Cockroach allergen biology and mitigation in the indoor environment

Annual Review of Entomology

Volumn 52, Issue , 2007, Pages 439-463

  Gore, J Chad ^a   Schal, Coby ^a  

^a NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Asthma; Bla g 1; Blattella germanica; Indoor air; Insect allergy

Indexed keywords

ALLERGEN; ARGININE KINASE;

ANIMAL; ASTHMA; CHEMISTRY; COCKROACH; DEMOGRAPHY; EXPOSURE; HUMAN; IMMUNIZATION; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION; INSECT CONTROL; METHODOLOGY; REVIEW; SOCIOECONOMICS;

AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; ALLERGENS; ANIMALS; ARGININE KINASE; ASTHMA; COCKROACHES; HUMANS; IMMUNIZATION; INHALATION EXPOSURE; INSECT CONTROL; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

BLATTARIA; BLATTELLA GERMANICA; INSECTA;

EID: 33846352235     PISSN: 00664170     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091313     Document Type: Review

References (164)

1. Adanijo AO, Bandele EO. 2000. Cockroach hypersensitivity in asthmatics in Lagos, Nigeria. East Afr. Med. J. 77:622-26
2. Amr S, Bollinger ME, Myers M, Hamilton RG, Weiss SR, et al. 2003. Environmental allergens and asthma in urban elementary schools. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 90:34-40
3. Arbes SJ Jr, Gergen PJ, Elliott L, Zeldin DC. 2005. Prevalences of positive skin test responses to 10 common allergens in the US population: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 116:377-83
4. Arbes SJ Jr, Sever M, Archer J, Long EH, Gore JC, et al. 2003. Abatement of cockroach allergen (Bla g 1) in low-income, urban housing: a randomized controlled trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 112:339-45
5. Arbes SJ Jr, Sever M, Mehta J, Collette N, Thomas B, Zeldin DC. 2005. Exposure to indoor allergens in day-care facilities: results from two North Carolina counties. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 116:133-39
6. Arbes SJ Jr, Sever M, Mehta J, Gore JC, Schal C, et al. 2004. Abatement of cockroach allergens (Bla g 1 and Bla g 2) in low-income, urban housing: month 12 continuation results. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 113:109-14
7. Arlian LG. 2002. Arthropod allergens and human health. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47:395-433
8. Arruda LK. 2005. Cockroach allergens. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 5:411-16
9. Arruda LK, Vailes LD, Benjamin DC, Chapman MD. 1995. Molecular cloning of German cockroach (Blattella germanica) allergens. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 107:295-97
10. Arruda LK, Vailes LD, Ferriani VPL, Santos ABR, Pomes A, Chapman MD. 2001. Cockroach allergens and asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 107:419-28
11. Arruda LK, Vailes LD, Hayden ML, Benjamin DC, Chapman MD. 1995. Cloning of cockroach allergen, Bla g 4, identifies ligand binding proteins (or calycins) as a cause of IgE antibody responses. J. Biol. Chem. 270:31196-201
12. Arruda LK, Vailes LD, Mann BJ, Shannon J, Fox JW, et al. 1995. Molecular cloning of a major cockroach (Blattella germanica) allergen, Bla g 2. J. Biol. Chem. 270:19563-68
13. Arruda LK, Vailes LD, Platts-Mills TAE, Hayden ML, Chapman MD. 1997. Induction of IgE antibody responses by glutathione S-transferase from the German cockroach (Blattella germanica). J. Biol. Chem. 272:20907-12
14. Ascenzi P, Nardini M, Bolognesi M, Montfort WR. 2002. Nitrophorins: lipocalin-based heme proteins transporting nitric oxide. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Educ. 30:68-71
15. Asturias JA, Gomez-Bayon N, Arilla MC, Martinez A, Palacios R, et al. 1999. Molecular characterization of American cockroach tropomyosin (Periplaneta americana allergen 7), a cross-reactive allergen. J. Immunol. 162:4342-48
16. Bell WJ, Adiyodi KG, eds. 1981. The American Cockroach. New York: Chapman & Hall. 529 pp.
17. Bernton HS, Brown H. 1964. Insect allergy, preliminary studies of the cockroach. J. Allergy 35:506-13
18. Bernton HS, Brown H. 1967. Cockroach allergy. II. The relation of infestation to sensitization. South. Med. J. 60:852-55
19. Birbaum J, Orlando JP, Charpin D, Vervloet D. 1995. Cockroaches and mites share the same beds. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 96:561-62
20. Brenner RJ. 1995. Medical and economic significance. See Ref. 112a, pp. 77-92
21. Brenner RJ, Focks DA, Anderson MC, Horowitz E, Togias A, et al. 1999. Spatial environmental assessment and mitigation of German cockroach (Blattaria: Blattellidae) and allergens using polyclonal detection assays and precision targeting software. In Proc. Int. Conf. Urban Pests, 3rd, Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 189-94. Prague: Graficke Zavody Hronov
22. Call RS, Smith TF, Morris E, Chapman MD, Platts-Mills TAE. 1992. Risk factors for asthma in inner city children. J. Pediatr. 121:862-66
23. Carter MC, Perzanowski MS, Raymond A, Platts-Mills TAE. 2001. Home intervention in the treatment of asthma among inner-city children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 108:732-37
24. Chapman MD, Smith AM, Vailes LD, Arruda LK, Dhanaraj V, Pomes A. 2000. Recombinant allergens for diagnosis and therapy of allergic disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 106:409-18
25. Chapman MD, Vailes LD, Arruda LK, Melen E, Pomes A. 1998. Source characterization and molecular structure of cockroach allergens. Rev. Fr. Allergol. 38:842-45
26. Chen P, Eggleston PA. 2001. Allergenic proteins are fragmented in low concentrations of sodium hypochlorite. Clin. Exp. Allergy 31:1086-93
27. Chen PS. 1984. The functional morphology and biochemistry of insect male accessory glands and their secretions. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 29:233-55
28. Chew GL, Burge HA, Dockery DW, Muilenberg ML, Weiss ST, Gold DR. 1998. Limitations of a home characteristics questionnaire as a predictor of indoor allergen levels. Am. J. Respir. Crit. CareMed. 157:1536-41
29. Chew GL, Correa JC, Perzanowski MS. 2005. Mouse and cockroach allergens in the dust and air in northeastern United States inner-city public schools. Indoor Air 15:228-34
30. Chew GL, Higgins KM, Gold DR, Muilenberg ML, Burge HA. 1999. Monthly measurements of indoor allergens and the influence of housing type in a northeastern US city. Allergy 54:1058-66
31. Custovic A, Green R, Taggart SCO, Smith A, Pickering CAC, et al. 1996. Domestic allergens in public places II: dog (Can f 1) and cockroach (Bla g 2) allergens in dust and mite, cat, dog and cockroach allergens in the air in public buildings. Clin. Exp. Allergy 26:1246-52
32. de Blay F, Sanchez J, Hedelin G, Perez-Infante A, Verot A, et al. 1997. Dust and airborne exposure to allergens derived from cockroach (Blattella germanica) in low-cost public housing in Strasbourg (France). J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 99:107-12
33. DeLucca SD, Taylor DJM, O'Meara TJ, Jones AS, Tovey ER. 1999. Measurement and characterization of cockroach allergens detected during normal domestic activity. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 104:672-80
34. Demark JJ, Bennett GW. 1995. Adult German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) movement patterns and resource consumption in a laboratory arena. J. Med. Entomol. 32:241-48
35. Dey AN, Bloom B. 2005. Summary health statistics for U.S. children: National Health Interview Survey, 2003. Vital Health Stat. 10 223:1-87
36. 35a. Diraphat P, Sookrung N, Chaicumpa W, Pumhirun P, Vichyanond P, et al. 2003. Recombinant American cockroach component, Per a 1, reactive to IgE of allergic Thai patients. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 21:11-20
37. Eggleston PA, Arruda LK. 2001. Ecology and elimination of cockroaches and allergens in the home. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 107:8422-29
38. Eggleston PA, Butz A, Rand C, Curtin-Brosnan J, Kanchanaraksa S, et al. 2005. Home environmental intervention in inner-city asthma: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 95:518-24
39. Eggleston PA, Rosenstreich D, Lynn H, Gergen PJ, Baker D, et al. 1998. Relationship of indoor allergen exposure to skin test sensitivity in inner-city children with asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 102:563-70
40. Eggleston PA, Wood RA, Rand C, Nixon WJ, Chen PH, Lukk P. 1999. Removal of cockroach allergen from inner-city homes. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 104:842-46
41. Ehnert B, Lau-Schadendorf S, Weber A, Buettner P, Schou C, Wahn U. 1992. Reducing domestic exposure to house dust mite allergen reduces bronchial hyperreactivity in sensitive children with asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 90:135-38
42. Evans GW, Kantrowitz E. 2002. Socioeconomic status and health: the potential role of environmental risk exposure. Annu. Rev. Public Health 23:303-31
43. Evans R, Gergen PJ, Mitchell H, Kattan M, Kercsmar C, et al. 1999. A randomized clinical trial to reduce asthma morbidity among inner-city children: results of the National Cooperative Inner-City Asthma Study. J. Pediatr. 135:332-38
44. Fan Y, Gore JC, Redding KO, Vailes LD, Chapman MD, Schal C. 2005. Tissue localization and regulation by juvenile hormone of human allergen Bla g 4 from the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). Insect Mol. Biol. 14:45-53
45. Fan Y, Schal C, Vargo EL, Bagneres AG. 2004. Characterization of termite lipophorin and its involvement in hydrocarbon transport. J. Insect Physiol. 50:609-20
46. Flower DR, North ACT, Sansom CE. 2000. The lipocalin protein family: structural and sequence overview. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1482:9-24
47. Garcia DP, Corbett ML, Sublett JL, Pollard SJ, Meiners JF, et al. 1994. Cockroach allergy in Kentucky: a comparison of inner city, suburban, and rural small town populations. Ann. Allergy 72:203-8
48. Gelber LE, Seltzer LH, Bouzoukis JK, Pollart SM, Chapman MD, Platts-Mills TAE. 1993. Sensitization and exposure to indoor allergens as risk factors for asthma among patients presenting to hospital. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147:573-78
49. Gergen PJ, Mortimer KM, Eggleston PA, Rosenstreich D, Mitchell H, et al. 1999. Results of the National Cooperative Inner-City Asthma Study (NCICAS) environmental intervention to reduce cockroach allergen exposure in inner-city homes. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 103:501-6
50. Gillott C. 2003. Male accessory gland secretions: modulators of female reproductive physiology and behavior. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 48:163-84
51. Gore JC, Schal C. 2004. Gene expression and tissue distribution of the major human allergen Bla g 1 in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica L. (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). J. Med. Entomol. 41:953-60
52. Gore JC, Schal C. 2005. Expression, production and excretion of Bla g 1, a major human allergen, in relation to food intake in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica. Med. Vet. Entomol. 19:127-34
53. Gruchalla RS, Pongracic J, Flaut M, Evans R III, Visness CM, et al. 2005. Inner city asthma study: relationships among sensitivity, allergen exposure, and asthma morbidity. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 115:478-85
54. Gustchina A, Li M, Wunschmann S, Chapman MD, Pomes A, Wlodawer A. 2005. Crystal structure of cockroach allergen Bla g 2, an unusual zinc binding aspartic protease with a novel mode of self-inhibition. J. Mol. Biol. 348:433-44
55. Hamilton RG. 2005. Assessment of indoor allergen exposure. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 5:394-401
56. Hamilton RL, Schal C. 1988. Effects of dietary protein levels on reproduction and food consumption in the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 81:969-76
57. Happ GM. 1984. Structure and development of male accessory glands in insects. In Insect Ultrastructure, ed. RC King, H Akai, 2:365-95. New York: Plenum
58. Helm R, Cockrell G, Stanley JS, Brenner RJ, Burks W, Bannon GA. 1996. Isolation and characterization of a clone encoding a major allergen (Bla g Bd90K) involved in IgE-mediated cockroach hypersensitivity. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 98:172-80
59. Helm RM, Burks W, Williams LW, Milne DE, Brenner RJ. 1993. Identification of cockroach aeroallergens from living cultures of German or American cockroaches. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 101:359-63
60. Hindley J, Wünschmann S, Satinover SM, Woodfolk JA, Chew FT, et al. 2006. Bla g 6: a troponin C allergen from Blattella germanica with IgE binding calcium dependence. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 117:1389-95
61. Hirsch T, Stappenbeck C, Neumeister V, Weiland SK, Mutius EV, et al. 2000. Exposure and allergic sensitization to cockroach allergen in East Germany. Clin. Exp. Allergy 30:529-37
62. Hong CS, Yun YY, Ko SH, Kim CW, Park JW, Ree HI. 2000. Comparison of allergenic components between German cockroach whole body and fecal extracts. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 105:S324
63. Huss K, Adkinson NF, Eggleston PA, Dawson C, Van Natta ML, Hamilton RG. 2001. House dust mite and cockroach exposure are strong risk factors for positive allergy skin test responses in the Childhood Asthma Management Program. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 107:48-54
64. Institute of Medicine. 2000. Clearing The Air: Asthma and Indoor Air Exposures. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press. 438 pp.
65. I.U.I.S. Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee. 2006. The official 'List of Allergens'. http://www.allergen.org/
66. Jeong KY, Hwang H, Lee J, Lee IY, Kim DS, et al. 2004. Allergenic characterization of tropomyosin from the dusky brown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 11:680-85
67. Jeong KY, Lee J, Lee IY, Ree HI, Hong CS, Yong TS. 2003. Allergenicity of recombinant Bla g 7, German cockroach tropomyosin. Allergy 58:1059-63
68. Kang B. 1976. Study on cockroach antigen as a probable causative agent in bronchial asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 58:357-65
69. Kang B, Vellody D, Homburger H, Yunginger JW. 1979. Cockroach cause of allergic asthma: its specificity and immunologic profile. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 63:80-86
70. Karlsson AS, Renström A, Hedrén M, Larsson K. 2002. Comparison of four allergen-sampling methods in conventional and allergy prevention classrooms. Clin. Exp. Allergy 32:1776-81
71. King TP, Hoffman D, Lowenstein H, Marsh DG, Platts-Mills TAE, Thomas W. 1994. Allergen nomenclature. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 105:224-33
72. Kitch BT, Chew GL, Burge HA, Muilenberg ML, Weiss ST, et al. 2000. Socioeconomic predictors of high allergen levels in homes in the Greater Boston area. Environ. Health Perspect. 108:301-7
73. Koehler PG, Patterson RS, Brewer RJR. 1987. German cockroach infestations in low income apartments. J. Econ. Entomol. 80:446-50
74. Koehler PG, Patterson RS, Owens JM. 1995. Chemical systems approach to German cockroach control. See Ref. 112a, pp. 287-324
75. Kongpanichkul A, Vichyanond P, Tuchinda M. 1997. Allergen skin test reactivities among asthmatic Thai children. J. Med. Assoc. Thailand 80:69-75
76. Kopanic RJ, Sheldon BW, Wright CG. 1994. Cockroaches as vectors of Salmonella: laboratory and field trials. J. Food Prot. 57:125-32
77. Korchi A, Brossut R, Bouhin H, Delachambre J. 1999. cDNA cloning of an adult male putative lipocalin specific to tergal gland aphrodisiac secretion in an insect (Leucophaea maderae). FEBS Lett. 449:125-28
78. Krieger JW, Song L, Takaro TK, Stout J. 2000. Asthma and the home environment of low-income urban children: preliminary findings from the Seattle-King County Healthy Homes Project. J. Urban Health 77:50-67
79. Lan JL, Lee DT, Wu CH, Chang CP, Yeh CL. 1988. Cockroach hypersensitivity: preliminary study of allergic cockroach asthma in Taiwan. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 82:736-40
80. Leaderer BP, Belanger K, Triche E, Holford T, Gold DR, et al. 2002. Dust mite, cockroach, cat, and dog allergen concentrations in homes of asthmatic children in the Northeastern United States: impact of socioeconomic factors and population density. Environ. Health Perspect. 110:419-25
81. Lee HJ, Wu YL. 1994. Mating effects on the feeding and locomotion of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica. Physiol. Entomol. 19:39-45
82. Lester LA, Rich SS, Blumenthal MN, Togias A, Murphy S, et al. 2001. Ethnic differences in asthma and associated phenotypes: collaborative study on the genetics of asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 108:357-62
83. Liccardi G, Custovic A, Cazzola M, Russo M, D'Amato M, D'Amato G. 2001. Avoidance of allergens and air pollutants in respiratory allergy. Allergy 56:705-22
84. Lodrup Carlsen KC, Carlsen KH, Buchmann MS, Wikstrom J, Mehl R. 2002. Cockroach sensitivity in Norway: a previously unidentified problem? Allergy 57:529-33
85. Mansour M, Lanphear B, Hornung R, Khoury J, Bernstein D, et al. 2001. A side-by-side comparison of sampling methods for settled, indoor allergens. Environ. Res. 87:37-46
86. Mantyjarvi R, Rautiainen J, Virtanen T. 2000. Lipocalins as allergens. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1482:308-17
87. 85a. Marketos SG, Ballas CN. 1982. Bronchial asthma in the medical literature of Greek antiquity. J. Asthma 19:263-69
88. Matsui EC, Wood RA, Rand C, Kanchanaraksa S, Swartz L, et al. 2003. Cockroach allergen exposure and sensitization in suburban middle-class children with asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 112:87-92
89. McArthur B. 1992. Dermal measurement and wipe sampling methods: a review. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 7:599-606
90. McConnell R, Jones C, Milam J, Gonzalez P, Berhane K, et al. 2003. Cockroach counts and house dust allergen concentrations after professional cockroach control and cleaning. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 91:546-52
91. Melen E, Pomes A, Vailes LD, Arruda LK, Chapman MD. 1999. Molecular cloning of Per a 1 and definition of the cross-reactive Group 1 cockroach allergens. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 103:859-64
92. Mollet JA, Vailes LD, Avner DB, Perzanowski MS, Arruda LK, et al. 1997. Evaluation of German cockroach (Orthoptera: Blatellidae) allergen and seasonal variation in low-income housing. J. Med. Entomol. 34:307-11
93. Morgan WJ, Crain EF, Gruchalla RS, O'Connor GT, Kattan M, et al. 2004. Results of a home-based environmental intervention among urban children with asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 351:1068-80
94. Morlais I, Mori A, Schneider JR, Severson DW. 2003. A targeted approach to the identification of candidate genes determining susceptibility to Plasmodium gallincaeum in Aedes aegypti. Mol. Genet. Genomics 269:753-64
95. Mullins DE, Keil CB. 1980. Paternal investment of urates in cockroaches. Nature 283:567-69
96. Musmand JJ, Horner WE, Lopez M, Lehrer SB. 1995. Identification of important allergens in German cockroach extracts by sodium dodecylsulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 95:877-85
97. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 2003. NAEPP Expert Panel Report: guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma: update on selected topics, 2002. NIH, Publ. No. 02-5074
98. Osorio S, Piulachs MD, Belles X. 1998. Feeding and activation of corpora allata in the cockroach Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera, Blattellidae). J. Insect Physiol. 44:31-38
99. Owens JM. 1995. Detection and monitoring. See Ref. 112a, pp. 93-108
100. 97a. Pan QR, Wang SM, Shang HS, Chew FT. 2006. Identification and characterization of Per a 2, the Bla g 2 allergen homologue from American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 117:S115
101. Peruzzi M, de Luca M, Novembre E, de Martino M, Vierucci A. 1999. Incidence of cockroach allergy in atopic Italian children. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 83:167-71
102. Piulachs MD, Maestro JL, Belles X. 1992. Juvenile hormone production and accessory reproductive gland development during sexual maturation of male Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera, Blattellidae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 102A:477-80
103. Plato-Mills TAE, Wheatley LM, Aalberse RC. 1998. Indoor versus outdoor allergens in allergic respiratory disease. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 10:634-39
104. Pollart SM, Mullins DE, Vailes LD, Hayden ML, Platts-Mills TAE, et al. 1991. Identification, quantitation, and purification of cockroach allergens using monoclonal antibodies. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 87:511-21
105. Pollart SM, Smith TF, Morris EC, Gelber LE, Platts-Mills TAE, Chapman MD. 1991. Environmental exposure to cockroach allergens: analysis with monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassays. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 87:505-10
106. Pomes A. 2002. Intrinsic properties of allergens and environmental exposure as determinants of allergenicity. Allergy 57:673-79
107. Pomes A, Chap man MD, Vailes LD, Blundell TL, Dhanaraj V. 2002. Cockroach allergen Bla g 2: structure, function, and implications for allergic sensitization. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 165:391-97
108. Pomes A, Melen E, Vailes LD, Retief JD, Arruda LK, Chapman MD. 1998. Novel allergen structures and tandem amino acid repeats derived from German and American cockroach. J. Biol. Chem. 273:30801-7
109. Pomes A, Vailes LD, Helm RM, Chapman MD. 2002. IgE reactivity of tandem repeats derived from cockroach allergen, Bla g 1. Eur. J. Biochem. 269:3086-92
110. Pumhirun P, Towiwat P, Mahakit P. 1997. Aeroallergen sensitivity of Thai patients with allergic rhinitis. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 15:183-85
111. Rauh VA, Chew GL, Garfinkel RS. 2002. Deteriorated housing contributes to high cockroach allergen levels in inner-city households. Environ. Health Perspect. 110:232-327
112. Reese G, Ayuso R, Lehrer SB. 1999. Tropomyosin: an invertebrate pan-allergen. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 119:247-58
113. Richman PG, Khan HA, Turkeltaub PC, Malveaux FJ, Baer H. 1984. The important sources of German cockroach allergens as determined by RAST analyses. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 73:590-95
114. Rosenstreich DL, Eggleston P, Kattan M, Baker D, Slavin RG, et al. 1997. The role of cockroach allergy and exposure to cockroach allergen in causing morbidity among inner-city children with asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 336:1356-63
115. Roth LM. 1967. Uricose glands in the accessory sex gland complex of male Blattaria. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 60:1203-11
116. 112a. Rust MK, Owens JM, Reierson DA, eds. 1995. Understanding and Controlling the German Cockroach. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
117. Sakaguchi M, Inouye S, Miyazawa H, Okabe T, Yasueda H, et al. 1994. Sensitization to cockroach allergens of asthma patients in Japan. Arerugi 43:1309-15
118. Sam CK, Soon SC, Liam CK, Padmaja K, Cheng HM. 1998. An investigation of aeroallergens affecting urban Malaysian asthmatics. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 16:17-20
119. Sanchez D, Ganfornina MD, Torres-Schumann S, Speese SD, Lora JM, Bastiani MJ. 2000. Characterization of two novel lipocalins expressed in the Drosophila embryonic nervous system. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 44:349-59
120. Santos ABR, Chapman MD, Aalberse RC, Vailes LD, Ferriani VPL, et al. 1999. Cockroach allergens and asthma in Brazil: identification of tropomyosin as a major allergen with potential cross-reactivity with mite and shrimp allergens. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 104:329-37
121. Sarpong SB, Hamilton RG, Eggleston PA, Adkinson NF. 1996. Socioeconomic status and race as risk factors for cockroach allergen exposure and sensitization in children with asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 97:1393-401
122. Sarpong SB, Han Y. 1999. Seasonality of cockroach allergen levels in inner city homes. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 103:528
123. Sarpong SB, Wood RA, Eggleston PA. 1996. Short-term effects of extermination and cleaning on cockroach allergen Bla g 2 in settled dust. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 76:257-60
124. Sarpong SB, Wood RA, Karrison T, Eggleston PA. 1997. Cockroach allergen (Bla g 1) in school dust. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 99:486-92
125. Sastre J, Ibanez MD, Lombardero M, Laso MT, Lehrer S. 1996. Allergy to cockroaches in patients with asthma and rhinitis in an urban area (Madrid). Allergy 51:582-86
126. Satinover SM, Reefer AJ, Pomes A, Chapman MD, Platts-Mills TAE, Woodfolk JA. 2005. Specific IgE and IgG antibody-binding patterns to recombinant cockroach allergens. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 115:803-9
127. Schal C. 1988. Relation among efficacy of insecticides, resistance levels, and sanitation in the control of the German cockroach (Dictyoptera, Blattellidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 81:536-44
128. Schal C, Gu X, Burns EL, Blomquist GJ. 1994. Patterns of biosynthesis and accumulation of hydrocarbons and contact sex pheromone in the female German cockroach, Blattella germanica. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 25:375-91
129. Schal C, Hamilton RL. 1990. Integrated suppression of synanthropic cockroaches. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 35:521-51
130. Schou C, Fernandez-Caldas E, Lockey RF, Lowenstein H. 1991. Environmental assay for cockroach allergens. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 87:828-34
131. Schou C, Lind P, Fernandez-Caldas E, Lockey RF, Lowenstein H. 1990. Identification and purification of an important cross-reactive allergen from American (Periplaneta americana) and German (Blattella germanica) cockroach. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 86:935-46
132. Sevala V, Shu SQ, Ramaswamy SB, Schal C. 1999. Lipophorin of female Blattella germanica (L.): characterization and relation to hemolymph titers of juvenile hormone and hydrocarbons. J. Insect Physiol. 45:431-41
133. Sever M, Arbes SJ Jr, Gore JC, Santangelo RG, Vaughn B, et al. 2006. Cockroach allergen reduction by extermination alone in low-income, urban homes: a randomized control trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 117:527
134. Shao L, Devenport M, Fujioka H, Ghosh A, Jacobs-Lorena M. 2005. Identification and characterization of a novel peritrophic matrix protein, Ae-Aper50, and the microvillar membrane protein, AEG12, from the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 35:947-59
135. Smith AM, Pomes A, Chapman MD. 2000. Molecular biology of indoor allergens. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 18:265-83
136. 131a. Sookrung N, Chaicumpa W, Tungtrongchitr A, Vichyanond P, Bunnag C, et al. 2006. Periplaneta americana arginine kinase as a major cockroach allergen among Thai patients with major cockroach allergies. Environ. Health Perspect. 114:875-80
137. Sporik R, Squillace SP, Ingram JM, Rakes G, Honsinger RW, Platts-Mills TAE. 1999. Mite, cat and cockroach exposure, allergen sensitization, and asthma in children: a case-control study of three schools. Thorax 54:675-80
138. Stelmach I, Jerzynska J, Stelmach W, Majak P, Chew G, et al. 2002. Cockroach allergy and exposure to cockroach allergen in Polish children with asthma. Allergy 57:701-5
139. Stevenson LA, Gergen PJ, Hoover DR, Rosenstreich D, Mannina DM, Matte TD. 2001. Sociodemographic correlates of indoor allergen sensitivity among United States children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 108:747-52
140. Togias A, Horowitz E, Joyner D, Guydon L, Malveaux F. 1997. Evaluating the factors that relate to asthma severity in adolescents. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 113:87-95
141. Tortolero SR, Bartholomew LK, Tyrrell S, Abramson SL, Sockrider MM, et al. 2002. Environmental allergens and irritants in schools: a focus on asthma. J. Sch. Health 72:33-38
142. Tranter DC. 2005. Indoor allergens in settled school dust: a review of findings and significant factors. Clin. Exp. Allergy 35:126-36
143. Valles SM. 1998. Toxicological and biochemical studies with field populations of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 62:190-200
144. Valles SM, Koehler PG, Brenner RJ. 1999. Comparative insecticide susceptibility and detoxification enzyme activities among pestiferous Blattodea. Comp. Biochem. Phys. C 124:227-32
145. Vilaplana L, Piulachs MD, Belles X. 1996. Inhibition of juvenile hormone during the formation of the spermatophore in Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera, Blattellidae). Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 32:559-66
146. Vilaplana L, Piulachs MD, Belles X. 1996. The conglobate gland of Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera, Blattellidae): maturation, juvenile hormone dependency and changes during spermatophore formation. Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. 29:167-72
147. Wang NM, Lee MF, Wu CH. 1999. Immunologic characterization of a recombinant American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) Per a 1 (CR-PII) allergen. Allergy 54:119-27
148. Weiss KB, Sullivan SD. 2001. The health economics of asthma and rhinitis. I. Assessing the economic impact. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 107:3-8
149. Williams LW, Reinfried P, Brenner RJ. 1999. Cockroach extermination does not rapidly reduce allergen in settled dust. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 104:702-3
150. Williford A, Stay B, Bhattacharya D. 2004. Evolution of a novel function: nutritive milk in the viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata. Evol. Dev. 6:67-77
151. Wilson NW, Robinson NP, Hogan MB. 1999. Cockroach and other inhalant allergies in infantile asthma. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 83:27-30
152. Witteman AM, Akkerdaas JH, Van Leeuwen J, van der Zee JS, Aalberse RC. 1994. Identification of a cross-reactive allergen (presumably tropomyosin) in shrimp, mites, and insects. Int. Arch. Allergy Affl. Immunol. 105:56-61
153. Wood RA, Eggleston PA, Rand C, Nixon WJ, Kanchanaraksa S. 2001. Cockroach allergen abatement with extermination and sodium hypochlorite cleaning in inner-city homes. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 87:60-64
154. Wu CH, Hsieh MJ, Huang JH, Luo SF. 1998. Cloning of the American cockroach Cr-PII allergens: evidence for the existence of cross-reactive allergens between species. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 101:832-40
155. Wu CH, Lan JL. 1988. Cockroach hypersensitivity: isolation and partial purification of major allergens. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 82:727-35
156. Wu CH, Lee MF, Liao SC, Luo SF. 1996. Sequencing analysis of cDNA clones encoding the American cockroach Cr-PI allergens. J. Biol. Chem. 271:17937-43
157. Wu CH, Lee MF, Tseng CY. 2003. IgE-binding epitopes of the American cockroach Per a 3 allergen. Allergy 58:986-92
158. Wu CH, Lee MF, Wang NM, Luo SF. 1997. Sequencing and immunological characterization of the American cockroach Per a 3 (Cr-PI) isoallergenic variants. Mol. Immunol. 34:1-8
159. Wu CH, Lee MF, Yang JS, Tseng CY. 2002. IgE-binding epitopes of the American cockroach Per a 1 allergen. Mol. Immunol. 1190:1-6
160. Wunschmann S, Gustchina A, Chapman MD, Pomes A. 2005. Cockroach allergen Bla g 2: an unusual aspartic proteinase. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 116:140-45
161. Yu SJ, Huang SW. 2000. Purification and characterization of glutathione S-transferases from the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 67:36-45
162. Zhang YC, Perzanowski MS, Chew GL. 2005. Sub-lethal exposure of cockroaches to boric acid pesticide contributes to increased Bla g 2 excretion. Allergy 60:965-68
163. Zurek L, Schal C. 2004. Evaluation of the German cockroach (Blattella germanica) as a vector for verotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18 in confined swine production. Vet. Microbiol. 101:263-67
164. Zwick H, Popp W, Sertl K, Rauscher H, Wanke T. 1991. Allergenic structures in cockroach hypersensitivity. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 87:626-30