The Cardiff dental study: A 20-year critical evaluation of the psychological health gain from orthodontic treatment

British Journal of Health Psychology

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 17-49

  Kenealy, Pamela M ^a   Kingdon, Anne ^b   Richmond, Stephen ^c   Shaw, William C ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROEHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b National Assembly for Wales   (United Kingdom)

^c CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY DENTAL HOSPITAL OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CLINICAL STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DENTAL HEALTH; DENTITION; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; LIFE SATISFACTION; MALE; ORTHODONTICS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PLASTER CAST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING; QUALITY OF LIFE; SCHOOL CHILD; SELF CONCEPT; SELF ESTEEM; SOCIAL PHOBIA; SOCIAL STATUS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; MALE; ORTHODONTICS, CORRECTIVE; PERSONAL SATISFACTION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; PSYCHOLOGY; QUALITY OF LIFE; QUESTIONNAIRES; SELF CONCEPT; SELF EFFICACY; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 33846818373     PISSN: 1359107X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1348/135910706X96896     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Adams, G. R. (1982). Physical attractiveness. In A. G. Miller (Ed.), In the eye of the beholder: Contemporary issues in stereotyping. New York: Praeger.
2. Albino, J. E. N., Lawrence, S. D., & Tedesco, L. A. (1994). Psychological and social effects of orthodontic treatment. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 17, 81-98.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
4. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Towards a unifying theory of behaviour change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
5. Becker, M. H. (1974). The health belief model and personal health behaviour. Health Education Monographs, 2, 324-508.
6. Berscheid, E. (1981). An overview of the psychological effects of physical attractiveness. In G. W. Lucker, K. A. Ribbens, J. A. McNamara (Eds.), Psychological aspects of facial form. University of Michigan: Centre for Human Growth and Development.
7. Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1974). Physical attractiveness. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 7). New York: Academic Press.
8. Biddle, J. E., & Hamermesh, D. S. (1998). Beauty, productivity, and discrimination: Lawyers' looks and lucre. Journal of Labor Economics, 16, 172-201.
9. Brown, E. J., Turovsky, J., Heimberg, R. G., Juster, H. R., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Validation of the social interaction anxiety scale and the social phobia scale across the anxiety disorders. Psychological Assessment, 9, 21-27.
10. Buunk, B. P., & Gibbons, F. X. (1997). Health, coping, and well-being. Perspectives from social comparison theory (chap. 1, pp. 1-23). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. Cochrane, R., & Robertson, A. (1973). The life events inventory: A measure of the relative severity of psycho-social stressors. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 17, 135-139.
12. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396.
13. Daniels, C., & Richmond, S. (2000). The development of the Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need (ICON). Journal of Orthodontics, 27, 149-162.
14. DHSS. (1986). Report of the committee of enquiry into unnecessary dental treatment. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office.
15. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larson, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-76.
16. Dion, K. (1972). Physical attractiveness and evaluation of children's transgressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 207-213.
17. Dion, K. (2002). Cultural perspectives on facial attractiveness. In G. Rhodes & L. A. Zebrowitz (Eds.), Facial attractiveness: Evolutionary, cognitive, cultural and motivational perspectives (Advances in visual cognition) (pp. 239-259). Westport, CT: Ablex Publishing.
18. Dion, K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 285-290.
19. Emler, N. (2001). Self-esteem. The costs and causes of low self-worth. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
20. Friedman, H. S., & Booth-Kewley, S. (1987). The "Disease-Prone Personality". A meta-analytic view of the construct. American Psychologist, 42, 539-555.
21. Friedman, H. S., & DiMatteo, M. R. (1989). Health psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
22. Frieze, I. H., Olson, J. E., & Russell, J. (1991). Attractiveness and income for men and women in management. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 1039-1057.
23. Gibbons, F. X., & Buunk, B. P. (1999). Individual differences in social comparison: Development of a scale of social comparison orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 129-142.
24. Goldberg, D. (1978). General health questionnaire (GHQ-60). Windsor: NFER-NELSON.
25. Goldberg, D. (1992). General health questionnaire (GHQ-12). Windsor: NFER-NELSON.
26. Goldberg, D., & Williams, P. (1988). A user's guide to the general health questionnaire. Windsor: NFER-NELSON.
27. Hackett, P. M. W., Shaw, W. C., & Kenealy, P. M. (1993). A multivariate descriptive model of motivation for orthodontic treatment. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 28, 41-61.
28. Helm, S., Krelborg, S., & Solow, B. (1985). Psychosocial implications of malocclusion: A 15-year follow-up study in 30-year-old Danes. American Journal of Orthodontics, 87, 110-118.
29. HMSO. (1980). Classification of occupations 1980. London: Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, HMSO.
30. Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213.
31. Jackson, L. A., Hunter, J. E., & Hodge, C. N. (1995). Physical attractiveness and intellectual competence: A meta-analytic review. Social Psychology Quarterly, 58, 108-122.
32. Jahoda, M. (1958). Current concepts of positive mental health. New York: Basic Books.
33. Jerusalem, M., & Schwarzer, R. (1992). Self-efficacy as a resource factor in stress appraisal process. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-efficacy: Thought control of action. Washington DC: Hemisphere.
34. Kalick, S. M., Zebrowitz, L. A., Langlois, J. H., & Johnson, R. M. (1998). Does human facial attractiveness honestly advertise health? Longitudinal data on an evolutionary question. Psychological Science, 9, 8-13.
35. Kanazawa, S., & Kovar, J. L. (2004). Why beautiful people are more intelligent. Intelligence, 32, 227-243.
36. Kenealy, P., Frude, N., & Shaw, W. C. (1988). Influence of children's physical attractiveness on teacher expectations. Journal of Social Psychology, 128, 373-383.
37. Kenealy, P., Frude, N., & Shaw, W. (1989a). An evaluation of the psychological and social effects of malocclusion: Some implications for dental policy making. Social Science and Medicine, 28, 583-591.
38. Kenealy, P., Frude, N., & Shaw, W. (1989b). The effects of social class on the uptake of orthodontic treatment. British Journal of Orthodontics, 16, 107-111.
39. Kenealy, P. M., Frude, N., & Shaw, W. (1991). Teacher expectations as predictors of academic success. Journal of Social Psychology, 131, 305-306.
40. Kenealy, P. M., Gleeson, K., Frude, N., & Shaw, W. (1991). The importance of the individual in the causal relationship between attractiveness and self-esteem. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 1, 45-56.
41. Kenealy, P. M., Kingdon, A., Richmond, S., & Shaw, W. C. (in press). Lack of orthodontics when there is a prior need for treatment in childhood does not lead to psychological difficulties in adulthood. Manuscript in preparation.
42. Langlois, J. H., Kalakanis, L., Rubenstein, A. J., Larson, A., Hallam, M., & Smoot, M. (2000). Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 390-423.
43. Lau, R. R., Hartman, K. A., & Ware, J. E. (1986). Health as a value: Methodological and theoretical considerations. Health Psychology, 5, 25-43.
44. MacRae, A. W. (1988). Measurement scales and statistics: What can significance test tell us about the world? British Journal of Psychology, 79, 161-171.
45. Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 455-470.
46. McCormack, H. M., Home, D. J. deL., & Sheather, S. (1988). Clinical applications of visual analogue scales: A critical review. Psychological Medicine, 18, 1007-1019.
47. McDowell, I., & Newell, C. (1996). Measuring health (chap. 8, pp. 341-346). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
48. Mitchell, J. (1986). Measurement scales and statistics: A clash of paradigms. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 398-407.
49. Moser, C. A., & Kalton, G. (1979). Survey methods in social investigations (chap. 5, pp. 93-97). London: Heinemann.
50. O'Brien, K., Wright, J., Conboy F., Chadwick, S., Connolly, I., Cook, P., Birnie, D., Hammond, M., Harradine, N., Lewis, D., et al. (2003). Effectiveness of an early orthodontic treatment with the Twin-block appliance. A multi centre, randomised, controlled trial. Part 2. Psychosocial effects. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 124, 488-494.
51. Office for National Statistics. (2000a). Standard Occupational Classification 2000, Vol. 1. Structure and descriptions of unit groups. Government Statistical Service. London: The Stationary Office.
52. Office for National Statistics. (2000b). Standard Occupational Classification 2000, Vol. 2. The coding index. Government Statistical Service. London: The Stationary Office.
53. Office for National Statistics. (2004). The national statistics socio-economic classification user manual. Version No. 1.2 available on-line: www.statistics.gov.uk/methods_quality/ns_sec/ (August 2004). London: The Stationary Office, publication forthcoming.
54. Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. Psychological Assessment, 5, 164-172.
55. Radloff, L. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychosocial Measurement, 1, 385-401.
56. Radloff, L. S., & Locke, B. Z. (1986). The community mental health assessment survey and the CES-D scale. In M. M. Weissman, J. K. Myers, & C. E. Ross (Eds.), Community surveys of psychiatric disorders. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
57. Richmond, S., & Daniels, C. (1998a). International comparisons of professional assessments in orthodontics. Part 1. Treatment need. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, 113, 180-185.
58. Richmond, S., & Daniels, C. (1998b). International comparisons of professional assessments in orthodontics. Part 2. Treatment outcome. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, 113, 324-328.
59. Rhodes, G. & Zebrowitz, L. A. (Eds.). (2002). Facial attractiveness: Evolutionary, cognitive, cultural and motivational perspectives (Advances in visual cognition). Westport, CT: Ablex Publishing.
60. Rosenberg, M. (1986). Conceiving the self (Reprint edition). Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Company.
61. Rosenberg, M. (1989). Society and the adolescent self-image (Reprint edition). Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
62. Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1982). A simple, general purpose display of magnitude of experimental effect. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 166-169.
63. Shackelford, T. K., & Larsen, R. J. (1999). Facial attractiveness and physical health. Evolution and Human Behavior, 20, 71-76.
64. Shaw, W. C., Addy, M., Dummer, P. M. H., Ray, C., & Frude, N. (1986). Dental and social effects of malocclusion and effectiveness of orthodontic treatment: A strategy for investigation. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 14, 60-64.
65. Shaw, W C., Addy, M., & Ray, C. (1980). Dental and social effects of malocclusion and effectiveness of orthodontic treatment. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 8, 36-45.
66. Shaw, W. C., O'Brien, K. D., Richmond, S., & Brook, P. H. (1991). Quality control in orthodontics: Risk benefit considerations. British Dental Journal, 170, 33-37.
67. Schwarzer, R. (1993). Measurement of perceived self-efficacy: Psychometric scales for cross-cultural research. Berlin: Freie Universitat.
68. Snyder, M., Tanke, E. D., & Berscheid, E. (1977). Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 656-666.
69. Van der Zee, K. I., Buunk, B. P., Sanderman, R., Botke, G., & Van den Bergh, F. (1999). The big five and identification-contrast processes in social comparison in adjustment to cancer treatment. European Journal of Personality, 13, 307-326.
70. Ware, J. E. (2000). SF-36 health survey update. Spine, 25, 3130-3139.
71. Ware, J. E., Kosinski, M., & Dewey, J. E. (2000). How to score version two of the SF-36 health survey. Lincoln, RI: QualityMetric Incorporated.
72. Ware, J. E., Snow, K. K., Kosinski, M., & Gandek, B. (1993). SF-36 Health survey: Manual and interpretation guide. Boston, MA: The Health Institute, New England Medical Centre.
73. WHOQOL Group (1998). The World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychological Medicine, 28, 551-558.
74. World Health Organisation. (1962). Standardisation of reporting of dental diseases and conditions. Report of An Expert Committee on Dental Health. Geneva: WHO.