Non-invasive diagnosis of cirrhosis and the natural history of its complications

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Gastroenterology

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 3-18

  de Franchis, Roberto ^a   Dell'Era, Alessandra ^b  

^a FONDAZIONE IRCCS CA GRANDA OSPEDALE MAGGIORE POLICLINICO   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

Author keywords

abdominal ultrasound; ascites; fibroscan; oesophageal varices; serum markers; variceal bleeding

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ALPHA 2 MACROGLOBULIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN A; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; BILIRUBIN; CHOLESTEROL; COLLAGEN TYPE 4; COLLAGEN TYPE 6; GAMMA GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE; HAPTOGLOBIN; HYALURONIC ACID; INSULIN; LAMIN; PROCOLLAGEN TYPE 3 AMINOPROPEPTIDE; TENASCIN; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE 1;

ARTICLE; ASCITES; BLOOD ANALYSIS; CHRONIC HEPATITIS; DEATH; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE COURSE; ECHOGRAPHY; ELASTOGRAPHY; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; ESOPHAGUS VARICES; ESOPHAGUS VARICES BLEEDING; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FIBROSIS; MORTALITY; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERCUTANEOUS BIOPSY; PREDICTION; PROGNOSIS; RELIABILITY; REPRODUCIBILITY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; THROMBOCYTE COUNT; ULTRASOUND TRANSDUCER;

ASCITES; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; ELASTICITY; ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HUMANS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; ULTRASONOGRAPHY;

EID: 33846232778     PISSN: 15216918     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2006.07.001     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Regev A., Berho M., Jeffers L.J., et al. Sampling error and interobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection. Am J Gastroenterol 97 (2002) 2614-2618
2. Bedossa P., Dargere D., and Paradis V. Sampling variability of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 38 (2003) 1449-1457
3. Gaiani S., Gramantieri L., Venturoli N., et al. What is the criterion for differentiating chronic hepatitis from compensated cirrhosis? A prospective study comparing ultrasonography and percutaneous liver biopsy. J Hepatol 27 (1997) 979-985
4. Sheth S.G., Flamm S.L., Gordon F.D., et al. AST/ALT ratio predicts cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol 93 (1998) 44-48
5. Forns X., Ampurdanes S., Llover J.M., et al. Identification of chronic hepatitis C patients without hepatic fibrosis by a simple predictive model. Hepatology 36 (2002) 986-992
6. Way C.T., Greenson J.K., Fontana R.J., et al. A simple non-invasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 38 (2003) 518-526
7. Teare J.P., Sherman D., Greenffield S.M., et al. Comparison of serum procollagen III peptide concentrations and PGA index for assessment of hepatic fibrosis. Lancet 342 (1993) 895-898
8. Imbert-Bismut F., Ratziu V., Pieroni L., et al. Biochemical markers of liver fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C virus infection: a prospective study. Lancet 357 (2001) 1069-1075
9. Patel K., Gordon S.C., Jacobson I., et al. Evaluation of a panel of non-invasive serum markers to differentiate mild from moderate-to-advanced liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients. J Hepatol 41 (2004) 935-942
10. Sud A., Hui J.M., Farrel G.C., et al. Improved prediction of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C using measures of insulin resistance in a probability index. Hepatology 39 (2004) 1239-1247
11. Rosenberg W.M., Voelker M., Thiel R., et al. Serum markers detect the presence of liver fibrosis: a cohort study. Gastroenterology 127 (2004) 1704-1713
12. Parkes J., Guha I.N., Roderick P., et al. Performance of serum marker panels for liver fibrosis in hepatitis C. J Hepatol 44 (2006) 462-474
13. Sebastiani G., Vario A., Guido M., et al. Stepwise combination algorithms of non-invasive markers to diagnose significant fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 44 (2006) 686-693
14. Wells R.G. The role of matrix stiffness in hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 39 (2005) S158-S161
15. Sandrin L., Fourquet B., Hasquenoph J.M., et al. Transient elastography: a new non-invasive method for assessment of hepatic fibrosis. Ultrasound Med Biol 29 (2003) 1705-1713
16. Ziol M., Handra-Luca A., Kettaneh A., et al. Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis by measurement of stiffness in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 41 (2005) 48-54
17. Castéra L., Vergniol J., Foucher J., et al. Prospective comparison of transient elastography, Fibrotest, APRI and liver biopsy for the assessment of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 128 (2005) 343-350
18. Foucher J., Chanteloup E., Vergniol J., et al. Diagnosis of cirrhosis by transient elastography (Fibroscan): a prospective study. Gut 55 (2006) 403-408
19. de Franchis R. Evolving consensus in portal hypertension. Report of the Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 43 (2005) 167-176
20. D'Amico G., Garcia-Tsao G., and Pagliaro L. Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studies. J Hepatol 44 (2006) 217-231
21. Colombo M., de Franchis R., Del Ninno E., et al. Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Italian Patients with Cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 325 (1991) 675-680
22. Sangiovanni A., Del Ninno E., Fasani P., et al. Increased survival of cirrhotic patients with a hepatocellular carcinoma detected during surveillance. Gastroenterology 126 (2004) 1005-1014
23. D'Amico G., Morabito A., Pagliaro L., et al. Survival and prognostic indicators in compensated and decompensated cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 31 (1986) 468-475
24. D'Amico G., Pasta L., Madonia S., et al. The incidence of esophageal varices in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 120 (2001) A2 [abstract]
25. Christensen E., Fauerholdt L., Schlichting P., et al. Aspects of natural history of gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis and the effect of prednisone. Gastroenterology 81 (1981) 944-952
26. D'Amico G., and Luca A. Natural history. Clinical-haemodynamic correlations. Prediction of the risk of bleeding. Bailliere's Clinical Gastroenterology 11 (1997) 243-256
27. D'Amico G., Pagliaro L., and Bosch J. Pharmacologic treatment of portal hypertension: an evidence-based approach. Sem Liver Dis 19 (1999) 475-505
28. North-Italian Endoscopic Club for the study and treatment of esophageal varices. Prediction of the first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices. N Engl J Med 319 (1988) 983-989
29. Calès P., Desmorat H., Vinel J.P., et al. Incidence of large oesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis: application to prophylaxis of first bleeding. Gut 31 (1990) 1298-1302
30. Pagliaro L., D'Amico G., Pasta L., et al. Portal hypertension in cirrhosis: natural history. In: Bosch J., and Groszmann R.J. (Eds). Portal hypertension, pathophysiology and treatment (1994), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 79-92
31. Gentilini P., Laffi G., La Villa G., et al. Long course and prognostic factors of virus-induced cirrhosis of the liver. Am J Gastroenterol 92 (1997) 66-72
32. Primignani M., Albè R., Preatoni P., et al. 'De novo' development of esophageal varices in patients with a recent histologic diagnosis of liver cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 114 (1998) A1324 [Abstract]
33. Merli M., Nicolini G., Angeloni S., et al. Incidence and natural history of small oesophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol 38 (2003) 266-272
34. Groszmann R.J., Garcia-Tsao G., Bosch J., et al. Beta-blockers to prevent gastroesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 353 (2005) 2254-2261
35. Calès P., Oberti F., Payen J.L., et al. Lack of effect of propranolol in the prevention of large esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 11 (1999) 741-745
36. Zoli M., Merkel C., Magalotti D., et al. Natural history of cirrhotic patients with small esophageal varices: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 95 (2000) 503-508
37. Merkel C., Angeli P., Marin R., et al. A Placebo-controlled clinical trial in the prophylaxis of growth of esophageal varices in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 127 (2004) 476-484
38. Vorobioff J., Groszmann R.J., Picabea E., et al. Prognostic value of hepatic venous pressure gradient measurement in alcoholic cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 111 (1996) 701-709
39. Ginès P., Fernandez-Esparrach G., Arroyo V., et al. Pathogenesis of ascites in cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 17 (1997) 175-189
40. Castells A., Salo J., Planas R., et al. Impact of shunt surgery for variceal bleeding in the natural history of ascites in cirrhosis: a retrospective study. Hepatology 20 (1994) 584-591
41. Ginés P., Quintero E., Arroyo V., et al. Compensated cirrhosis: natural history and prognostic factors. Hepatology 7 (1987) 122-128
42. Benvegnù L., Gios M., Boccato S., et al. Natural history of compensated viral cirrhosis: a prospective study on the incidence and hierarchy of major complications. Gut 53 (2004) 744-749
43. Kleber G., Sauerbruch T., Ansari H., et al. Prediction of variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis: a prospective follow-up study. Gastroenterology 100 (1991) 1331-1337
44. Siringo S., Bolondi L., Gaiani S., et al. Timing of the first variceal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients: prospective evaluation of Doppler flowmetry, endoscopy and clinical parameters. Hepatology 20 (1994) 66-73
45. Snady H., and Feinman L. Prediction of variceal hemorrhage: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 83 (1988) 519
46. Zoli M., Merkel C., Magalotti D., et al. Evaluation of a new endoscopic index to predict first bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 24 (1996) 1047-1052
47. Rigo G.P., Merighi A., Chahin N.J., et al. A prospective study of the ability of three endoscopic classifications to predict hemorrhage from esophageal varices. Gastrointest Endosc 38 (1992) 425-429
48. Prada A., Bortoli A., Minoli G., et al. Prediction of esophageal variceal bleeding. Evaluation of the Beppu and North Italian Endoscopic Club scores by an independent group. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 6 (1994) 1009-1013
49. Merkel C., Zoli M., Siringo S., et al. Prognostic indicators of risk for first variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: a multicenter study in 711 patients to validate and improve the North Italian Endoscopic Club (NIEC) index. Am J Gastroenterol 95 (2000) 2915-2920
50. Groszmann R., Bosch J., Grace N., et al. Hemodynamic events in a prospective randomized trial of propranolol versus placebo in the prevention of a first variceal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 99 (1991) 1401
51. Merkel C., Bolognesi M., Bellon S., et al. Prognostic usefulness of hepatic vein catheterization in patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices. Gastroenterology 102 (1992) 973-979
52. Feu F., Garcia-Pagan J., Bosch J., et al. Relation between portal pressure response to pharmacotherapy and risk of recurrent variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. Lancet 346 (1995) 1056-1059
53. Nevens F., Sprengers D., Feu F., et al. Measurement of variceal pressure with an endoscopic pressure sensitive gauge: validation and effect of propranolol therapy in chronic conditions. J Hepatol 24 (1996) 66-73
54. Miller L., Schiano T., Adrian A., et al. Comparison of high-resolution endoluminal sonography to videoendoscopy in the detection and evaluation of esophageal varices. Hepatology 24 (1996) 552-555
55. D'Amico G., and de Franchis R. Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis. Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators. Hepatology 38 (2003) 599-612
56. de Franchis R., and Primignani M. Natural history of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Liver Dis 5 (2001) 645-663
57. Graham D., and Smith J.L. The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 80 (1981) 800-806
58. Burroughs A.K., Mezzanotte G., Phillips A., et al. Cirrhotics with variceal haemorrhage: the importance of the time interval between admission and the start of analysis for survival and rebleeding rates. Hepatology 9 (1989) 801-807
59. Heresbach D., Bretagne J.F., Raoul J.L., et al. Pronostic et facteurs pronostiques de l'hémorragie par rupture de varices chez le cirrotique à l'ère de la sclerose endoscopique. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 15 (1991) 838-844
60. Monescillo A., Martinez-Lagares F., Ruiz-del-Arbol L., et al. Influence of portal hypertension and its early decompression by TIPS placement on the outcome of variceal bleeding. Hepatology 40 (2004) 793-801
61. Bernard B., Nguyen K.E., Nguyen K., et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis (AbP) for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding (GB): A meta-analysis. Hepatology 29 (1999) 1655-1661
62. Ben-Ari Z., Cardin F., McCormick P.A., et al. A predictive model for failure to control bleeding during acute variceal haemorrhage. J Hepatol 31 (1999) 443-450
63. Gatta A., Merkel C., Amodio P., et al. Development and validation of a prognostic index predicting death after upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 89 (1994) 1528-1536
64. de Franchis R., Pascal J.P., Ancona E., et al. Definitions, methodology and therapeutic strategies in portal hypertension. A consensus development workshop. Baveno, Lake Maggiore, Italy, April 5 and 6, 1990. J Hepatol 15 (1992) 256-261
65. Sørensen T.I.A. Definition of death in relation to variceal bleeding. In: Burroughs A.K. (Ed). Methodology and review of clinical randomized controlled trials in portal hypertension (1987), Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 31-35
66. Pagliaro L., D'Amico G., Pasta L., et al. Efficacy and efficiency of treatments in portal hypertension. In: de Franchis R. (Ed). Portal hypertension II - Proceedings of the second Baveno international consensus workshop on definitions, methodology and therapeutic strategies (1996), Blackwell Science, Oxford 159-179
67. Chalasani N., Kahi C., Francois F., et al. Improved patient survival after acute variceal bleeding: a multicenter, cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 98 (2003) 653-659
68. Carbonell N., Pauwels A., Serfaty L., et al. Improved survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis over the past two decades. Hepatology 40 (2004) 652-659
69. Di Fiore F., Lecleire S., Merle V., et al. Changes in characteristics and outcome of acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage: a comparison of epidemiology and practices between 1996 and 2000 in a multicentre French study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17 (2005) 641-647
70. de Franchis R. Developing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 25 (1996) 390-394