Organization of Self-Knowledge: Implications for Recovery from Sad Mood

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 70, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 578-590

  Showers, Carolin J ^a   Kling, Kristen C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROL; DEPRESSION; EGO DEVELOPMENT; FEMALE; HUMAN; INDIVIDUALITY; PERSONALITY TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SELF CONCEPT;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADULT; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL; PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT; PERSONALITY INVENTORY; SELF CONCEPT;

EID: 0030093450     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.578     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358-372.
2. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571.
3. Blaney, P. H. (1986). Affect and memory: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 229-246.
4. Borkevec, T. D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & Depress, J. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes. Behavior Research and Theory, 21, 9-16.
5. Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36, 129-148.
6. Brown, J. (1984). Effects of induced mood on causal attributions for success and failure. Motivation and Emotion, 8, 343-353.
7. Brown, J. D., & Taylor, S. E. (1986). Affect and the processing of personal information: Evidence for mood-activated self-schemata. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 436-452.
8. Buchwald, A. M., Strack, S., & Coyne, J. C. (1981). Demand characteristics and the Velten Mood Induction Procedure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 478-479.
9. Campbell, J. D., Chew, B., & Scratchley, L. S. (1991). Cognitive and emotional reactions to daily events: The effects of self-esteem and self-complexity. Journal of Personality, 59, 473-506.
10. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral science (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. Cramer, H. (1974). Mathematical methods of statistics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (Original work published 1945)
12. Croyle, R. T., & Uretsky, M. B. (1987). Effects of mood on self-appraisal of health status. Health Psychology, 6, 239-253.
13. Cunningham, M. R. (1988). What do you do when you're happy or blue? Mood, expectancies, and behavioral interest. Motivation and Emotion, 12, 309-331.
14. Erber, R., & Tesser, A. (1992). Task effort and the regulation of mood: The absorption hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 339-359.
15. Everitt, B. S. (1977). The analysis of contingency tables. London: Chapman & Hall.
16. Isen, A. M., & Gorgoglione, J. M. (1983). Some specific effects of four affect-induction procedures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 136-143.
17. Izard, C. E. (1971). The face of emotion. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
18. Kernis, M. H., Grannemann, B. D., & Mathis, L. C. (1991). Stability of self-esteem as a moderator of the relation between level of self-esteem and depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 80-84.
19. Larsen, R. J. (1987). The stability of mood variability: A spectral analytic approach to daily mood assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1195-1204.
20. Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1987). Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review. Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 1-39.
21. Lazarus, R. S., & Smith, C. A. (1988). Knowledge and appraisal in the cognition-emotion relationship. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 281-300.
22. Linville, P. W. (1985). Self-complexity and affective extremity: Don't put all of your eggs in one cognitive basket. Social Cognition, 3, 94-120.
23. Linville, P. W. (1987). Self-complexity as a cognitive buffer against stress-related illness and depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 663-676.
24. Lorr, M., & McNair, D. M. (1984). Manual for the profile of mood states. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
25. Manucia, G. K., Baumann, D. J., & Cialdini, R. B. (1984). Mood influences on helping: Direct effects or side effects? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 357-364.
26. Mayer, J. D., & Gaschke, Y. N. (1988). The experience and meta-experience of mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 102-111.
27. Metalsky, G. I., Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E. P., Semmel, A., & Peterson, C. (1982). Attributional styles and life events in the classroom: Vulnerability and invulnerability to depressive mood reactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 612-617.
28. Metalsky, G. I., Halberstadt, L. J., & Abramson, L. Y. (1987). Vulnerability to depressive mood reactions: Toward a more powerful test of the diathesis-stress and causal mediation components of the reformulated theory of depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 386-393.
29. Murphy, M. D. (1979). Measurement of category clustering in free recall. In C. R. Puff (Ed.), Memory organization and structure (pp. 51-83). New York: Academic Press.
30. Niedenthal, P. M., & Showers, C. (1991). The perception and processing of affective information and its influences on social judgment. In J. P. Forgas (Ed.), Emotion and social judgments (pp. 125-143). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
31. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569-582.
32. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L. E., & Larson, J. (1994). Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 92-104.
33. Pelham, B. W. (1993). On the highly positive thoughts of the highly depressed. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard (pp. 183-199). New York: Plenum.
34. Pelham, B. W., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (1989). From self-conceptions to self-worth: On the sources and structure of global self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 672-680.
35. Penner, L. A., Shiffman, S., Paty, J. A., & Fritzsche, B. A. (1994). Individual differences in intraperson variability in mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 712-721.
36. Roenker, D., Thompson, C., & Brown, S. (1971). Comparisons of measures for the estimation of clustering in free recall. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 45-48.
37. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
38. Sedikides, C. (1992). Changes in the valence of the self as a function of mood. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 14, 271-311.
39. Showers, C. (1992a). Compartmentalization of positive and negative self-knowledge: Keeping bad apples out of the bunch. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 1036-1049.
40. Showers, C. (1992b). Evaluatively integrative thinking about characteristics of the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 719-729.
41. Showers, C. J. (1995). The evaluative organization of self-knowledge: Origins, processes, and implications for self-esteem. In M. Kernis (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 101-120). New York: Plenum.
42. Showers, C. J., & Kling, K. C. (1996). The organization of self-knowledge: Implications for mood recovery. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), Striving and feeling interactions among goals, affect, and self-regulation (pp. 151-173). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
43. Showers, C. J., & Ryff, C. D. (in press). Self-differentiation and well-being in a life transition. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
44. Velten, E., Jr. (1968). A laboratory task for induction of mood states. Behavior Research and Therapy, 6, 473-482.
45. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
46. Wenzlaff, R. (1993). The mental control of depression: Psychological obstacles to emotional well-being. In D. M. Wegner & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Handbook of mental control (pp. 239-257). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
47. Wood, J. V., Saltzberg, J. A., Neale, J. M., Stone, A. A., & Rachmiel, T. B. (1990). Self-focused attention, coping responses, and distressed mood in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1027-1036.