniz JB. How to treat OCD in patients with Tourette syndrome. J Psychosom Res 2003;55:49-57.
61. Swanson JM, Sergeant JA, Taylor E, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Jensen PS, Cantwell DP. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and hyperkinetic disorder. Lancet 1998;351:429-33.
62. Towbin KE, Riddle MA. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In: Kurlan R, editor. Handbook of Tourette's syndrome and related tic and behavioral disorders. New York: Marcel Dekker 1993, p. 89-109.
63. Freeman RD. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the presence of Tourette syndrome. Neurol Clin 1997;15:411-20.
64. Robertson MM, Eapen V. Current controversies in the use of stimulant medication in GTS. Clin Neuropharmacol 1992;15:408-25.
65. Comings DE, Comings BG. Tourette's syndrome and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: are they genetically related? J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1984;23:138-46.
66. Pauls DL, Leckman JF, Cohen DJ. Familial relationship between Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, attention deficit disorder, learning disabilities, speech disorders, and stuttering. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32:1044-50.
67. Spencer T, Biederman J, Harding M, O'Donnell D, Wilens T, Faraone S, et al. Disentangling the overlap between Tourette's disorder and ADHD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1998;39:1037-44.
68. Santosh PJ, Taylor E. Stimulant drugs. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000;9(Suppl 1):27-43.
69. Gadow KD, Nolan E, Sprafkin J, Sverd J. School observations of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid tic disorder: effects of methylphenidate treatment. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1995;16:167-76.
70. Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Elia J, Marsh WL, Ritchie GF, Hamburger SD, et al. Controlled stimulant treatment of ADHD and comorbid Tourette's syndrome: effects of stimulant and dose. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:589-96.
71. Tourette Syndrome Study Group. Treatment of ADHD in children with tics: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 2002;58:527-36.
72. Banaschewski T, Roessner V, Dittmann RW, Santosh PJ, Rothenberger A. Non-stimulant medications in the treatment of ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004;13(Suppl 1):102-16.
73. Himpel S, Banaschewski T, Heise CA, Rothenberger A. The safety of non-stimulant agents for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2005;4:311-21.
74. Wernicke JF, Kratochvil CJ. Safety profile of atomoxetine in the treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63(Suppl 12):50-5.
75. Pliszka SR. Non-stimulant treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. CNS Spectr 2003;8:253-8.
76. Kessler RC, Zhao S, Blazer DG, Swartz M. Prevalence, correlates and course of minor depression and major depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. J Affect Disord 1997;45:31-40.
77. Angst J, Merikangas K. The depressive spectrum: diagnostic classification and course. J Affect Disord 1997;45:31-40.
78. Katona C, Robertson MM. Psychiatry at a glance. Oxford: Blackwell Science 1998.
79. Winokur G. All roads lead to depression: clinically homogeneous, etiologically heterogeneous. J Affect Disord 1997;45:97-108.
80. Ferrari M, Matthews WS, Barabas G. Children with Tourette syndrome: results of psychological tests given prior to drug treatment. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1984;5:116-9.
81. Wodrich DL, Benjamin E, Lachar D. Tourette's syndrome and psychopathology in a child psychiatry setting. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:1618-24.
82. Millberger S, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Murphy J, Tsuang MT. Attention deficit disorder and comorbid disorders: issues of overlapping symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1793-9.