The long-term water balance (1972-2004) of upland forestry and grassland at Plynlimon, mid-Wales

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 44-60

  Marc, Vincent ^a   Robinson, Mark ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AVIGNON   (France)

^b CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Catchments; Forest hydrology; Plynlimon; Water balance

Indexed keywords

ECOHYDROLOGY; EVAPORATION; FOREST MANAGEMENT; FORESTED CATCHMENT; FORESTRY; GRASSLAND; HYDROLOGICAL CHANGE; MICROMETEOROLOGY; UPLAND REGION; WATER BUDGET; WATER USE EFFICIENCY;

CEREDIGION; EURASIA; EUROPE; PLYNLIMON; UNITED KINGDOM; WALES; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 33846360618     PISSN: 10275606     EISSN: 16077938     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/hess-11-44-2007     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Ackermann, W. S., 1966, Guidelines for research on the hydrology of small watersheds. Office of Water Resources, US Department of Interior, Washington DC, USA. 26pp.
2. Bates, C.G. and Henry, A.J., 1928. Forest and strearnflow experiment at Wagon Wheel Gap, Colorado. Mon. Weather Rev., Suppl. 30, 1-79. U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Weather Bureau.
3. Bell, J.P., 2005. Soil hydrology of the Plynlimon catchments. Institute of Hydrology Report No 8. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Wallingford, UK. 50pp.
4. Berbigier, P., Bonnefond, J.M., Loustau, D., Ferreira, M.I., David, J.S. and Pereira, J.S., 1996. Transpiration of a 64-year-old maritime pine stand in Portugal, 2. Evapotranspiration and canopy stomatal conductance measured by an eddy covariance technique. Oecologia, 107, 43-52.
5. Blackie, J.R., Hudson, J.A. and Johnson, R.C., 1986. Upland afforestation and water resources - preliminary analysis of phase I of the Balquhidder catchment studies, Institute of Hydrology Progress Report, Wallingford, UK, 48pp.
6. Bond, B.J., 2000. Age-related changes in photosynthesis of woody plants. Trends in Plant Sci., 5, 349-353.
7. Bosch, J.M. and Hewlett, J.D., 1982. A review of catchment experiments to determine the effect of vegetation changes on water yield and evapotranspiration. J. Hydrol., 55, 3-23.
8. Brandt, C., Robinson, M. and Finch, J., 2004. Anatomy of a catchment: the relation of physical attributes of the Plynlimon catchments to variations in hydrology and water status. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 8, 345-354.
9. Brunsdon, C., McClatchey, J. and Unwin, D.J., 2001. Spatial variations in the average rainfall-altitude relationship in Great Britain: an approach using geographically weighted regression. Int. J. Climatol., 21, 455-466.
10. Calder, I.R., 1976. The measurements of water losses from a forested area using a 'natural' lysimeter. J. Hydrol., 30, 311-325.
11. Calder, I.R., 1977, A model of transpiration and interception loss from a spruce forest in Plynlimon, Central Wales, J. Hydrol., 33, 247-265.
12. Calder, I.R., 1996. Impacts of coniferous and deciduous trees upon water yield. Evidence to the House of Commons Environment Committee on 'Water Supply and Conservation'Appendix 5, 352-367, HMSO London, UK.
13. Clarke, R.T. and Newson, M.D., 1978. Some detailed water balance studies of research catchments. Proc. Roy. Soc., Lond. A 363, 21-42.
14. Crane, S.B. and Hudson, J.A., 1997. The impact of site factors and climatic variability on the calculation of potential evaporation at Moel Cynnedd, Plynlimon. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 1, 429-445.
15. Delzon, S. and Lousteau, D., 2005, Age-related decline in stand water use: sap flow and transpiration in a pine forest chronosequence. Agr. Forest Meteorol., 129, 105-119.
16. Derbyshire, E., 1972. Discussion on Visit to the Plynlimon catchments. Area, 4, 252-255. Institute of British Geographers.
17. EA, 1999. Severn Uplands: Local Environment Agency Plan (LEAP). Environment Agency, Shrewsbury, UK. 64pp.
18. Edwards, K.A. and Blackie, J.R., 1981. Results of the E African catchment experiments, 1958-74. In: Tropical Agricultural Hydrology, R. Lal and E.W. Russell (Eds.). Wiley, New York, USA. 163-88.
19. Engler, A., 1919, Untersuchungen uber den Einfluss des Waldes auf den Stand der Gewasser (Investigations into the influence of forests on water conditions). Mitt. des Schweiz Eidg. Anst. fur das Forlishc Versuchswesen 12, 636pp.
20. Forestry Commission, 2004. Forests and Water Guidelines. 4th Kdn. HMSO, London, UK. 66pp.
21. Frich, P., 1994, Precipitation trends in the North Atlantic European Region. In: Climate Variations in Europe, R. Heino (Ed.), Academy of Finland Publ., 3, 196-200.
22. Gash, J.H.C., 1979. An analytical model of rainfall interception by forests. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 105, 43-55.
23. Gash, J.H.C. and Stewart, J.B., 1977. The evaporation from Thetford Forest during 1975. J. Hydrol., 35, 385-396.
24. Gash, J.H.C., Wright, I.R. and Lloyd, C.R., 1980, Comparative estimates of interception loss from three coniferous forests in Great Britain. J. Hydrol., 48, 89-105.
25. Gash, J.H.C., Valente, F. and David, J.S., 1999. Estimates and measurements of evaporation from wet, sparse pine forest in Portugal. Agr. Forest Meteorol., 94, 149-158.
26. Green, S. and Marsh, T.J., 1997. A consideration of rainfall, runoff and losses at Plynlimon in the context of long term hydrological variability in the UK and maritime Western Europe, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 1, 399-407.
27. Hamilton, G.J. and Christie, J.M., 1971. Forest management tables (Metric). Forestry Commission Booklet No, 34, HMSO, London, UK.
28. Haria, A.H. and Shand, P., 2004. Evidence for deep sub-surface flow routing in forested upland Wales: implications for contaminant transport and stream flow generation. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 8, 334-344.
29. Harrison, A.J.M, and Owen, M.W., 1967, A new type of structure for flow measurement in steep streams, Proc. Inst. Civil Eng., 36, 273-296.
30. Herbertson, P.W., 1972. The problem of flow measurement in upland streams. Int. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol., 97, 430-438.
31. Heydon, S.R., Benyon, R.G. and Lewis, R., 1996. Variation in sapwood area and throughfall with forest age in mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans F Muell). J. Hydrol., 187, 351-366.
32. Hudson. J.A., 1988. The contribution of soil moisture storage to the water balances of upland forested and grassland catchment. Hydrolog. Sci. J., 33, 289-309.
33. Hudson, J.A., Crane, S.B. and Blackie, J.R., 1997. The Plynlimon water balance 1969-1995: the impact of forest and moorland vegetation on evaporation and streamflow in upland catchments. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 1, 409-427.
34. Hurrell, J.W., 1995. Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation regional temperatures and precipitation. Science, 269, 676-679.
35. ISO, 1995. Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement. ISO/TAG 4/WG3, International Standards Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 100pp.
36. Jayasuriya, M.D.A., Dunn, G. Benyon, R. and O'Shaughnessy, P.J., 1993. Some factors affecting water yield from mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnams) dominated forests in south-east Australia. J. Hydrol., 150, 345-365.
37. Keller, H.M., 1988, European experiences in long term forest hydrology research. In: Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta, W.T. Swank and D.A. Crossley (Eds.), Ecological Studies No 66, Springer, New York, USA. 407-459
38. Kirby, C., Newson, M.D. and Gilman, K. (Eds.), 1991: Plynlimon research: The first two decades. Institute of Hydrology Report No, 109, Wallingford, UK, 188pp.
39. Kirby, C., Neal, C., Turner, H. and Moorhouse, P., 1997. A bibliography of hydrological, geomorphological, sedimentological, biological and hydrochemical references to the Institue of Hydrology experimental catchment studies in Plynlimon. Hydrol. Earth Syst.Sci., 1, 755-763.
40. Köstner, B., Falge, E. and Tenhunen, J.D., 2002 Age-related effects on leaf area - sapwood area relationships, canopy transpiration and carbon gain of Norway spruce stands (Picea abies) in the Fichtelgebirge, Germany. Tree Physiol., 22, 567-574.
41. Langford, K.J., 1976. Change in yield of water following a bushfire in a forest of Eucalyptus regnans. J. Hydrol., 29, 87-114.
42. Law, F., 1956. The effect of afforestation upon the yield of water catchment areas. J. Brit. Waterworks Assoc., 38, 484-494.
43. Law, F., 1957. Measurement of rainfall, interception and evaporation losses in a plantation of Sitka Spruce trees. Int. Assoc. Hydrolog. Sci., 44, 397-411.
44. McCulloch, J.S.G., and Robinson, M., 1993, History of forest hydrology. J. Hydrol., 150, 189-216.
45. Moncrieff, J.B., Massheder, J.M., de Bruin, H., Elbers, J., Friborg, T., Heusinkveld, B., Kabat, P., Scott, S., Soegaard, H. and Verhoef, A., 1997. A system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide, J. Hydrol., 189, 589-611.
46. Neal, C., 2005. The water quality functioning of the upper River Severn, Plynlimon, mid-Wales: issues of monitoring, process understanding and forestry, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 8, 521-532.
47. Neal, C., Robson, A.J., Shand, P., Edmunds, W.M., Dixon, A.J., Buckley, D.K., Hill, S., Harrow, M.L., Neal, M. and Reynolds, B., 1997. The occurrence of groundwater in the Lower Palaeozoic rocks of upland Central Wales. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 1, 3-18.
48. Newson, M.D., 1985. Twenty years of catchment process studies: what have we taught the engineer? In: Advances in Water Engineering, T.H.Y. Tebbutt (Ed.), Elsevier, London, UK. 39-46.
49. Penman, H.L., 1948. Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. A, 193, 120-46
50. Penman, H.L., 1963. Vegetation and hydrology. Tech. Comm. 53, Commonwealth Bureau of Soils, Harpenden, UK, 124pp.
51. Reynolds, B., Renshaw, M., Sparks, T.H., Crane, S., Hughes, S., Brittain, S.A. and Kennedy, V.H., 1997, Trends and seasonality in stream chemistry in two moorland catchments in the Upper River Wye, Plynlimon. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 1, 571-581.
52. Roberts, J.M., Gash, J.H.C., Tani, M. and Bruijnzeel, L.A., 2005. Controls on evaporation in lowland tropical rainforest. In: Forests, Water and People in the Humid Tropics, M. Bonell and L.A. Bruijnzeel (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 287-313.
53. Robinson, M., 1998. Thirty years of forest hydrology changes at Coalburn: water balance and extreme flows. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 2, 233-238.
54. Robinson, M., 2004. Coalburn catchment hydrological review: 1967-2003. Report to United Utilities PLC, Warrington, UK. 23pp.
55. Robinson, M. and Dupeyrat, A., 2005. Effects of commercial timber harvesting on streamflow regimes in the Plynlimon catchments, mid-Wales, Hydrol. Process., 19, 1213-1226.
56. Robinson, M., Grant, S. and Hudson, J., 2004. Measuring rainfall to a forest canopy: an assessment of the performance of canopy level raingauges. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 8, 327-333.
57. Rutter, A.J., 1967. An analysis of evaporation from a stand of Scots pine. In: Forest Hydrology, W.E. Sopper and H.V. Lull (Eds.), Pergammon Press, Oxford. UK, 403-417.
58. Rutter, A.J., Kershaw, K.A., Robins, P.C. and Motion, A.J., 1971, A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests, I. Derivation of the model from observations in a plantation of Corsican pine. Agr. Meteorol., 9, 367-384.
59. Ryan, M.G., Bond, B.J., Law, B.E., Hubbard, R.M., Woodruff, D., Cienciala, E. and Kucera, J., 2000, Transpiration and wholetree conductance in ponderosa pine trees of different heights, Oecologia, 124, 553-560.
60. Schofield, R.K., 1948. Discussion of Biology and Civil Engineering. Proc Inst. Civil Eng., 60, 90.
61. Scott, D.F., 2005. On the hydrology of industrial timber plantations. Hydrol. Process. J., 19, 4203-4206,
62. Shuttleworth, W.J. and Calder, I.R., 1979. Has the Priestley Taylor equation any relevance to forest evaporation? J. Appl. Meteorol., 18, 639-646.
63. Stewart, J.B., 1977. Evaporation from the wet canopy of a pine forest, Water Resour. Res., 13, 915-921.
64. Stewart, J.B. and Thom, A.S., 1973. Energy budgets in pine forest, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 99, 154-170.
65. Swank, W.T. and Crossley, D.A. (Eds), 1988. Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta, Ecological Studies No 66, Springer, New York, USA, 469pp.
66. Van der Molen, M.K., Gash, J.H.C. and Elbers, J., 2004. Sonic anemometer (co)sine response and flux measurements: II The effect of introducing an angle of attack dependent calibration. Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 122, 95-109.
67. van der Toi, C., Gash, J.H.C., Grant, S.J., McNeil, D.D. and Robinson, M., 2003. Average wet canopy evaporation for a Sitka spruce forest derived using the eddy correlation-energy balance technique. J. Hydrol., 276, 12-19.
68. Walsh, P.D., 1980. The impacts of catchment afforestation on water supply interests. Evidence to the House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology 'Scientific Aspects of Forestry'. HMSO London, UK. 376-381.
69. Wilby, R.L., O'Hare, G. and Barnsley, N., 1997. The North Atlantic Oscillation and British Isles climate variability, 1865-1996. Weather, 52, 266-275.