Occasional reinforced responses during extinction can slow the rate of reacquisition of an operant response

Learning and Motivation

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 56-74

  Woods, Amanda M ^a   Bouton, Mark E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT   (United States)

Author keywords

Extinction; Operant conditioning; Partial reinforcement; Rats; Reacquisition

Indexed keywords

EID: 33846837193     PISSN: 00239690     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2006.07.003     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Adams C.D., and Dickinson A. Instrumental responding following reinforcer devaluation. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology 33 (1981) 109-121
2. Alessi S.M., Badger G.J., and Higgins S.T. An experimental examination of the initial weeks of abstinence in cigarette smokers. Experimental & Clinical Psychopharmacology 12 (2004) 276-287
3. Baker A.G. Contextual conditioning during free-operant extinction: Unsignaled, signaled, and backward-signaled noncontingent food. Animal Learning & Behavior 18 (1990) 59-70
4. Bouton M.E. Slow reacquisition following extinction of conditioned suppression. Learning & Motivation 17 (1986) 1-15
5. Bouton M.E. Context, time, and memory retrieval in the interference paradigms of Pavlovian learning. Psychological Bulletin 114 (1993) 80-99
6. Bouton M.E. A learning-theory perspective on lapse, relapse, and the maintenance of behavior change. Health Psychology 19 (2000) 57-63
7. Bouton M.E. Context, ambiguity, and unlearning: Sources of relapse after behavioral extinction. Biological Psychiatry 52 (2002) 976-986
8. Bouton M.E., and King D.A. Contextual control of the extinction of conditioned fear: Tests for the associative value of the context. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 9 (1983) 248-265
9. Bouton M.E., and Swartzentruber D. Slow reacquisition following extinction: Context, encoding, and retrieval mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 15 (1989) 43-53
10. Bouton M.E., and Swartzentruber D. Sources of relapse after extinction in Pavlovian and instrumental learning. Clinical Psychology Review 11 (1991) 123-140
11. Bouton M.E., Woods A.M., Moody E.W., Sunsay C., and Garci{dotless}́a-Gutiérrez A. Counteracting the context-dependence of extinction: Relapse and some tests of possible methods of relapse prevention. In: Craske M.G., Hermans D., and Vansteenwegen D. (Eds). Fear and learning: From Basic processes to clinical implications (2006), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
12. Bouton M.E., Woods A.M., and Pineño O. Occasional reinforced trials during extinction can slow the rate of rapid reacquisition. Learning & Motivation 35 (2004) 371-390
13. Brooks D.C., and Bouton M.E. A retrieval cue for extinction attenuates spontaneous recovery. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 19 (1993) 77-89
14. Brooks D.C., and Bouton M.E. A retrieval cue for extinction attenuates response recovery (renewal) caused by a return to the conditioning context. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 20 (1994) 366-379
15. Bullock D.H., and Smith W.C. An effect of repeated conditioning-extinction upon operant strength. Journal of Experimental Psychology 46 (1953) 349-352
16. Capaldi E.J. A sequential hypothesis of instrumental learning. In: Spence K.W., and Spence J.T. (Eds). The psychology of learning and motivation (1967), Academic Press, New York 67-156
17. Capaldi E.J. The sequential view: From rapidly fading stimulus traces to the organization of memory and the abstract concept of number. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 1 (1994) 156-181
18. Colwill R.M. Associative representations of instrumental contingencies. In: Medin D.L. (Ed). The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory Vol. 31 (1994), Academic Press, San Diego 1-72
19. Gibbs C.M., Latham S.B., and Gormezano I. Classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response: Effects of reinforcement schedule on response maintenance and resistance to extinction. Animal Learning & Behavior 6 (1978) 209-215
20. Hart J.A., Bourne M.J., and Schachtman T.R. Slow reacquisition of a conditioned taste aversion. Animal Learning & Behavior 23 (1995) 297-303
21. Heil S.H., Alessi S.M., Lussier J.P., Badger G.J., and Higgins S.T. An experimental test of the influence of prior cigarette smoking abstinence on future abstinence. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 6 (2004) 471-479
22. Kehoe E.J. A layered network model of associative learning: Learning to learn and configuration. Psychological Review 95 (1988) 411-433
23. Kehoe E.J., and Macrae M. Savings in animal learning: Implications for relapse and maintenance after therapy. Behavior Therapy 28 (1997) 141-155
24. Macrae M., and Kehoe E.J. Savings after extinction in conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response. Psychobiology 27 (1999) 85-94
25. Marlatt G.A., and Gordon J.R. Relapse prevention: Maintenance strategies in the treatment of addictive behaviors (1985), Guilford Press, New York
26. Marlatt G.A., and Witkiewitz K. Harm reduction approaches to alcohol use: Health promotion, prevention, and treatment. Addictive Behaviors 27 (2002) 867-886
27. Napier R.M., Macrae M., and Kehoe E.J. Rapid reacquisition in conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 18 (1992) 182-192
28. Pavlov I.P. Conditioned reflexes (1927), Oxford University Press, London
29. Pearce J.M., and Hall G. A model for Pavlovian learning: Variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not of unconditioned stimuli. Psychological Review 87 (1980) 532-552
30. Rescorla R.A. A Pavlovian analysis of goal-directed behavior. American Psychologist 42 (1987) 119-129
31. Rescorla R.A. Experimental extinction. In: Mowrer R.R., and Klein S.B. (Eds). Handbook of contemporary learning theories (2001), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 119-154
32. Rescorla R.A. Retraining of extinguished Pavlovian stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 27 (2001) 115-124
33. Rescorla R.A., and Skucy J.C. Effect of response-independent reinforcers during extinction. Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology 67 (1969) 381-389
34. Rescorla R.A., and Wagner A.R. A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In: Black A.H., and Prokasy W.F. (Eds). Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory (1972), Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York 64-99
35. Ricker S.T., and Bouton M.E. Reacquisition following extinction in appetitive conditioning. Animal Learning & Behavior 24 (1996) 423-436
36. Sitharthan T., Sitharthan G., Hough M.J., and Kavanagh D.J. Cue exposure in moderation drinking: A comparison with cognitive-behavior therapy. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 65 (1997) 878-882
37. Sobell M.B., and Sobell L.C. Individualized behavior therapy for alcoholics. Behavior Therapy 4 (1973) 49-72
38. Sobell M.B., and Sobell L.C. Controlled drinking after 25 years: How important was the great debate?. Addiction 90 (1995) 1149-1153
39. Weidemann G., and Kehoe E.J. Savings in classical conditioning in the rabbit as a function of extended extinction. Learning & Behavior 31 (2003) 49-68