Synthetic, layered nanoparticles for polymeric nanocomposites (PNCs)

Polymers for Advanced Technologies

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 1-37

  Utracki, Leszek A ^a   Sepehr, Maryam ^a   Boccaleri, Enrico ^b  

^a NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PIEDMONT   (Italy)

Author keywords

Clay; Layered double hydroxides; Matrix; Nanoparticles; Polymeric nanocomposites

Indexed keywords

CLAY; FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL);

LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDES; POLYMERIC NANOCOMPOSITES;

NONMETALLIC MATRIX COMPOSITES;

CLAY; FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; NONMETALLIC MATRIX COMPOSITES; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL);

COLOR; FLAMMABILITY; MATRIX; NANOCOMPOSITE; PARTICLE; PERMEABILITY; POLYMER; STABILITY;

EID: 33846660450     PISSN: 10427147     EISSN: 10991581     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/pat.852     Document Type: Review

References (236)

1. Utracki LA. Clay-containing Polymeric Nanocomposites, vol. 1 & 2. RAPRA: Shawbury, 2004.
2. Itoh T, Ohta N, Shichi T, Yui T, Takagi K. The self-assembling properties of stearate ions in hydrotalcite clay composites. Langmuir 2003; 19: 9120-9126.
3. Greenwell HC, Jones W, Coveney PV, Stackhouse S. On the application of computer simulation techniques to anionic and cationic clays: A materials chemistry perspective. J. Mater. Chem. 2006; 16: 708-723.
4. Usuki A, Koiwai A, Kojima Y, Kawasumi M, Okada A, Kurauchi YT, Kamigaito O. Interaction of nylon 6-clay surface and mechanical properties of nylon 6-clay hybrid. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1995; 55: 119-123.
5. Spiess HW. Advanced solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance for polymer science. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 2004; 42: 5031-5044.
6. Schmidt-Rohr K, Spiess HW. Multidimensional Solid-State NMR and Polymers. Academic Press: London, 1994.
7. Kwiatkowski J, Whittaker AK. Molecular motion in nanocomposites of poly(ethylene oxide) and montmorillonite. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 2001; 39: 1678-1685.
8. VanderHart DL, Asano A, Gilman JW. Solid-state NMR investigation of paramagnetic nylon-6 clay nanocomposites. Chem. Mater. 2001; 13: 3781-3796.
9. Schmidt C, Wefing S, Blümich B, Spiess HW. Dynamics of molecular reorientations: Direct determination of rotational angles from two-dimensional NMR of powders. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1986; 130: 84-90.
10. Potrzebowski MJ. What high-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy can offer to organic chemists. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003; 1367-1376.
11. Sozzani P, Bracco S, Comotti A, Simonutti R, Camurati I. Stoichiometric compounds of magnesium dichloride with ethanol for the supported Ziegler-Natta catalysis: First recognition and multidimensional MAS NMR study. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003; 125: 12881-12893.
12. Sozzani P, Bracco S, Comotti A, Mauri M, Simonutti R, Valsesia P. Nanoporosity of an organo-clay shown by hyperpolarized xenon and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Chem. Commun. 2006; 1921-1923.
13. Comotti A, Bracco S, Valsesia P. Adsorption properties of nanoporous organoclay and NMR characterization. AIZ Workshop, Alessandria, Italy 1-2 September 2006.
14. Barrer RM, Dicks LWR. Chemistry of soil minerals: Part IV. Synthetic alkyl-ammonium montmorillonites and hectorites. J. Chem. Soc. A 1967; 1523-1529.
15. Kloprogge JT. Synthesis of smectites and porous pillared clay catalysts: A review. J. Porous Mater. 1998; 5: 5-41.
16. Kloprogge JT, Komarneni S, Amonette JE. Synthesis of smectite clay minerals: A critical review. Clays Clay Miner. 1999; 47: 529-554.
17. Carrado KA. Synthetic organo- and polymer-clays: Preparation, characterization and materials applications. Appl. Clay Sci. 2000; 17: 1-23.
18. Carrado KA, Petit S, Bergaya F, Lagaly G.Synthetic clay minerals and purification of natural clays. In Handbook of Clay Science, Bergaya F, Theng BKG, Lagaly G (eds). Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2006.
19. Duan X, Evans DG (eds). Layered Double Hydroxides. Springer Verlag: Berlin, 2006.
20. Alberti G, Casciola M, Costantino U, Vivani R. Layered and pillared metal IV phosphates and phosphonates. Adv. Mater. 2004; 84: 291-303.
21. Orlemann JK. Process for producing synthetic hectorite-type clays. US Patent 3,666,407, 1972.
22. Tateyama H, Tsunematsu K, Kimura K, Hirosue H, Jinnai K, Furusawa T. Method for producing fluorine mica. US patent 5,204,078, 1993.
23. Hénin S. Synthesis of clay minerals at low temperatures. Intl. Acad. Sci. - Natl. Res. Council 1956; 456: 54-60.
24. Caillére S, Hénin S, Esquevin J. Synthèse des minéraux argileux. Bull. Groupe Franc. Argiles 1957, 94: 67-76.
25. Neumann BS. Synthetic hectorite-type clay minerals. US Patent 3,586,478, 1971; US Patent 3,671,190, 1972.
26. Jaffe J. Hydrothermal method for manufacturing a novel catalytic material, catalysis containing said material, and process using said material. US Patent 3,803,026, 1974.
27. Carrado KA, Xu LQ, Csencsits R, Muntean JV. Use of organo- and alkoxy silanes in the synthesis of grafted and pristine clays. Chem. Mater. 2001; 13: 3766-3773.
28. Reinholdt M, Miehé-Brendlé J, Delmotte L, Le Dred R, Tuilier MH. Synthesis and characterization of montmorillonite-type phyllosilicates in a fluoride medium. Clay Minerals 2005; 40: 177-190.
29. Jaber M, Miehé-Brendlé J. Formation mechanism of 2:1 phyllosilicates. Compte Rendu de Chimie 2005; 8(2): 229-234.
30. Jaber M, Miehé-Brendlé J, Delmotte L, Le Dred R. New reange of Al-Mg organoclays with tailored hydrophobicity: Incorporation of fluoride as local probe to study the octahedral character. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2003; 66(1): 155-163;
31. Jaber M, Miehe-Brendle J, Delmotte L, Le Dred R. Formation of organoclays by one-step synthesis. Solid State Sci. 2005; 7(5): 610-615.
32. Daimon N, Izawa T. Sol of ultra-fine particles of synthetic hectorite. US Patent 3,936,383, 1976.
33. Zhao Y, Li F, Zhang R, Evans DG, Duan X. Preparation of layered double-hydroxide nanomaterials with a uniform crystallite size using a new method involving separate nucleation and aging steps. Chem. Mater. 2002; 14: 4286-4291.
34. Paredes SP, Fetter G, Bosch P, Bulbulian S. Sol-gel synthesis of hydrotalcite - like compounds. J. Mater. Sci. 2006; 41: 3377-3382.
35. Carrado KA, Csencsits R, Thiyagarajan P, Seifert S, Macha SM, Harwood JS. Crystallization and textural porosity of synthetic clay minerals. J. Mat. Chem. 2002; 12: 3228-3237.
36. Yano K, Usuki A, Okada A, Kurauchi T, Kamigaito O. Synthesis and properties of polyimide-clay hybrid. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1993; 31: 2493-2498.
37. Liu ZP, Ma R, Osada M, Iyi N, Ebina Y, Takada K, Sasaki T. Synthesis, anion exchange and delamination of Co-Al layered double hydroxide. JACS 2006; 128: 4872-4880.
38. Zilg C, Thomann R, Mülhaupt R, Finter J. Polyurethane nanocomposites containing laminated anisotropic nanoparticles derived from organophilic layered silicates. Adv. Mat. 1999; 11: 49-52.
39. Pavlikova S, Thomann R, Reichert P, Mülhaupt R, Marcincin A, Borsig E. Fiber spinning from polypropylene-organoclay nanocomposite. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2003; 89: 604-611.
40. Kaviratna PD, Pinnavaia TJ, Schroeder PA. Dielectric properties of smectite clays. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 1996; 57: 1897-1906.
41. Taylor RS, Mobbs DB, Buck MJ, Shaw DB, Jenness P. Synthetic clays. Patent WO9206783, 1992.
42. Takagi S, Shimada T, Eguchi M, Yui T, Yoshida H, Tryk DA, Inoue H. High-density adsorption of cationic porphyrins on clay layer surfaces without aggregation: The size-matching effect. Langmuir 2002; 18: 2265-2272.
43. Breu J, Seidl W, Stoll AJ, Lange KG, Probst TU. Charge homogeneity in synthetic fluorohectorite. Chem. Mater. 2001; 13: 4213-4220.
44. Breu J, Seidl W, Stoll A. Disorder in smectites in dependence of the interlayer cation. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 2003; 629: 503-515.
45. Iyi N, Kaneko Y, Fujita T, Nagamani SA, Yelamaggad CV. Thermal behavior of a cationic mesogens intercalated into clay interlayer. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 2004; 414: 49-61.
46. 2+ ions on sodium-substitutes taeniolite. Chem. Mater. 1993; 5: 1327-1331.
47. DiMasi E, Fossum JO, Gog T, Venkataraman C. Orientation order in gravity dispersed clay colloids. Phys. Rev. 2001; 64: 061704-1-061704-7.
48. da Silva GJ, Fossum JO, DiMasi E, Måløy KJ, Lutnæs SB. Synchrotron X-ray scattering studies of water intercalation in layered synthetic silicate. Phys. Rev. 2002; 66: 011303-1-011303-8.
49. da Silva GJ, Fossum JO, DiMasi E, Måløy KJ. Hydration transition in a nanolayer synthetic silicate. Phys. Rev. 2003; 67: 094114-1-094114-6.
50. Knudsen KD, Fossum JO, Helgesen G, Bergaplass V. Pore characteristics and water absorption in synthetic smectite clay. J. Appl. Crystallography 2003; 36: 587-591.
51. Beall GH, Grossman DG, Hoda SN, Kubinski KR. Inorganic gels and ceramic papers, films, fibers, boards, and coating made there from. US Patent 4,339,540, 1982.
52. Beall GH. Personal communication, 2003.05.08 8 May 2003.
53. Granquist WT, Pollack SS. A study of the synthesis of hectorite. Proc. Natl. Conf. Clays Clay Minerals 1960; 8: 150-169.
54. Stridde GE. Process for alkylating aromatic hydrocarbons with synthetic hectorite-type clay catalyst. US Patent 4,046,826, 1977; US Patent 3,965,043, 1976.
55. Granquist WT. Synthetic silicate minerals. US Patent 3,252,757, 1966.
56. Wright AC, Granquist WT.Kennedy J. Catalysis by layer lattice silicates I. The structural and thermal modification of a synthetic ammonium di-octahedral clay. J. Catalysis 1972; 25: 65-80.
57. van Olphen H, Fripiat JJ (eds). Data Handbook for Clay Minerals and Other Non-metallic Minerals. Pergamon Press: Elmsford, NY, 1979.
58. The Source Clays Repository website. http://cms.lanl.gov
59. Garza NB. Personal communication, 2005.01.28. 28 January 2005. Available at Norberto.GarzaΗalliburton.com
60. Eugster HP. Hydrous sodium silicates from lake Magadi, Kenya: Precursors of bedded chert. Science 1967; 157: 1177-1180.
61. Fudala A, Konya Z, Kiyozumi Y, Niwa SI, Toba M, Mizukami F, Lentz PB, Nagy J, Kiricsi I. Preparation, characterization and application of the magadiite based mesoporous composite material of catalytic interest. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2000; 35-36: 631-641.
62. Lagaly G, Beneke K, Weiss A. Magadiite and H-magadiite: I. Sodium magadiite and some of its derivatives. Am. Miner. 1975; 60: 642-650.
63. Lagaly G, Beneke K, Weiss A. Magadiite and H-magadiite: II. H-magadiite and its intercalation compounds. Am. Miner. 1975; 60: 642-650.
64. Brenn U, Ernst H, Freude D, Herrmann R, Jahnig R, Karge HG, Karger J, Konig T, Madler B, Pingel UT, Prochnow D, Schwieger W. Synthesis and characterization of the layered sodium silicate ilerite. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2000; 40(1-3): 43-52.
65. Wang YR, Wang SF, Chang LC. Hydrothermal synthesis of magadiite. Appl. Clay Sci. 2006; 33(1): 73-77.
66. Binette MJ, Detellier C. Lamellar polysilicate nanocomposite materials: Intercalation of polyethylene glycols into protonated magadiite. Can. J. Chem. 2002; 80: 1708-1714.
67. Kwon OY, Park KW. Synthesis of layered silicates from sodium silicate solution. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2004; 251: 25-26.
68. Scholzen G, Beneke K, Lagaly G. Diversity of magadiite. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 1991; 597: 183-196.
69. Iwasaki T, Kuroda T, Ichio S, Satoh M, Fujita T. Seeding effect on crystal growth in hydrothermal synthesis of layered octosilicate. Chem. Eng. Commun. 2006; 193(1): 69-76.
70. Feng FX, Balkus KJ. Synthesis of kenyaite, magadiite and octosilicate using poly(ethylene glycol) as a template. J. Porous Mater. 2003; 10(1): 5-15.
71. Pastore HO, Munsignatti M, Mascarenhas AJS. One-step synthesis of alkyltrimethylammonium-intercalated magadiite. Clays Clay Miner. 2000; 48(2): 224-229.
72. Crone IA, Franklin KR, Graham PA. New route for the preparation of hydrated alkali-metal silicates. J. Mater. Chem. 1995; 5(11): 2007-2011.
73. Beneke K, Thiesen P, Lagaly G. Synthesis and properties of the sodium-lithium silicate silinaite. Inorg. Chem. 1995; 34(4): 900-907.
74. Fukushima Y, Tani M. An organic/inorganic hybrid layered polymer: Methacrylate-magnesium(nickel) phyllosilicate. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995: 241-242.
75. Mann S, Burkett SL, Davis SA, Fowler CE, Mendelson NH, Sims SD, Walsh D, Whilton NT. Sol-gel synthesis of organized matter. Chem. Mater. 1997; 9: 2300-2310.
76. Silva CR, Fonseca MG, Barone JS, Airoldi C. Layered inorganic-organic talc-like nanocomposites. Chem. Mater. 2002; 14: 175-179;
77. Silva CR, Airoldi C. Brazilian patent application PI 9903110-8, 1999.
78. Schwieger W, Pohl K, Brenn U, Fyfe CA, Grondey H, Fu G, Kokotailo GT. Isomorphous substitution of silicon by boron or aluminum in layered silicates. Catal. Microporous Mater. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 1995; 94: 47-54.
79. Macedo TR, Airoldi C. Structural features of interlamellar functionalized octosilicate, poster communication, AIZ workshop 2006 "Innovative Applications of Layered Material: From Catalysis to Nanotechnology", Alessandria, 31 August-2 September 2006; 155-156.
80. Ogawa M, Miyoshi M, Kuroda K. Perfluoroalkylsilylation of the interlayer silanol groups of a layered silicate, magadiite. Chem. Mater. 1998; 10(12): 3787.
81. Okutomo S, Kuroda K, Ogawa M. Preparation and characterization of silylated-magadiites. Appl. Clay Sci. 1999; 15(1-2): 253-264.
82. Fujita I, Kuroda K, Ogawa M. Synthesis of interlamellar silylated derivatives of magadiite and the adsorption behavior for aliphatic alcohols. Chem. Mater. 2003; 15(16): 3134-3141.
83. Ogawa M, Okutomo S, Kuroda K. Control of interlayer microstructures of a layered silicate by surface modification with organochlorosilanes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998; 120(29): 7361-7362.
84. Garces JM, Lakso SR. Synthetic platy magadiite and octasilicate. US patent 7,063,825, 2006.
85. Chastek TT, Que EL, Shore JS, Lowy RJ III, Macosko C, Stein A. Hexadecyl-functionalized lamellar mesostructured silicates and aluminosilicates designed for polymer-clay nanocomposites. Part I. Clay synthesis and structure. Polymer 2005; 46: 4421-4430.
86. Cheng SF, Tzeng JN, Hsu BY. Synthesis and characterization of a novel layered aluminophosphate of kanemite-like structure. Chem. Mater. 1997; 9(8): 1788-1796.
87. Luna-Xavier JL, Guyot A, Bourgeat-Lami E. Preparation of nano-sized silica/PMMA composite latexes by heterocoagulation. Polym. Int. 2004; 53: 609-617.
88. Clearfield A, Duax WL, Medina AS, Smith GD, Thomas JR. On the mechanism of ion exchange in crystalline Zirconium phosphates. Part 1. J. Phys. Chem. 1969; 73: 3424-3430;
89. Clearfield A, Duax WL, Medina AS, Smith GD, Thomas JR. Part 6, Ion Exchange Membranes. 1972; 1: 91-107.
90. Costantino U, Nocchetti N, Marmottini F, Vivani R. Amino acid derivatives of layered zirconium phosphate-s-α-zirconium L-+-serinephosphate and zirconium L-+-serinephosphate phosphates. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1998; 10: 1447-1452.
91. Ozdilek C, Kazimierczak K, van der Beek D, Piken SJ. Preparation and properties of polyamide-6/boehemite nanocomposites. Polymer 2004; 45: 5207-5214.
92. Zanetti M, Camino G, Mülhaupt R. Combustion behaviour of EVA/ fluorohectorite nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2001; 74: 413-417.
93. Zanetti M, Camino G, Zilg C, Mülhaupt R. Thermal degradation and combustion behaviour of EVA/fluorohectorite nanocomposites. First MoDeSt Conference, Palermo, 3-7 September 2000.
94. Reichert P, Nitz H, Klinke S, Brandsch R, Thomann R, Mülhaupt R. Polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposite formation: Influence of compatibilizer functionality and organoclay modification. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2000; 275: 8-17.
95. Yasue K, Tamura T, Katahira S, Watanabe M. Reinforced polyamide resin composition and process for producing the same. US Patent 5,414,042, 1995.
96. Kim GM, Lee DH, Hoffmann B, Kressler J, Stöppelmann G. Influence of nanofillers on the deformation process in layered silicate/polyamide-12 nanocomposites. Polymer 2001; 42: 1095-1100.
97. McNally T, Murphy WR, Lew CY, Turner RJ, Brennan GP. Polyamide-12 layered silicate nanocomposite by melt blending. Polymer 2003; 44: 2761-2772.
98. Inoue H, Tamura K, Ebata T, Noguchi M. Highly-rigid, flame-resistant polyamide composite material. US Patent 6,294,599, 2002.
99. Lew CY, Murphy WR, McNally GM, Abe K, Yanai S, Brennan GP. Mechanism of clay exfoliation in a polymer matrix during extrusion process. SPE-ANTEC 2003; 1418-1423.
100. Vlasveld DPN, Bersee HEN, Picken SJ. Creep and physical aging behaviour of PA6 nanocomposites. Polymer 2005; 46: 12539-12545;
101. Vlasveld DPN, Groenewold J, Bersee HEN, Picken SJ. Moisture absorption in polyamide-6 silicate nanocomposites and its influence on the mechanical properties. Polymer 2005; 46: 12567-12576.
102. Utracki LA (ed.). Polymer Blends Handbook. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 2002; 1442.
103. Lai SM, Liao YC, Chen TW. Properties and preparation of compatibilized nylon 6 nanocomposites/abs blends using functionalized metallocene polyolefin elastomer. I. Impact properties. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006; 100: 1364-1371.
104. Li Y, Shimizu H. Effects of spacing between the exfoliated clay platelets on the crystallization behavior of polyamide-6 in polyamide-6/ clay nanocomposites. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 2006; 44: 284-290.
105. Utracki LA, Sepehr M, Li J. Melt compounding of polymeric nanocomposites. Inter. Polym. Process. 2006; 21: 3-16.
106. Sepehr M, Utracki LA. Unpublished 2006.
107. Kawasumi M, Hasegawa N, Kato M, Usuki A, Okada A. Preparation and mechanical properties of polypropylene-clay hybrids. Macromolecules 1997; 30: 6333-6338.
108. Heinemann J, Reichert P, Thomann R, Mülhaupt R. Polyolefin nanocomposites formed by melt compounding and transition metal catalyzed homo- and copolymerization in the presence of layered silicates. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1999; 20: 423-430.
109. Reichert P, Hoffmann B, Bock T, Thomann R, Mülhaupt R, Friedrich C. Morphological stability of polypropylene nanocomposites. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2001; 22: 519-523.
110. Zanetti M, Camino G, Reichert P, Mülhaupt R. Thermal behaviour of polypropylene layered silicate nanocomposites. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2001; 22: 176-180.
111. Oya A, Kurokawa Y, Yasuda H. Factors controlling mechanical properties of clay mineral/polypropylene nanocomposites. J. Mater. Sci. 2000; 35: 1045-1050.
112. Morgan AB, Harris JD. Effects of organoclay Soxhlet extraction on mechanical properties, flammability properties and organoclay dispersion of polypropylene nanocomposites. Polymer 2003; 44: 2313-2320.
113. Gorrasi G, Tortora M, Vittoria V, Kaempfer D, Mülhaupt R. Transport properties of organic vapors in nanocomposites of organophilic layered silicate and syndiotactic polypropylene. Polymer 2003; 44: 3679-3685.
114. Varghese S, Karger-Kocsis J, Pannikottu A. Rubber nanocomposites via solution and melt intercalation. Rubber World 2004; 230: 32-38.
115. Varghese S, Karger-Kocsis J.Layered silicate/rubber nanocomposites via latex and solution intercalations. In Polymer Composites from nano- to macro-scale, Friedrich K, Fakirov S, Zhang Z (eds). Springer Verlag: New York, 2005.
116. Suzuki N, Oohara Y. Thermoplastic resin compositions containing clay composite and manufacturing thereof with excellent mechanical properties, heat resistance, and molding. Patent WO9743343, 1997.
117. Suzuki N, Oohara Y. Thermoplastic resin composition containing silane-treated foliated phyllosilicate, and method for producing the same. US Patent 6,239,195 B1, 2001.
118. Suzuki N. Thermoplastic polyester resin containing silane/clay composite. Patent WO9923162, 1999; Patent EP1026203, 2000.
119. Oohara Y, Suzuki N. Thermoplastic resin composition containing clay composite and process for preparing the same. Patent EP0899308, 1999; Patent WO9743343, 1997.
120. Suzuki N, Noma T, Kourogi M. Resin compositions and process for producing them. Patent WO2000022042, 2000.
121. Kourogi M, Noma T, Suzuki N. Resin compositions and process for producing the same. Patent WO0022042, 2000.
122. Imai Y, Satoshi N, Abe E, Tateyama H, Abiko A, Yamaguchi A, Aoyama T, Taguchi H. High-modulus polyethylene terephthalate/expandable fluorine mica nanocomposites with a novel reactive compatibilizer. Chem. Mater. 2002; 14: 477-479.
123. Maiti P, Yamada K, Okamoto M, Ueda K, Okamoto K. Polylactide/layered silicate nanocomposites: Role of organoclays. Chem. Mater. 2002; 14: 4654-4661.
124. Ray SS, Yamada K, Ogami A, Okamoto M, Ueda K. New polylactide/layered silicate nanocomposite: Nanoscale control over multiple properties. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2002; 23: 943-947.
125. Chang JH, An YU, Cho D, Giannelis EP. Polylactic acid nanocomposites: Comparison of their properties with montmorillonite and synthetic mica II. Polymer 2003; 44: 3715-3720.
126. Kiersnowski A, Dabrowski P, Budde H, Kressler J, Pigłowski J. Synthesis and structure of poly-ε-caprolactone/synthetic montmorillonite nano-intercalates. Eur. Polym. J. 2004; 40: 2591-2598.
127. Hoffman B, Dietrich C, Thomann R, Friedrich C, Mülhaupt R. Morphology and rheology of polystyrene nanocomposites based upon organoclay. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2000; 21: 57-61.
128. Balazs AC, Singh C, Zhulina E, Lyatskaya Y. Modeling the phase behavior of polymer/clay nanocomposites. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999; 32: 651-657.
129. Kuznetsov DV, Balazs AC. Scaling theory for end-functionalized polymers confined between two surfaces: Predictions for fabricating polymer/clay nanocomposites. J. Chem. Phys. 2000; 112: 4365-4375.
130. Kim K, Utracki LA, Kamal MR. Numerical simulation of polymer nanocomposites using a self-consistent mean-field model. J. Chem. Phys. 2004; 121: 10766-10777.
131. Morgan AB, Harris JD. Exfoliated polystyrene-clay nanocomposites synthesized by solvent blending with sonication. Polymer 2004; 45: 8695-8703.
132. Zhao J, Morgan AB, Harris JD. Rheological characterization of polystyrene-clay nanocomposites to compare the degree of exfoliation and dispersion. Polymer 2005; 46: 8641-8660.
133. Chu LL, Anderson SK, Harris JD, Beach MW, Morgan AB. Styrene-acrylonitrile SAN layered silicate nanocomposites prepared by melt compounding. Polymer 2004; 45: 4051-4061.
134. Morgan AB, Chu LL, Harris JD. A flammability performance comparison between synthetic and natural clays in polystyrene nanocomposites. Fire Mater. 2005; 29: 213-229.
135. Panek G, Schleidt S, Mao Q, Wolkenhauer M, Spiess HW, Jeschke G. Heterogeneity of the surfactant layer in organically modified silicates and polymer/layered silicate composites. Macromolecules 2006; 39: 2191-2200.
136. Zilg C, Mülhaupt R, Finter J. Morphology and toughness/stiffness balance of nanocomposites based upon anhydride-cured epoxy resins and layered silicates. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1999; 200: 661-670.
137. Kornmann X, Thomann R, Mülhaupt R, Finter J, Berglund LA. High performance epoxy-layered silicate nanocomposites. Proceedings Nanocomposites-2001 International Symposium, Boucherville, QC, Canada, 16-18 Novermber 2001; Polym. Eng. Sci. 2002; 42: 1815-1826.
138. Fröhlich J, Thomann R, Gryshchuk O, Karger-Kocsis J, Mülhaupt R. High-performance epoxy hybrid nanocomposites containing organophilic layered silicates and compatibilized liquid rubber. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004; 92: 3088-3096.
139. Kosiński LER, Rajendran GP, Reitz RR. Polyurethane fibers and films containing clay. Patent WO 9749847, 1997; US Patent 6,533,975, 2003.
140. Rossetti F. Meccanismi di degradazione termica e di ritardo all fiamma di nanocomposite polimerici. Thesis, University of Torino, 1999/2000.
141. Gilman JW, Kashiwagi T, Morgan AB, Harris HR Jr, Brassell L, Vanlandingham M, Jackson CL. Flammability of Polymer Clay Nanocomposites Consortium. Year One Annual Report, US Department Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Report NISTIR #6531, Gaithersburg, 2000; 55 pages.
142. Zanetti M, Camino G, Thomann R, Mülhaupt R. Synthesis and thermal behaviour of layered silicate-EVA nanocomposites. Polymer 2001; 42: 4501-4507.
143. Riva A, Zanetti M, Braglia M, Camino G, Falqui L. Thermal degradation and rheological behaviour of EVA/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2002; 77: 299-304.
144. Bellucci F, Camino G, Frache A, Ristori V, Sorrentino L, Iannace S, Bian X, Guardasole M, Vaccaro S. Effect of organoclay impurities on mechanical properties of EVA-layered silicate nanocomposites. e-Polymers 2006; 014.
145. Kuwabara S, Nagata K, Kazuhisa Y, Imashiro Y, Sasaki E. Stock solution composition for use in production of hard polyurethane foam. US Patent 5, 779,775, 1998.
146. Si M, Goldman M, Rudomen G, Gelfer MY, Sokolov JC, Rafailovich MH. Effect of clay type on structure and properties of polymethyl methacrylate/clay nanocomposites. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2006; 291: 602-611.
147. McCarthy DC, Taber DC, Bowers DD. Synthetic hectorite coated flexible film. US Patent 5,523,338, 1996.
148. Doeff MM, Reed JS. Li ion conductors based on Laponite/polyethylene oxide composites. Solid State Ionics 1998; 113-115: 109-115.
149. Inan G, Patra PK, Warner SB. In-situ polymerized fire resistant nylon 6/ clay nanocomposites. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2003; 89: 725-726.
150. Shemper BS, Morizur JF, Alirol M, Domenech A, Hulin V, Mathias LJ. Synthetic clay nanocomposite-based coatings prepared by UV-cure photopolymerization. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004; 93: 1252-1263.
151. Xu Y, Brittain WJ, Xue Ch, Eby RK. Effect of clay type on morphology and thermal stability of PMMA-clay nanocomposites prepared by heterocoagulation method. Polymer 2004; 45: 3735-3746.
152. Sun Q, Deng Y, Wang ZL. Synthesis and characterization of polystyrene-encapsulated Laponite composites via miniemulsion polymerization. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2004; 289: 288-295.
153. Haraguchi K, Li HJ. Mechanical properties and structure of polymer-clay nanocomposite gels with high clay content. Macromolecules 2006; 39: 1898-1905.
154. Galiano H, Caravanier-Callion M, Bebin P, Hourquebie P, Poncin-Epaillard F, Lafleche F, Bergaya F. Method for production of proton-conducting clay particles and composite material comprising said particles. Patent WO2005101552, 2005.
155. Osman MA, Rupp JEP, Suter UW. Tensile properties of polyethylene-layered silicate nanocomposites. Polymer 2005; 46: 1653-1660.
156. Wu TM, Liao CS. Polymorphism in nylon-6/clay nanocomposites. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2000; 201: 2820-2825.
157. de Siqueira AV, Lobban C, Skipper NT, Willams GD, Soper AK, Done R, Dreyer JW, Humphreys RJ, Bones JAR. The structure of pore fluids in swelling clays at elevated pressures and temperatures. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter. 1999; 11: 9179-9188.
158. Wang Z, Pinnavaia TJ. Clay-polymer nanocomposites formed from acidic derivatives of montmorillonite and an epoxy resin. Chem. Mater. 1994; 6: 468-474.
159. Wang Z, Pinnavaia TJ. Hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposites: Exfoliation of magadiite nanolayers in an elastomeric epoxy polymer. Chem. Mater. 1998; 10: 1820-1826.
160. Pinnavaia TJ, Lan T, Wang Z, Shi HZ, Kaviratna PD. Clay-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites. Chem. Mater. 1996; 8: 1584-1587.
161. Pinnavaia TJ, Lan T. Flexible resin-clay composite, method of preparation and use. US Patent, 5,801,216, 1998.
162. Wang Z, Lan T, Pinnavaia TJ. Hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposites formed from an epoxy polymer and a layered silicic acid magadiite. Chem. Mater. 1996; 8: 2200-2204.
163. Bongiovanni R, Turcato EA, Mazza D, Ronchetti S, Priola A, Superti GB, Pastore HO, Marchese L. Use of synthetic lamellar silicates as fillers for the preparation of epoxy coatings via cationic UV-curing, AIZ Workshop 2006 "Innovative Applications of Layered Material: From Catalysis to Nanotechnology", Alessandria, 31 August-2 September 2006; 97-98.
164. Ogawa M, Ishii T, Miyamoto N, Kuroda K. Photocontrol of the basal spacing of azobenzene-magadiite intercalation compound. Adv. Mater. 2001; 13: 1107-1109.
165. Wang D, Jiang DD, Pabst J, Han Z, Wang J, Wilkie CA. Polystyrene magadiite nanocomposites. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2004; 44: 1122-1131.
166. Chigwada G, Jash P, Jiang DD, Wilkie CA. Fire retardancy of vinyl ester nanocomposites: Synergy with phosphorus-based fire retardants. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2005; 89: 85-100.
167. Costache MC, Jiang DD, Wilkie CA. Thermal degradation of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer nanocomposites. Polymer 2005; 46: 6947-6958.
168. Morgan AB, Whaley PD, Lin TS, Cogen JM.The effects of inorganic-organic cations on EVA-magadiite nanocomposite flammability. In Fire and Polymers: Materials and Concepts for Hazard Prevention, Wilkie CA, Nelson GL (eds). ACS Symposium Series 922. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2006; Chapter 5.
169. Kloprogge JT, Breukelaar J, Jansen JB, Geus JW. Development of ammonium-saponites from gels with variable ammonium concentration and water content at low temperatures. Clays Clay Miner. 1993; 41: 103-110.
170. 4+ equivalent to the CEC of the saponite. Clays Clay Miner. 1994; 42: 18-22.
171. Boccaleri E, Lolaico G, Bisio C, Marchese L, Superti GB, Pastore HO. Saponite-like materials: Synthesis and physico-chemical properties. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2006; submitted for publication.
172. Carrado KA, Xu L. In situ synthesis of polymer-clay nanocomposites from silicate gels. Chem. Mater. 1998; 10: 1440-1445.
173. Higashi S, Miki K, Komarneni S. Hydrothermal synthesis of Zn-smectite. Clays Clay Miner. 2002; 50: 299-305.
174. Frache A, Boccaleri E, Garibaldi F, Canepa F, Marchese L, Camino G. On the thermal behaviour of polymer-clay nanocomposites based on surfactant-modified natural and synthetic clays. International Conference on Interfaces & Interphases in Multicomponent Materials, Villeurbanne-Lyon, 12-14 September 2005.
175. Pinnavaia TJ, Xue S. Synthetic clays for polymer reinforcement. AIZ Workshop 2006 "Innovative Applications of Layered Material: From Catalysis to Nanotechnology", Alessandria, 31 August-2 September 2006; 67-68
176. Feitknecht W. Zur Kenntnis der Doppelhydroxyde und basischen Doppelsalze. Helv. Chim. Acta 1942; 25: 106-137.
177. Miyata S, Kumura T, Shimada M. Composite metal hydroxides. US Patent 3,796,792, 1974.
178. Clearfield A, Kieke M, Kwan J, Colon JL, Wang RC. Intercalation of dodecyl sulfate into layered double hydroxides. J. Inclusion Phenom. Mol. Recognit. 1991; 11: 361-378.
179. Stamires D, O'Connor P, Jones W, Brady M. Process for producing anionic clay using boehmite which has been peptized with an acid. US Patent 6,800,578 B2, 2004.
180. Miyata S. Anion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like compounds. Clays Clay Miner. 1983; 31: 305.
181. Trifirò F, Vaccari A. Solid State Supramolecular Chemistry: Two- and Three-dimensional Inorganic Network, Alberti G, Bein T (eds). Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, vol. 7; Pergamon, Elsevier Science: Oxford, 1996.
182. Perrotta AJ, Williams FS, Stonehouse L. Layered double hydroxides for treatment of Bayer process lake water. Light Metals 1997; 37-48; A collection of papers from the TMS annual meeting, Orlando, FL, 9-13 February 1997.
183. Rives V (ed.). Layered Double Hydroxides: Present and Future. Nova Science Publishers: New York, 2001.
184. Jones W, Rao CNR (eds). Supramolecular Organization and Materials Design. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2002.
185. Newman SP, Jones W. Synthesis, characterization and application of layered double hydroxides containing organic guest. New J. Chem. 1998; 22: 105-115.
186. Leroux F, Besse JP. Polymer interleaved layered double hydroxide: A new emerging class of nanocomposites. Chem. Mater. 2001; 13: 3507-3515.
187. Bravo-Suárez JJ, Páez-Mozo EA, Oyama ST. Review of the synthesis of layered double hydroxides: A thermodynamic approach. Quim. Nova 2004; 27: 601-614.
188. Evans DG, Duan X. Preparation of layered double hydroxides and their applications as additives in polymers, as precursors to magnetic materials and in biology and medicine. Chem. Commun. 2006; 485-496.
189. Costantino U, Marmottini F, Nocchetti M, Vivani R. New synthetic routes to hydrotalcite-like compounds - characterisation and properties of the obtained materials. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1998; 10: 1439-1446.
190. Kirkpatrick RJ, Andrey G, Kalinicheve AG, Wang JW, Hou XQ, Amonette JE.Molecular modeling of the vibrational spectra of interlayer and surface species of layered double hydroxides. In The Application of Vibrational Spectroscopy to Clay Minerals and Layered Double Hydroxides, Kloprogge T (ed.). CMS Workshop lectures, vol. 13. The Clay Mineral Society: Aurora, CO, 2004.
191. Ennadi A, Legrouri A, De Roy A, Besse JP. X-Ray diffraction pattern simulation for thermally treated [Zn-Al-Cl] layered double hydroxide. J. Solid State Chem. 2000; 152: 568-572.
192. Wilson OC, Olorunyolemi T, Jaworski A, Borum L, Young D, Siriwat A, Dikens E, Oriakhi C, Lerner M. Surface and interfacial properties of polymer-intercalated layered double hydroxide nanocomposites. Appl. Clay Sci. 1999; 15: 265-279.
193. Moujahid EM, Leroux F, Dubois M, Besse JP. In situ polymerisation of monomers in layered double hydroxides. C.R. Chimie 2003; 62: 259-264.
194. Ding P, Qu B. Synthesis and characterization of polystyrene/layered double-hydroxide nanocomposites via in situ emulsion and suspension polymerization. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006; 101: 3758-3766.
195. Vieille L, Moujahid EM, Taviot-Gue'ho C, Cellier J, Besse JP, Leroux F. In situ polymerization of interleaved monomers: A comparative study between hydrotalcite and hydrocalumite host structures. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 2004; 65: 385-393.
196. Costantino U, Montanari F, Nocchetti M, Sisani M. Polymeric composites constituted by polystyrene and Zn-Al/hydrotalcites grafted with benzenephosphonate. AIZ Workshop 2006 "Innovative Applications of Layered Material: From Catalysis to Nanotechnology", Alessandria, 31 August-2 September 2006; 89-90.
197. Camino G, Maffezzoli A, Braglia M, De Lazzaro M, Zammarano M. Effect of hydroxides and hydroxycarbonate structure on fire retardant effectiveness and mechanical properties in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2001; 74: 457-464.
198. Jiao CM, Wang ZZ, Ye Z, Hu Y, Fan WC. Flame retardation of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer using nano magnesium hydroxide and nano hydrotalcite. J. Fire Sci. 2006; 24: 47-64.
199. O'Leary S, O'Hare D, Seeley G. Delamination of layered double hydroxides in polar monomers: New LDH-acrylate nanocomposites. Chem. Commun. 2002; 1506-1507.
200. Liao CS, Ye WB. Structure and conductive properties of polyethylene oxide/layered double hydroxide nanocomposite polymer electrolytes. Electrochim. Acta 2004; 49: 4993-4998.
201. Fischer HR, Gielgens LH, Koster TPM. Nanocomposites from polymers and layered materials. Acta Polym. 1999; 50: 122-126.
202. Costache MC, Wang D, Heidecker MJ, Manias E, Wilkie CA. The thermal degradation of polymethyl methacrylate nanocomposites with montmorillonite, layered double hydroxides and carbon nanotubes. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2006; 17: 272-280.
203. Fischer HR, Gielgens LH. Nanocomposite material. US Patent 6,365,661, 2002.
204. Fischer HR, Gielgens LH. Nanocomposite material. US Patent 6,372,837, 2002.
205. Zammarano M, Bellayer S, Gilman JW, Franceschi M, Beyer FL, Harris RH, Meriani S. Delamination of organo-modified layered double hydroxides in polyamide 6 by melt processing. Polymer 2006; 47: 652-662.
206. Lee WD, Im SS, Lim HM, Kim KJ. Preparation and properties of layered double hydroxide/polyethylene terephthalate nanocomposites by direct melt compounding. Polymer 2006; 47: 1364-1371.
207. Chen W, Qu B. Structural characteristics and thermal properties of PE-g-MA/MgAl-LDH exfoliation nanocomposites synthesized by solution intercalation. Chem. Mater. 2003; 15: 3208-3213.
208. Chen W, Feng L, Qu B. Preparation of nanocomposites by exfoliation of ZnAl layered double hydroxides in nonpolar LLDPE solution. Chem. Mater. 2004; 16: 368-370.
209. Costantino U, Gallipoli A, Rocchetti M, Camino G, Bellucci F, Frache A. New nanocomposites constituted of polyethylene and organically modied ZnAl-hydrotalcites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2005; 90: 586-590.
210. Qiu L, Chen W, Qu B. Morphology and thermal stabilization mechanism of LLDPE/MMT and LLDPE/LDH nanocomposites. Polymer 2006; 47: 922-930.
211. Costa FR, Goad MA, Wagenknecht U, Heinrich G. Nanocomposites based on polyethylene and Mg-Al layered double hydroxide. Part I. Synthesis and characterization. Polymer 2005; 46: 4447-4453.
212. Costa FR, Wagenknecht U, Jehnichen D, Goad MA, Heinrich G. Nanocomposites based on polyethylene and Mg-Al layered double hydroxide. Part II. Rheological characterization. Polymer 2006; 47: 1649-1660.
213. Ding P, Qu B. Synthesis of exfoliated PP/LDH nanocomposites via melt-intercalation: Structure, thermal properties, and photo-oxidative behavior in comparison With PP/MMT nanocomposites. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2006; 46:1153-1159.
214. Bocchini S, Morlat Therias S, Gardette JL, Camino G. Influence of hydrotalcite on polypropylene photo-oxidation. AIZ Workshop 2006 "Innovative Applications of Layered Material: From Catalysis to Nanotechnology", Alessandria 31 August-2 September 2006; 93-94.
215. Hsueh HB, Chen CY. Preparation and properties of LDHs/polyimide nanocomposites. Polymer 2003; 44: 1151-1161.
216. Hsueh HB, Chen CY. Preparation and properties of LDHs/epoxy nanocomposites. Polymer 2003; 44: 5275-5283.
217. Zammarano M, Franceschi M, Mantovani F, Minigher A, Celotto M, Meriani S. Flame resistance properties of layered- double-hydroxides/epoxy nanocomposites. 9th European Meeting on Fire Retardancy and Protection of Materials, FRPM'03, Lille, 17-19 September 2003.
218. Zammarano M, Franceschi M, Bellayer S, Gilman JW, Meriani S. Preparation and flame resistance properties of revolutionary self-extinguishing epoxy nanocomposites based on layered double hydroxides. Polymer 2005; 46: 9314-9328.
219. Liu YJ, DeGroot DC, Schindler JL, Kannewurf CR, Kanatzidis MG. Stabilization of anilinium in vanadiumV oxide xerogel and its post-intercalative polymerization to polyaniline in air. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1993; 593-596.
220. Murphy DW, Di Salvo FJ, Hull GW, Waszczak JV. Convenient preparation and physical properties of lithium intercalation compounds of Group 4B and 5B layered transition metal dichalcogenides. Inorg. Chem. 1976; 151: 17-21.
221. Lemmon JP, Lerner MM. Preparation and characterization of nanocomposites of polyethers and molybdenum disulfide. Chem. Mater. 1994; 6: 207-210.
222. Lerner M, Oriakhi C.Layered metal chalcogenides. In Handbook of Layered Materials, Auerbach S, Carrado KA, Dutta P (eds). Marcel Dekker: New York, 2004.
223. Benavente E, Santa Ana MA, Gonzalez G. Electrical conductivity of MoS2 based organic-inorganic nanocomposites. Phys. Status Solidi B-Basic Res. 2004; 241: 2444-2447.
224. Mirabal N, Aguirre P, Santa Ana MA, Benavente E, Gonzalez G. Thermal stability and electrical conductivity in polyethers-molybdenum disulfide nanocomposites. Electrochim. Acta 2003; 48: 2123-2127.
225. Santa Ana MA, Benavente E, Gómez-Romero P, González G. Polyacrylonitrile-molybdenum disulfide polymer electrolyte nanocomposite. J. Mater. Chem. 2006; 16: 307-3113.
226. Alberti G, Allulli S, Costantino U, Tomassini N. Crystalline ZrR-PO32 and ZrR-OPO32 compounds R-organic radical: A new class of materials having layered structure of the zirconium phosphate type. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1978; 40: 1113-1117.
227. Ortiz-Avila C, Clearfield A. Polyether derivatives of zirconium phosphate. Inorg. Chem. 1985; 24: 1773-1778.
228. Zappelli P, Alberti G, Casciola M, Marmottini F, Vivani R. Mesoporous crystalline composition with a high surface area of a tetravalent metal which can be used as catalyst. US Patent 5,993,768, 1999.
229. Casciola M, Donnadio A. Enhanced thermal properties of polymer nanocomposites based on exfoliated Zirconium phosphate. AIZ Workshop 2006 "Innovative Applications of Layered Material: From Catalysis to Nanotechnology", Alessandria, 31 August-2 September 2006; 95-96.
230. Alberti G, Casciola M, Pica M, Di Cesare G. Preparation of nano-structured polymeric proton conducting membranes for use in fuel cells. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2003; 984: 208-225.
231. Bauer B, Roziere J, Jones D, Alberti G, Cascila M, Pica M. Ion conducting composite membrane materials containing an optionally modified zirconium phosphate dispersed in a polymeric matrix, method for preparation of the membrane material and its use. US Patent Application 2005/0118480 A1, 2005.
232. Casciola M, Donnadio A, Pica M, Valentini V, Piaggio P. Characterization of Zr phosphate/PVDF nanocomposites by vibrational spectroscopy. Macromol. Symp. 2005; 230: 95-104.
233. Gatta GD, Masci S, Vivani R. Dimensional reduction in zirconium phosphate; from layers to ribbons to chains. J. Mater. Chem. 2003; 13: 1215-1222.
234. Alberti G. Layered and pillared metal phosphates and phosphonates: Structures, properties and applications. AIZ Workshop 2006, Alessandria, 1-2 September 2006.
235. Musina Z, Monticelli O, Russo S, Superti GB, Pastore HO. Synthesis and characterisation of kanemite-based polystyrene nanocomposites. AIZ workshop 2006 "Innovative Applications of Layered Material: From Catalysis to Nanotechnology", Alessandria, 31 August-2 September 2006; 107-108.
236. Canepa F, Frache A, Camino G, Superti GB, Pastore HO. Effect of transition metals on thermal behaviour of polypropylene-ALPO kanemite nanocomposites, poster communication. AIZ workshop 2006, "Innovative Applications of Layered Material: From Catalysis to Nanotechnology", Alessandria, 31 August-2 September 2006; 101-102.