Migraine as a cerebral ionopathy with abnormal central sensory processing

Neurobiology of Disease

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 333-348

  Ferrari, Michel D ^a   Goadsby, Peter J ^b  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b NATIONAL HOSPITAL FOR NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33846641576     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012088592-3/50034-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (122)

1. P.J. Goadsby (2006) Pathophysiology of migraine. R.B. Lipton, et al., (Ed.) Migraine and Other Headache Disorders Marcel Dekker, Taylor & Francis
2. J.W. Lance and P.J. Goadsby (2005) Mechanism and Management of Headache. 7th edition New York: Elsevier
3. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (2004) The International Classification of Headache Disorders. 2nd edition Cephalgia 24 1-160. 1
4. S.D. Silberstein, R.B. Lipton and P.J. Goadsby (2002) Headache in Clinical Practice. 2nd edition New York: Martin Dunitz
5. P.J. Goadsby, R.B. Lipton, and M.D. Ferrari, (2002) Migraine: current understanding and treatment. New Engl. J. Med. 346 257-270.
6. M Menken, T.L Munsat and J.F Toole (2000) The global burden of disease study—implications for neurology. Arch. Neurol. 57 418-420.
7. P. Andlin-Sobocki, B. Jonsson, H.U. Wittchen and J. Olesen (2005) Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe. Eur. J. Neurol. 12(1), 1-27.
8. M.C. Kruit, B.M.A. van Buchem M.A., P.A. Hofman, J.T. Bakkers, G.M. Terwindt, M.D. Ferrari and L.J. Launer (2004) Migraine as a risk factor for subclinical brain lesions. JAMA 291 427-434.
9. N.J. Giffin, L. Ruggiero, R.B. Lipton, S.D. Silberstein, J.F. Tvedskov, J. Olesen, J. Altman, P.J. Goadsby and A. Macrae (2003) Premonitory symptoms in migraine: an electronic diary study. Neurology 60 935-940.
10. N.J. Giffin, R.B. Lipton, S.D. Silberstein, J.F. Tvedskov, J. Olesen and P.J. Goadsby (2005) The migraine postdrome: an electronic diary study. Cephalalgia 25 958.
11. S. Afridi, H. Kaube and P.J. Goadsby (2004) Glyceryl trinitrate triggers premonitory symptoms in migraineurs. Pain 110 675-680.
12. E Mogilnicka and V. Klimek (1977) Drugs affecting dopamine neurons and yawning behavior,. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 7 303-305.
13. P. Protais, I. Dubuc and J. Costentin (1983) Pharmacological characteristics of dopamine receptors involved in the dual effect of dopamine agonists on yawning behaviour in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 94 271-280. 1983
14. G Serra, M Collu and G.L. Gessa (1986) Dopamine receptors mediating yawning: are they autoreceptors? Eur. J. Pharmacol. 120 187-192.
15. K. Yamada, M. Tanaka, K Shibata and T. Furukawa (1986) Involvement of septal and striatal dopamine D-2 receptors in yawning behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 90 9-13.
16. O Blin, J Azulay, G Masson, G Aubrespy and G. Serratrice (1991) Apomorphine-induced yawning in migraine patients: enhanced responsiveness. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 14 91-95.
17. B.E. del Bene E, M Poggonioni and T.F. de Tommasi F. (1994) Video assessment of yawning induced by sublingual apomorphine in migraine. Headache 34 536-538.
18. M.J. Levy, M.S. Matharu and P.J. Goadsby (2003) Prolactinomas, dopamine agonist and headache: two case reports. Eur. J. Neurol. 10 169-174.
19. W.K. Amery and J. Waelkens (1983) Prevention of the last chance: an alternative pharmacological treatment of migraine. Headache 23 37-38.
20. J. Waelkens (1981) Domperidone in the prevention of complete classical migraine. Brit. Med. J. 284 944.
21. J. Waelkens (1984) Dopamine blockade with domperidone: bridge between prophylactic and abortive treatment of migraine? A dose-finding study. Cephalalgia 4 85-90.
22. B Levant and K.E. McCarson (2001) D (3) dopamine receptors in rat spinal cord: implications for sensory and motor function. Neurosci. Lett. 303 9-12.
23. A.I. Levey, S.M. Hersch, D.B. Rye, R.K. Sunahara, H.B. Niznik, C.A. Kitt, D.L. Price, R. Maggio, M.R. Brann, B.J. Ciliax, et al. (1993) Localization of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in brain with subtype-specific antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 8861-8865.
24. D.H. van Dijken H., J. Dijk, P Voom and J.C. Holstege (1996) Local-ization of dopamine D2 receptor in rat spinal cord identified with immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8 621-628.
25. A. Bergerot and P.J. Goadsby (2005) Distribution of the dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the rat trigeminocervical complex. Cepha-lalgia 25 872.
26. A. Bergerot, R.J. Storer and P.J. Goadsby (2005) Dopamine inhibits trigeminovascular transmission in the rat. Cephalalgia 25 862.
27. G. Skagerberg, A. Bjorklund, O. Lindvall and R.H. Schmidt (1982) Origin and termination of the diencephalo-spinal dopamine system in the rat. Brain. Res. Bull. 9 237-244.
28. S.M. Fleetwood-Walker, P.J. Hope and R. Mitchell (1988) Antinociceptive actions of descending dopaminergic tracts on cat and rat dorsal horn somatosensory neurones. J. Physiol. 399 335-348.
29. M. Lauritzen (1994) Pathophysiology of the migraine aura. The spreading depression theory. Brain 117 199-210.
30. P.J. Goadsby (2001) Migraine, aura, and cortical spreading depres-sion: why are we still talking about it? Ann. Neurol. 49 4-6.
31. P.J. Goadsby (2005) Can we develop neurally acting drugs for the treatment of migraine? Nature Rev. Drug Discov. 4 741-750.
32. S. Akerman and P.J. Goadsby (2005) Topiramate inhibits cortical spreading depression in rat and cat: impact in migraine aura. Neuro. Report 16 1383-1387.
33. J.F. Tvedskov, L.L. Thomsen, H.K. Iversen, P. Williams, A. Gibson, K. Jenkins, R. Peck and J. Olesen (2004) The effect of propranolol on glyceryltrinitrate-induced headache and arterial response. Cephalalgia 24 1076-1087.
34. J.F. Tvedskov, L.L Thomsen, H.K. Iversen, A. Gibson, P. Williams and J. Olesen (2004) The prophylactic effect of valproate on glyceryltrinitrate induced migraine. Cephalalgia 24 576-585.
35. R.J. Storer and P.J. Goadsby (2004) Topiramate inhibits trigemi-novascular neurons in the cat. Cephalalgia 24 1049-1056.
36. R.J. Storer and P.J. Goadsby (2005) Topiramate has a locus of action outside of the trigeminocervical complex. Cephalalgia 25 934.
37. H.G Wolff (1963) Headache and Other Head Pain. 3rd edition London: Oxford University Press
38. M.A. Moskowitz and F.M. Cutrer (1993) Sumatriptan: a receptor-targeted treatment for migraine. Ann. Rev. Med. 44 145-154.
39. V. Dimitriadou, M.G. Buzzi, M.A. Moskowitz and T.C. Theoharides (1991) Trigeminal sensory fiber stimulation induces morphological changes reflecting secretion in rat dura mater mast cells. Neuroscience 44 97-112.
40. V. Dimitriadou, M.G. Buzzi, T.C. Theoharides and M.A. Moskowitz (1992) Ultrastructural evidence for neurogenically mediated changes in blood vessels of the rat dura mater and tongue following antidromic trigeminal stimulation. Neuroscience 48 187-203.
41. H. Bolay, U. Reuter, A.K. Dunn, Z. Huang, D.A. Boas and M.A. Moskowitz (2002) Intrinsic brain activity triggers trigeminal meningeal afferents in a migraine model. Nature Med. 8 136-142.
42. A. May, S. Shepheard, A. Wessing, R.J. Hargreaves, P.J. Goadsby and H.C. Diener (1998) Retinal plasma extrava-sation can be evoked by trigeminal stimulation in rat but does not occur during migraine attacks. Brain 121 1231-1237.
43. A. May and P.J. Goadsby (2001) Substance P-receptor antagonists in the therapy of migraine. Expert Op. Investigat. Drug 10 1-6.
44. S.J. Peroutka (2005) Neurogenic inflammation and migraine: impli-cations for therapeutics. Molecul. Intervent. 5 306-313.
45. G. Selby and J.W. Lance (1960) Observations on 500 cases of migraine and allied vascular headache. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 23 23-32.
46. R. Burstein, D. Yarnitsky, I. Goor-Aryeh, B.J. Ransil and Z.H. Bajwa (2000) An association between migraine and cutaneous allodynia. Ann. Neurol. 47 614-624.
47. K.L. Hoskin, H. Kaube and P.J. Goadsby (1996) Central acti-vation of the trigeminovascular pathway in the cat is inhibited by dihydroergotamine. A c-Fos and electrophysiology study. Brain 119 249-256.
48. P. Pozo-Rosich and M. Oshinsky (2005)) Effect of dihydroergo-tamine (DHE) on central sensitisation of neurons in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Neurology 64(1), A151.
49. A. May and P.J. Goadsby (1999) The trigeminovascular system in humans: pathophysiological implications for primary headache syndromes of the neural influences on the cerebral circulation. J. Cerebr. Blood Flow Metabol. 19 115-127.
50. J. Olesen, H.-C. Diener, I.-W. Husstedt, P.J. Goadsby, D. Hall, U. Meier, S. Pollentier and L.M. Lesko (2004) Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS is effec-tive in the treatment of migraine attacks. New Engl. J. Med. 350 1104-1110.
51. T. Bartsch and P.J. Goadsby (2005) Anatomy and physiology of pain referral in primary and cervicogenic headache disorders. Headache Currents 2 42-48.
52. P.J. Goadsby (2005) New targets in the acute treatment of headache. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 18 283-288.
53. P.J. Goadsby (2004) Prejunctional and presynaptic trigeminovas-cular targets: what preclinical evidence is there? Headache Currents 1 1-6.
54. A.S. Cohen and P.J. Goadsby (2004) Functional neuroimaging of primary headache disorders. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 4 105-110.
55. P.J. Goadsby, G.A. Lambert and J.W. Lance (1982) Differential effects on the internal and external carotid circulation of the monkey evoked by locus coeruleus stimulation. Brain Res. 249 247-254.
56. H. Kaube and N.J. Giffin (2002) The electrophysiology of migraine. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 15 303-309.
57. J. Schoenen, A. Ambrosini, P.S. Sandor and N.A. Maertens de Noordhout A. (2003) Evoked potentials and transcranial magnetic stimulation in migraine: published data and viewpoint on their patho-physiologic significance. Clin. Neurophys. 114 955-972.
58. E. Niebur, S.S. Hsiao and K.O. Johnson (2002) Synchrony: a neural mechanism for attentional selection? Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 12 190-194.
59. M.D. Ferrari (1998) Migraine. Lancet 351 1043-1051.
60. E.E. Kors, K.R. Vanmolkot, J. Haan, R.R. Frants, M.A.M. van den Maagdenberg A.M. and MD. Ferrari (2004) Recent findings in headache genetics. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 17 283-288.
61. A. Ducros, C. Denier, A. Joutel, M. Cecillon, C. Lescoat, K. Vahedi, F. Darcel, E. Vicaut, M.G. Bousser and E. Tournier-Lasserve (2001) The clinical spectrum of familial hemiplegic migraine associated with mutations in a neuronal calcium channel. New Engl. J. Med. 345 17-24.
62. G.M. Terwindt, R.A. Ophoff, J. Haan, M.N. Vergouwe, R. van Eijk, R.R. Frants and M.D. Ferrari (1998) Variable clinical expression of mutations in the P/Q-type calcium channel gene in familial hemiplegic migraine. Neurology 50 1105-1110.
63. R.A. Ophoff, G.M. Terwindt, M.N. Vergouwe, E.R. van Eijk R., P.J. Oefner, S.M. Hoffman, J.E. Lamerdin, H.W. Mohrenweiser, D.E. Bulman, M. Ferrari, J. Haan, D. Lindhout, O.G.J. van Ommen G.J., M.H. Hofker, M.D. Ferrari and R.R. Frants (1996) Familial hemiplegic migraine and episodic ataxia type-2 are caused by muta-tions in the Ca2+channel gene CACNL1A4. Cell 87 543-552.
64. W.A. Catterall (1998) Structure and function of neuronal Ca2+channels and their role in neurotransmitter release. Cell Calcium 24 307-323.
65. J. Haan, E.E. Kors, K.R. Vanmolkot, M.A.M. van den Maagdenberg A.M., R.R. Frants and M.D. Ferrari (2005) Migraine genetics: an update. Curr. Pain. Headache Rep. 9 213-220.
66. F. De Fusco, M. Marconi, R. Silvestri, L. Atorino, L. Rampoldi, L. Morgante, L. Ballabio, A. Aridon and G.P. Casari (2003) Haploinsufficiency of ATP1A2 encoding the Na+/K+pump alpha2 subunit associated with familial hemiplegic migraine type 2. Nature Genetics 33 192-196.
67. K.R.J. Vanmolkot, E.E. Kors, J.J. Hottenga, G.M. Terwindt, J. Haan, W.A. Hoefnagels, D.F. Black, L.A. Sandkuijl, R.R. Frants, M.D. Ferrari and M.A.M. van den Maagdenberg A.M. (2003) Novel mutations in the Na+, K+-ATPase pump gene ATP1A2 asso-ciated with familial hemiplegic migraine and benign familial infantile convulsions. Ann. Neurol. 54 360-366.
68. A. Ambrosini, M. D'Onofrio, G.S. Grieco, M.A. Di Mambro A., D. Fortini, F. Nicoletti, G. Nappi, G. Sances, J. Schoenen, M.G. Buzzi, F.M. Santorelli and F. Pierelli (2005) A new muta-tion on the ATPA2 gene in one Italian family with basilar-type migraine linked to the FHM2 locus. Neurology 64(1), A132.
69. M. Dichgans, T. Freilinger, G. Eckstein, E. Babini, B. Lorenz-Depiereux, S. Biskup, M.D. Ferrari, J. Herzog, M.A.M. van den Maagdenberg A.M., M. Pusch and T.M. Strom (2005) Mutation in the neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel SCN1Acauses familial hemiplegic migraine. Lancet 366 371-377.
70. Vanmolkot, K., et al. Unpublished data.
71. L.L. Thomsen, E. Ostergaard, J. Olesen and M.B. Russell (2003) Evidence for a separate type of migraine with aura: sporadic hemi-plegic migraine. Neurology 60 595-601.
72. L.L. Thomsen, E. Ostergaard, S.F. Romer, I. Andersen, M.K. Eriksen, J. Olesen and M.B. Russell (2003) Sporadic hemiplegic migraine is an aetiologically heterogeneous disorder. Cephalalgia 23 921-928.
73. G. Terwindt, E. Kors, J. Haan, F. Vermeulen, M.A. van den Maagdenberg A., R. Frants and M. Ferrari (2002) Mutation anal-ysis of the CACNA1A calcium channel subunit gene in 27 patients with sporadic hemiplegic migraine. Arch. Neurol. 59 1016-1018.
74. deVries et al. Unpublished data
75. Lehmann-Horn, F., and Ferrari, M.D. (1997). International Headache Congress HIS, Amsterdam
76. P.S. Sandor, A. Mascia, L. Seidel, P.V. de Pasqua V. and J. Schoenen (2001) Subclinical cerebellar impairment in the common types of migraine: a three-dimensional analysis of reaching movements. Ann. Neurol. 49 668-672.
77. K. Asakura, T. Kanemasa, K. Minagawa, K. Kagawa, T. Yagami, M. Nakajima and M. Ninomiya (2000) α-Eudesmol, a P/Q-type Ca2+channel blocker, inhibits neurogenic vasodilation and extrava-sation following electrical stimulation of trigeminal ganglion. Brain Res. 873 94-101.
78. Y.E. Knight, T. Bartsch, H. Kaube and P.J. Goadsby (2002) J. P/Q-type calcium channel blockade in the PAG facilitates trigem-inal nociception: a functional genetic link for migraine. J. Neurosci. 22(213), 1-6.
79. K.G. Shields, R.J. Storer, S. Akerman and P.J. Goadsby (2005) Calcium channels modulate nociceptive transmission in the trigem-inal nucleus of the cat. Neuroscience 135 203-212.
80. A. Jouvenceau, L.H. Eunson, A. Spauschus, V. Ramesh, S.M. Zuberi, D.M. Kullmann and M.G. Hanna (2001) Human epilepsy associated with dysfunction of the brain P/Q-type calcium channel. Lancet 358 801-807.
81. P. Imbrici, S.L. Jaffe, L.H. Eunson, N.P. Davies, C. Herd, R. Robertson, D.M. Kullmann and M.G. Hanna (2004) Dysfunc-tion of the brain calcium channel CaV2.1 in absence epilepsy and episodic ataxia. Brain 127 2682-2692.
82. Y.Q. Cao, E.S. Piedras-Renteria, G.B. Smith, G. Chen, N.C. Harata and R.W. Tsien (2004) Presynaptic Ca2+channels compete for channel type-preferring slots in altered neurotransmis-sion arising from Ca2+channelopathy. Neuron 43 387-400.
83. M. Hans, S. Luvisetto, M.E. Williams, M. Spagnolo, A. Urrutia, A. Tottene, P.F. Brust, E.C. Johnson, M.M. Harpold, K.A. Staud-erman and D. Pietrobon (1999) Functional consequences of mutations in the human alpha (1A) calcium channel subunit linked to familial hemiplegic migraine. J. Neurosci. 19 1610-1619.
84. R.L. Kraus, M.J. Sinnegger, H. Glossmann, S. Hering and J. Striessnig (1998) Familial hemiplegic migraine mutations change alpha (1A) Ca2+channel kinetics. J. Biol. Chem. 273 5586-5590.
85. R.L. Kraus, M.J. Sinnegger, A. Koschak, H. Glossmann, S. Stenirri, P. Carrera and J. Striessnig (2000) Three new familial hemiplegic migraine mutants affect P/Q-type Ca (2+) channel kinetics. J. Biol. Chem. 275 9239-9243.
86. A. Tottene, T. Fellin, S. Pagnutti, S. Luvisetto, J. Striessnig, C. Fletcher and D. Pietrobon (2002) Familial hemiplegic migraine mutations increase Ca2+influx through single human CaV2.1 chan-nels and decrease maximal CaV2.1 current density in neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 13284-13289.
87. M.A.M. van den Maagdenberg A.M., D. Pietrobon, T. Pizzorusso, S. Kaja, L.A. Broos, T. Cesetti, V.R.C. van de Ven R.C., A. Tottene, K.J. van der Kaa J., J.J. Plomp, R.R. Frants and M.D. Ferrari (2004) A Cacna1a knockin migraine mouse model with increased suscepti-bility to cortical spreading depression. Neuron 41 701-710.
88. L. Segall, A. Mezzetti, R. Scanzano, J.J. Gargus, E. Purisima and R. Blostein (2005) Alterations in the alpha2 isoform of Na,K-ATPase associated with familial hemiplegic migraine type 2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 102 11106-11111.
89. K. Ikeda, H. Onimaru, J. Yamada, K. Inoue, S. Ueno, T. Onaka, H. Toyoda, A. Arata, T.O. Ishikawa, M.M. Taketo, A. Fukuda and K. Kawakami (2004) Malfunction of respiratory-related neuronal activity in Na+, K+-ATPase alpha2 subunit-deficient mice is attributable to abnormal Cl-homeostasis in brainstem n. J. Neurosci. 24 10693-10701.
90. P.F. James, I.L. Grupp, G. Grupp, A.L. Woo, G.R. Askew, M.L. Croyle, R.A. Walsh and J.B. Lingrel (1999) Identification of a specific role for the Na,K-ATPase alpha 2 isoform as a regulator of calcium in the heart. Mol. Cell 3 555-563.
91. M.A. Moskowitz, H. Bolay and T. Dalkara (2004) Deciphering migraine mechanisms: clues from familial hemiplegic migraine geno-types. Ann. Neurol. 55 276-280.
92. Pietroben, D., et al. Unpublished data
93. E. Tournier-Lasserve, A. Joutel, J. Melki, J. Weissenbach, G.M. Lathrop, H. Chabriat, J.L. Mas, E.A. Cabanis, M. Baudrimont, J. Maciazek, M.A. Bach and M-G. Bousser (1993) Cere-bral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy maps to chromosome 19p12. Nature Genetics 3 256-259.
94. A. Joutel, C. Corpechot, A. Ducros, K. Vahedi, H. Chabriat, P. Mouton, S. Alamowitch, V. Domenga, M. Cecillion, E. Marechal, J. Maciazek, C. Vayssiere, C. Cruaud, E.A. Cabanis, M.M. Ruchoux, J. Weissenbach, J.F. Bach, M.G. Bousser and E. Tournier-Lasserve (1996) Notch3 mutations in CADASIL, a hereditary adult-onset condition causing stroke and dementia. Nature 383 707-710.
95. V. Domenga, P. Fardoux, P. Lacombe, M. Monet, J. Maciazek, L.T. Krebs, B. Klonjkowski, E. Berrou, M. Mericskay, Z. Li, E. Tournier-Lasserve, T. Gridley and A. Joutel (2004) Notch3 is required for arterial identity and maturation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Genes Dev. 18 2730-2735.
96. M.M. Ruchoux, V. Domenga, P. Brulin, J. Maciazek, S. Limol, E. Tournier-Lasserve and A. Joutel (2003) Transgenic mice expressing mutant Notch3 develop vascular alterations characteristic of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and. Am. J. Pathol. 162 329-342.
97. J. Lundkvist, S. Zhu, E.M. Hansson, P. Schweinhardt, Q. Miao, B.P. Paul Beatus P., K. Dannaeus, H. Karlström, C.B. Johansson, M. Viitanen, B. Rozell, C. Spenger, A. Mohammed, H. Kalimo and L. Lendahl (2005) Mice carrying a R142C Notch 3 knock-in mutation do not develop a CADASIL-like phenotype. Genesis 41 13-22.
98. G.M. Terwindt, J. Haan, R.A. Ophoff, S.M. Groenen, C.W. Storimans, J.B. Lanser, R.A. Roos, E.M. Bleeker-Wagemakers, R.R. Frants and M.D. Ferrari (1998) Clinical and genetic analysis of a large Dutch family with autosomal dominant vascular retinopathy, migraine and Raynaud's phenomenon. Brain 121 303-316.
99. R.A. Ophoff, J. DeYoung, S.K. Service, M. Joosse, N.A. Caffo, L.A. Sandkuijl, G.M. Terwindt, J. Haan, M.A.M. van den Maagdenberg A.M., J. Jen, R.W. Baloh, M.L. Barilla-LaBarca, N.L. Saccone, J.P. Atkinson, M.D. Ferrari, N.B. Freimer and R.R. Frants (2001) Hereditary vascular retinopathy, cerebroretinal vasculopathy, and hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, nephropathy and stroke map to a single locus on. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69 447-453.
100. J.J. Hottenga, K.R. Vanmolkot, E.E. Kors, K.S. Kheradmand Kia S., J.P.T. de Jong P.T., J. Haan, G.M. Terwindt, R.R. Frants, M.D. Ferrari and M.A.M. van den Maagdenberg A.M. (2005) The 3p21.1-p21.3 hered-itary vascular retinopathy locus increases the risk for Raynaud's phenomenon and migraine. Cephalalgia 25 1168-1172.
101. A. Carlsson, L. Forsgren, P.O. Nylander, U. Hellman, K. Forsman-Semb, G. Holmgren, D. Holmberg and M. Holmberg (2002) Identification of a susceptibility locus for migraine with and without aura on 6p12.2-p21.1. Neurology 59 1804-1807.
102. D.R. Nyholt, K.I. Morley, M.A. Ferreira, S.E. Medland, D.I. Boomsma, A.C. Heath, K.R. Merikangas, G.W. Montgomery and N.G. Martin (2005) Genomewide significant linkage to migrainous headache on chromosome 5q21. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 77 500-512.
103. M. Wessman, M. Kallela, M.A. Kaunisto, P. Marttila, E. Sobel, J. Hartiala, G. Oswell, S.M. Leal, J.C. Papp, E. Hamalainen, P. Broas, G. Joslyn, I. Hovatta, T. Hiekkalinna, J. Kaprio, J. Ott, R.M. Cantor, J.A. Zwart, M. Ilmavirta, H. Havanka, M. Farkkila, L. Peltonen and A. Palotie (2002) A susceptibility locus for migraine with aura, on chromosome 4q24. 70 652-662.
104. A. Bjornsson Gudmundsson, G. Gudfinnsson, E. Bjornsson, A. Gudmundsson, G. Gudfinnsson, E. Hrafnsdottir, M. Benedikz, J. Skuladottir, S. Kristjansson, K. M.L. Frigge, A. Kong, K. Stefansson and J.R. Gulcher (2003) Localization of a gene for migraine without aura to chromosome 4q21. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73 986-993.
105. Z.M. Cader, S. Noble-Topham, D.A. Dyment, S.S. Cherny, J.D. Brown, G.P. Rice and G.C. Ebers (2003) Significant linkage to migraine with aura on chromosome 11q24. Hum. Mol. Genet. 12 2511-2517.
106. D. Soragna, A. Vettori, G. Carraio, E. Marchioni, G. Vazza, S. Bellini, R. Tupler, F. Savoldi and M.L. Mostacciuolo (2003) A locus for migraine without aura maps on chromosome 14q21.2-q22.3. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72 161-167.
107. D.R. Nyholt, J.L. Dawkins, P.J. Brimage, P.J. Goadsby, G.A. Nicholson and L.R. Griffiths (1998) Evidence for an X-linked genetic component in familial typical migraine. Hum. Mol. Genet. 7 459-463.
108. L. Russo, P. Mariotti, E. Sangiorgi, L. Russo, P. Mariotti, E. Sangiorgi, T. Giordano, I. Ricci, F. Lupi, R. Chiera, F. Guzzetta, G. Neri and F. Gurrieri (2005) A new suscepti-bility locus for migraine with aura in the 15q11-q13 genomic region containing three GABA-A receptor genes. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 76 327-333.
109. R.A. Lea, D.R. Nyholt, R.P. Curtain, M. Ovcaric, R. Sciascia, C. Bellis, J. Macmillan, S. Quinlan, R.A. Gibson, L.C. McCarthy, J.H. Riley, Y.J. Smithies, S. Kinrade and L.R. Griffiths (2005) A genome-wide scan provides evidence for loci influencing a severe heritable form of common migraine. Neurogenetics 6 67-72.
110. P. Montagna, G. Pierangeli, S. Cevoli, M. Mochi and P. Cortelli (2005) Pharmacogenetics of headache treatment. Neurologic. Sci. 26(2), S143-S147.
111. H. Kowa, K. Yasui, T. Takeshima, K. Urakami, F. Sakai and K. Nakashima (2000) The homozygous C677T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene is a genetic risk factor for migraine. Am. J. Med. Genet. 96 762-764.
112. I. Kara, A. Sazci, E. Ergul, G. Kaya and G. Kilic (2003) Association of the C677T and A1298C polymorphisms in the 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene in patients with migraine risk. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 111 84-90.
113. R.A. Lea, M. Ovcaric, J. Sundholm, J. MacMillan and L.R. Griffiths (2004) The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene variant C677T influences susceptibility to migraine with aura. BMC Med. 2 3.
114. A. Oterino, N. Valle, Y. Bravo, P. Munoz, P. Sanchez-Velasco, C. Ruiz-Alegria, J. Castillo, F. Leyva-Cobian, A. Vadillo and J. Pascual (2004) MTHFR T677 homozygosis influences the pres-ence of aura in migraineurs. Cephalalgia 24 491-494.
115. A.I. Scher, G.M. Terwindt, W.M. Verschuren, M.C. Kruit, H.J. Blom, H. Kowa, R.R. Frants, M.A.M. van den Maagdenberg A.M., B.M. van Buchem M., M.D. Ferrari and L.J. Launer (2006) Migraine and MTHFR C677T genotype in a population-based sample. Ann. Neurol. 59 372-375.
116. R.A. Lea, M. Ovcaric, J. Sundholm, L. Solyom, J. Macmillan and L.R. Griffiths (2005) Genetic variants of angiotensin converting enzyme and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase may act in combi-nation to increase migraine susceptibility. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 136 112-117.
117. N.J. Colson, R.A. Lea, S. Quinlan, J. MacMillan and L.R. Griffiths (2005) Investigation of hormone receptor genes in migraine. Neurogenetics 6 17-23.
118. S. Trabace, G. Brioli, P. Lulli, M. Morellini, M. Giacovazzo, G. Cicciarelli and P. Martelletti (2002) Tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphism in migraine. Headache 42 341-345.
119. I. Rainero, L.M. Grimaldi, G. Salani, W. Valfre, C. Rivoiro, L. Savi and L. Pinessi (2004) Association between the tumor necrosis factor-alpha-308 G/A gene polymorphism and migraine. Neurology 62 141-143.
120. S. Paterna, P.P. Di Pasquale P., A. D'Angelo, G. Seidita, A. Tuttolomondo, A. Cardinale, T. Maniscalchi, G. Follone, A. Giubilato, M. Tarantello and G. Licata (2000) Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene deletion polymorphism determines an increase in frequency of migraine attacks in patients suffering from migraine without a. Eur. Neurol. 43 133-136.
121. H Kowa, E Fusayasu, T Ijiri, K Ishizaki, K Yasui, K Nakaso, M Kusumi, T Takeshima and K. Nakashima (2005) Asso-ciation of the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene in patients of migraine with aura. Neurosci. Lett. 374 129-131.
122. J.J. Lin, P.J. Wang, C.H. Chen, K.C. Yueh, S.Z. Lin and H.J. Harn (2005) Homozygous deletion genotype of angiotensin converting enzyme confers protection against migraine in man. Acta. Neurol. Taiwan 14 120-125.