Initial management of glycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 347, Issue 17, 2002, Pages 1342-1349

  Nathan, David M ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACARBOSE; GLIBENCLAMIDE; GLIPIZIDE; INSULIN; METFORMIN; MIGLITOL; NATEGLINIDE; ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; PIOGLITAZONE; REPAGLINIDE; ROSIGLITAZONE; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT;

BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIET RESTRICTION; DIET THERAPY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DOSE RESPONSE; EDEMA; FLATULENCE; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN TREATMENT; LACTIC ACIDOSIS; LIFESTYLE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TREATMENT PLANNING; WEIGHT GAIN; CASE REPORT; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG COMBINATION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 0037167920     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp021106     Document Type: Review

References (59)

1. Harris MI, Flegal KM, Cowie CC, et al. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults. Diabetes Care 1998;21:518-24.
2. Diabetes in America. 2nd Ed. Washington, D.C.: National Diabetes Data Group, 1995:613-702. (NIH publication no. 95-1468.)
3. Lindgren CM, Hirschhorn JN. The genetics of type 2 diabetes. Endocrinologist 2001;11:178-87
4. Sinha R, Fisch G, Teague B, et al. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity. N Engl J Med 2002;346:802-10.
5. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1183-97.
6. Nathan DM. Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993;328:676-85.
7. Harris MI, Klein R, Welborn TA, Knuiman MW. Onset of NIDDM occurs at least 4-7 yr before clinical diagnosis. Diabetes Care 1992;15:815-9.
8. Complications in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients and their association with different clinical and biochemical risk factors. Diabetes Res 1990;13:1-11.
9. The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbAlc) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes 1995;44:968-83.
10. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): Prospective observational study. BMJ 2000;321:405-12.
11. Nathan DM, McKitrick C, Larkin M, Schaffran R, Singer DE. Glycemic control in diabetes mellitus: Have changes in therapy made a difference? Am J Med 1996;100:157-63.
12. Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: The Framingham Study. JAMA 1979;241:2035-8.
13. Panzram G. Mortality and survival in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1987;30:123-31.
14. Coutinho M, Gerstein HC, Wang Y, Yusuf S. The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events: A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. Diabetes Care 1999;22:233-40.
15. Nathan DM, Meigs J, Singer DE. The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: How sweet it is . . . or is it? Lancet 1997;350:Suppl 1:SI4-SI9.
16. Rubin RJ, Altman WM, Mendelson DN. Health care expenditures for people with diabetes mellitus, 1992. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:809A-809F.
17. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993;329:978-86.
18. Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995;28:103-17.
19. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;352:837-53.
20. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 1998;352:854-65.
21. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2002;25:Suppl 1:S33-S49.
22. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:2413-46.
23. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2486-97.
24. Management of dyslipidemia in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25:Suppl 1:S74-S77.
25. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998;317:703-13.
26. Goldberg KB, Mellies MJ, Sacks FM, et al. Cardiovascular events and their reduction with pravastatin in diabetic and glucose-intolerant myocardial infarction survivors with average cholesterol levels: Subgroup analyses in the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial. Circulation 1998;98:2513-9.
27. Pyorala K, Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, Faergeman O, Olsson AG, Thorgeirsson G. Cholesterol lowering with simvastatin improves prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary heart disease: A subgroup analysis of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Diabetes Care 1997;20:614-20.
28. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. N Engl J Med 1999;341:410-8.
29. Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998;339:229-34.
30. Arauz-Pacheco C, Parrott MA, Raskin P. The treatment of hypertension in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25:134-47.
31. Haffner SM. Management of dyslipidemia in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21:160-78.
32. U.K, Prospective Diabetes Study 16. Overview of 6 years' therapy of type II diabetes: A progressive disease. Diabetes 1995;44:1249-58.
33. Nathan DM. Insulin treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. In: Porte D, Sherwin R, eds. Ellenberg and Rifkin's Diabetes Mellitus. 6th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002:515-22.
34. Ilkova H, Glaser B, Tunckale A, Bagriacik N, Cerasi E. Induction of long-term glycemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients by transient intensive insulin treatment. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1353-6.
35. Hadden DR, Montgomery DAD, Skelly RJ, et al. Maturity onset diabetes mellitus: Response to intensive dietary management. Br Med J 1975;3:276-8.
36. Pories WJ, Swanson MS, MacDonald KG, et al. Who would have thought it? An operation proves to be the most effective therapy for adult-onset diabetes mellitus. Ann Surg 1995;222:339-52.
37. Bailey CJ. Biguanides and NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1992;15:755-72.
38. Groop L. Sulfonylureas in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1992;15:737-54.
39. Horton ES, Clinkingbeard C, Gatlin M, Foley J, Mallows S, Shen S. Nateglinide alone and in combination with metformin improves glycemic control by reducing mealtime glucose levels in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000;23:1660-5.
40. Wright A, Burden ACF, Paisey RB, Cull CA, Holman RR. Sulfonylurea inadequacy: Efficacy of addition of insulin over 6 years in patients with type 2 diabetes in the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS 57). Diabetes Care 2002;25:330-6.
41. Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Hunt JA, et al. The efficacy of acarbose in the treatment of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A multicenter controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:928-35.
42. Olefsky JM. Treatment of insulin resistance with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists. J Clin Invest 2000;106:467-72.
43. Inzucchi SE, Maggs DG, Spollett GR, et al. Efficacy and metabolic effects of metformin and troglitazone in type II diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1998;338:867-72.
44. Cusi K, Cunningham GR, Comstock JP. Safety and efficacy of normalizing fasting glucose with bedtime NPH insulin alone in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1995;18:843-51.
45. Nathan DM, Roussell A, Godine JE. Glyburide or insulin for metabolic control in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind study. Ann Intern Med 1988;108:334-40.
46. Abraira C, Colwell JA, Nuttall FQ, et al. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on glycemic control and complications in type II diabetes (VA CSDM): Results of the feasibility trial. Diabetes Care 1995;18:1113-23.
47. Rosenstock J, Schwartz SL, Clark CM Jr, Park GD, Donley DW, Edwards MB. Basal insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: 28-Week comparison of insulin glargine (HOE 901) and NPH insulin. Diabetes Care 2001;24:631-6.
48. Saudek CD, Duckworth WC, Giobbie-Hurder A, et al. Implantable insulin pump vs multiple-dose insulin for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 1996;276:1322-7.
49. Turner RC, Cull CA, Frighi V, Holman RR. Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Progressive requirement for multiple therapies (UKPDS 49). JAMA 1999;281:2005-12.
50. Genuth SM. Treating diabetes with both insulin and sulfonylurea drugs: What is the value? Clin Diabetes 1987;5:74-9.
51. DeFronzo R, Goodman AM. Efficacy of metfomin in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1995;333:541-9.
52. Yki-Jarvinen H, Ryysy L, Nikkila K, Tulokas T, Vanamo R, Heikkila M. Comparison of bedtime insulin regimens in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:389-96.
53. Fonseca V, Rosenstock J, Patwardhan R, Salzman A. Effect of metformin and rosiglitazone combination therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2000;283:1695-702.
54. Schwartz S, Raskin P, Fonseca V, Graveline JF. Effect of troglitazone in insulin-treated patients with type II diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1998;338:861-6.
55. Cefalu WT, Skyler JS, Kourides IA, et al. Inhaled human insulin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:203-7.
56. The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346:393-403.
57. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1343-50.
58. Chiasson J-L, Josse RG, Gorris R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, Laakso M. Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: The STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:2072-7.
59. American Diabetes Association and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. The prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25:742-9.