Trace fossils from nearshore to offshore environments: Lower Devonian of Bolivia

Journal of Paleontology

Volumn 80, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 1205-1226

  Gaillard, Christian ^a   Racheboeuf, Patrick R ^b  

^a UMR CNRS 5125   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; BENTHOS; BRACHIOPOD; DEVONIAN; FOSSIL ASSEMBLAGE; MARINE RECORD; MORPHOLOGY; NEARSHORE ENVIRONMENT; TRACE FOSSIL;

BOLIVIA; SOUTH AMERICA;

BRACHIOPODA; DIPLOCRATERION; HELMINTHOPSIS (TRACE FOSSIL); PALAEOPHYCUS; SKOLITHOS; ZOOPHYCOS;

EID: 33846127101     PISSN: 00223360     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1666/0022-3360(2006)80[1205:TFFNTO]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. AHLFELD, F., AND L. BRANÍSA. 1960. Geología de Bolivia. Instituto Boliviano del Petroleo, La Paz, 245 p.
2. BANDEL, K., AND L. A. QUINZIO-SINN. 1999. Paleozoic trace fossil from the Cordillera Costal near Concepcion, connected to a review of the Paleozoic history of central Chile. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 211:171-200.
3. BJERSTEDT, T. W. 1988. Trace fossils from the Early Mississipian Price Delta, southeast-west Virginia. Journal of Paleontology, 62:506-519.
4. BORNEMANN, J. G. 1889. Über den Buntsandstein in Deutschland und seine Bedeutung für die Trias. Beiträge Geologie, Paläontologie, 1, 61 p.
5. BOTTJER, D. J., M. L. DROSER, AND D. JABLONSKI. 1988. Paleoenvironmental trends in the history of trace fossils. Nature, 333:252-255.
6. BOUCOT, A. J. 1975. Evolution and Extinction Rate Controls: Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, 1. Elsevier, 427 p.
7. BOUCOT, A. J., AND E. D. GILL. 1956. Australocoelia, a new Lower Devonian brachiopod from South Africa, South America, and Australia. Journal of Paleontology, 30:1173-1178.
8. BRADY, L. F. 1949. Oniscoidichnus, new name for Isopodichnus Brady 1947 not Borneman 1889. Journal of Paleontology, 23:573.
9. BRANÍSA, L. 1965. Los Fósiles Guías de Bolivia. I. Paleozoico. Boletín del Servicio Geológico de Bolivia, La Paz, 6, 282 p.
10. BROMLEY, R. G. 1991. Zoophycos: Strip mine, refuse dump, cache or sewage farm? Lethaia, 24:460-462.
11. BROMLEY, R. G. 1996. Trace Fossils, Biology and Taphonomy. Chapman & Hall, London, 361 p.
12. BROMLEY, R. G., AND U. ASGAARD. 1979. Triassic freshwater ichnocoenoses from Carlsberg fjord, east Greenland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 28:39-80.
13. BROMLEY, R. G., AND N.-M. HANKEN. 1991. The growth vector in trace fossils: Examples from the Lower Cambrian of Norway. Ichnos, 1:261-276.
14. BUATOIS, L. A., M. G. MÁNGANO, C. G. MAPLES, AND W. P. LANIER. 1997. The paradox of nonmarine ichnofaunas in tidal rhythmites: Integrating sedimentologic and ichnologic data from the Late Carboniferous of eastern Kansas, USA. Palaios, 12:467-481.
15. CASTER, K. E. 1939. A Devonian fauna from Colombia. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 24, 218 p.
16. CLARKE, J. M. 1899. The Paleozoic faunas of Parà, Brazil. Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 10:49-174.
17. CLARKE, J. M. 1913. Fosseis Devonianos do Parana. Monographias do Serviço Geologico e Mineralogico do Brasil, I, 353 p.
18. th Annual Report, p. 25-27.
19. CRIMES, T. P. 1970. The significance of trace fossils in sedimentology, stratigraphy and palaeoecology with examples from lower Paleozoic strata, p. 101-126. In T. P. Crimes and J. C. Harper (eds.), Trace Fossils. Geological Journal, special issue, 3.
20. CRIMES, T. P., AND J. C. HARPER. 1970. Trace Fossils. Geological Journal, special issue, 3.
21. CRIMES, T. P., AND J. C. HARPER. 1977. Trace Fossils 2. Geological Journal, special issue, 9.
22. CURRAN, H. A. 1985. Biogenic structures: Their use in interpreting depositional environments. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, special issue, 35.
23. DAWSON, J. W. 1873. Impressions and footprints of aquatic animals and imitative markings on Carboniferous rocks. American Journal of Science, ser. 3, 5:16-24.
24. DE GIBERT, J. M., AND A. A. EKDALE. 2002. Ichnology of a restricted epicontinental sea, Arapien Shale, Middle Jurassic, Utah, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoecology, Palaeoclimatology, 183:275-286.
25. DE MELO, J. H. G. 1988. The Malvinokaffric Realm in the Devonian of Brazil, p. 669-703. In N. J. McMillan, A. F. Embry, and D. J. Glass (eds.), Devonian of the World. 1: Regional Syntheses. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 14.
26. D'ORBIGNY, A. 1842. Voyage Dans l'Amérique Méridionale. Pitois-Levrault, Paris, 188 p.
27. DRAGANITS, E., S. J. BRADDY, AND D. E. G. BRIGGS. 2001. A Gondwanan coastal arthropod ichnofauna from the Muth Formation (Lower Devonian, Northern India): Paleoenvironment and tracemaker behavior. Palaios, 16:126-147.
28. DROSER, M. L. 1991. Ichnofabric of the Paleozoic Skolithos ichnofacies and the nature and distribution of Skolithos piperock. Palaios, 6:316-325.
29. DROSER, M. L., AND D. J. BOTTJER. 1986. A semiquantitative field classification of ichnofabric. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 56:558-560.
30. DROSER, M. L., AND D. J. BOTTJER. 1989. Ichnofabric of sandstones deposited in high-energy nearshore environments: Measurement and utilization. Palaios, 4:598-604.
31. EKDALE, A. A. 1977. Abyssal trace fossils in worldwide Deep Sea Drilling Project cores. Trace Fossils 2. Geological Journal, special issue, 9:163-182.
32. EKDALE, A. A. 1978. Trace fossils in leg 42 A cores. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, XLII, 1, 39:821-827.
33. EKDALE, A. A. 1985. Paleoecology of the marine endobenthos. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 50:63-81.
34. EKDALE, A. A. 1988. Pitfalls of paleobathymetric interpretations based on trace fossil assemblages. Palaios, 3:464-472.
35. EKDALE, A. A., AND R. G. BROMLEY. 2001. A day and night in the life of a cleft-foot clam: Protovirgularia - Lockeia - Lophoctenium. Lethaia, 34:119-124.
36. EKDALE, A. A., R. G. BROMLEY, AND S. G. PEMBERTON. 1984. Ichnology, the use of trace fossils in sedimentology and stratigraphy. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Short Course, 15, 317 p.
37. ELDREDGE, N., AND L. BRANÍSA. 1980. Calmoniid trilobites of the Lower Devonian Scaphiocoelia zone of Bolivia, with remarks on related species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 165:181-290.
38. EMMONS, E. 1844. The Taconic System Based on Observations in New York, Massachussetts, Maine, Vermont, and Rhode Island. Caroll & Cook, Albany, 68 p.
39. FENTON, C. L., AND M. A. FENTON. 1937. Belt Series of the North: Stratigraphy, sedimentation, paleontology. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 48:1873-1970.
40. FILLION, D., AND R. K. PICKERILL. 1990. Ichnology of the Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician Bell Island and Wabana groups of eastern Newfoundland Canada. Palaeontographica Canadiana, 7:1-119.
41. FISCHER-OOSTER, C. VON. 1858. Die fossilen Fucoiden der Schweizer Alpen, Nebst Erörterungen über Deren Geologisches Alter. Huber, Bern, 72 p.
42. FREY, R. W. 1990. Trace fossils and hummocky cross-stratification, Upper Cretaceous of Utah. Palaios, 5:203-218.
43. FREY, R. W., AND S. G. PEMBERTON. 1985. Biogenic structures in outcrops and cores. I. Approaches to ichnology. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 33:72-115.
44. FREY, R. W., S. G. PEMBERTON, AND T. D. A. SAUNDERS. 1990. Ichnofacies and bathymetry: A passive relationship. Journal of Paleontology, 64:155-158.
45. FÜRSICH, F. T. 1974. On Diplocraterion Torell 1870 and the significance of morphological features in vertical, spreiten-bearing, U-shaped trace fossils. Journal of Paleontology, 48:952-962.
46. FÜRSICH, F. T. 1998. Environmental distribution of trace fossils in the Jurassic of Kachchh. Facies, 39:243-272.
47. GAILLARD, C., AND D. OLIVERO. 1993. Interprétation paléoécologique nouvelle de Zoophycos Massalongo, 1855. Compte Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, ser. II, 316:823-830.
48. GAILLARD, C., M. HENNEBERT, AND D. OLIVERO. 1999. Palaeoenvironmental significance of the trace fossil Zoophycos in the Upper Tournaisian Limestone of Tournai (Lower Carboniferous, Belgium). Geobios, 32:513-524.
49. GAILLARD, C., P. R. RACHEBOEUF, F. PARIS, AND A. DALENZ-FARJAT. 2002. Modelling marine colonization: The Lower Devonian interandean belt example. 3rd European Meeting on the Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of Latin America (EMPSLA), Toulouse, extended abstract, p. 48-51.
50. GALL, J. C., P. BERNIER, C. GAILLARD, G. BARALE, J. P. BOURSEAU, E. BUFFETAUT, AND S. WENZ. 1985. Influence du développement d'un voile algaire sur la sédimentation et la taphonomie des calcaires lithographiques. Exemple du gisement de Cerin (Kimméridgien supérieur, Jura méridional français). Compte Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, ser. II, 301:547-552.
51. GERDES, G., T. KLENKE, AND N. NOFFKE. 2000. Microbial signature in peritidal siliciclastic sediments: A catalogue. Sedimentology, 47:279-308.
52. GERDES, G., M. CLAES, K. DUNAJTSCHIK- PIEWAK, H. RIEGE, W. E. KRUMBEIN, AND H. E. REINECK. 1993. Contribution of microbial mats to sedimentary surface structures. Facies, 29:61-74.
53. GEVERS, T. W., L. A. FRAKES, L. N. EDWARDS, AND J. E. MARZOLF. 1971. Trace fossils in the Lower Beacon sediments (Devonian), Darwin Mountains, southern Victoria land, Antarctica. Journal of Paleontology, 45:81-94.
54. GILMORE, C. W. 1926. Fossil footprints from the Grand Canyon. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 77:1-41.
55. GOLDRING, R., AND F. LANGENSTRASSEN. 1979. Open shelf and near-shore clastic facies in the Devonian. Special Papers in Palaeontology, The Palaeontological Association, 23:81-97.
56. GOODWIN, P. W., AND E. J. ANDERSON. 1974. Associated physical and biogenic structures in environmental subdivision of a Cambrian tidal sand body. Journal of Geology, 82:779-794.
57. GORDON, E. A. 1988. Body and trace fossils from the Middle-Upper Devonian Catskill magnafacies, southeastern New York, USA, p. 139-156. In N. J. McMillan, A. F. Embry, and D. J. Glass (eds.), The Devonian of the World. Canadian Society of Petrology and Geology Memoir, 14.
58. HAKES, W. G. 1976. Trace fossils and depositional environment of four clastic units, Upper Pennsylvanian megacyclothems, Northeast Kansas. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, 63:1-46.
59. HAKES, W. G. 1977. Trace fossils in Late Pennsylvanian cyclothems, Kansas, p. 209-226. In T. P. Crimes and J. C. Harper (eds.), Trace Fossils 2. Geological Journal, special issue, 9.
60. HALDEMANN, S. S. 1840. Supplement to number one of "A monograph of the Limniades, and other fresh-water univalve shells of North America." Philadelphia, 3 p.
61. HALL, J. 1847. Palaeontology of New York, 1. Albany, 338 p.
62. HALL, J. 1852. Palaeontology of New York, 2. Albany, 362 p.
63. th Annual Report, p. 76-83.
64. HALLAM, A. 1975. Preservation of trace fossils, p. 55-63. In R. W. Frey (ed.), The Study of Trace Fossils. Springer-Verlag, New York.
65. HAN, Y., AND R. K. PICKERILL. 1994. Taxonomic reassessment of Protovirgularia M'Coy 1850 with new examples from the Paleozoic of New Brunswick, eastern Canada. Ichnos, 3:203-22.
66. HAN, Y., AND R. K. PICKERILL. 1995. Taxonomic review of the ichnogenus Helminthopsis Heer 1877 with a statistical analysis of selected ichnospecies. Ichnos, 4:83-118.
67. HÄNTZSCHEL, W. 1975. Trace fossils and problematica, p. W1-W269. In C. Teichert (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. W. Miscellana, supplement 1. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.
68. HAVLICEK, V. 1965. Superfamily Orthotetacea (Brachiopoda) in the Bohemian and Moravian Palaeozoic. Vestník Ústredniho ústavu geologického, 40:291-294.
69. HEER, O. 1877. Flora Fossilis Helvetiae. Die Vorweltliche Flora der Schweiz. Würster, Zürich, 182 p.
70. HEINBERG, C., AND T. BIRKELUND. 1984. Trace-fossil assemblages and basin evolution of the Vardekloft Formation (Middle Jurassic, Central East Greenland). Journal of Paleontology, 58:362-397.
71. HOBDAY, D. K., AND R. TAVENER-SMITH. 1975. Trace fossils in the Ecca of northern Natal and their palaeoenvironmental significance. Palaeontologia Africana, 18:47-52.
72. ISAACSON, P. E. 1977a. Devonian stratigraphy and brachiopod paleontology of Bolivia, Pt. A, Orthida and Strophomenida. Palaeontographica A, 155:133-192.
73. ISAACSON, P. E. 1977b. Devonian stratigraphy and brachiopod paleontology of Bolivia, Pt. B, Spiriferida and Terebratulida. Palaeontographica A, 156:168-217.
74. ISAACSON, P. E. 1993. Devonian Brachiopoda of Bolivia, p. 5-33. In R. Suárez-Soruco (ed.), Fosiles y facies de Bolivia, II, Invertebrados y Paleobotanica. Revista Técnica de Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos, 13-14.
75. JAMES, U. P. 1879. Description of new species of fossils and remarks on some others, from the Lower and Upper Silurian rocks of Ohio. The Paleontologist, 3:17-24.
76. LINCK, O. 1949. Lebens-Spuren aus dem Schilfsandstein (Mittl. Keuper km 2) NW-Würtembergs und ihre Bedeutung für die Bildungsgeschichte der Stufe. Verein Vaterländisch Naturkunde Würtemberg, Jahresh, 97/101:1-100.
77. LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema Naturae, tenth edition.
78. MACLEAY, W. S. 1839. Note on the Annelida, p. 699-701. In R. I. Murchison (ed.), The Silurian System, Pt. II. J. Murray, London.
79. MÁNGANO, M. G., AND L. A. BUATOIS. 1999. Ichnofacies models in early Paleozoic tide-dominated quartzites: Onshore-offshore gradients and the classic Seilacherian paradigm. Ata Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica, 43:151-154.
80. MÁNGANO, M. G., L. A. BUATOIS, AND G. F. ACENOLAZA. 1996. Trace fossils and sedimentary facies from a Late Cambrian - early Ordovician tide-dominated shelf (Santa Rosita Formation, northwest Argentina): Implications for ichnofacies models of shallow marine successions. Ichnos, 5:53-88.
81. MÁNGANO, M. G., L. A. BUATOIS, AND A. K. RINDSBERG. 2002. Carboniferous Psammichnites: Systematic re-evaluation, taphonomy and autecology. Ichnos, 9:1-22.
82. MÁNGANO, M. G., L. A. BUATOIS, R. R. WEST, AND C. G. MAPLES. 1998. Contrasting behavioral and feeding strategies recorded by tidal-flat bivalve trace fossils from the Upper Carboniferous of eastern Kansas. Palaios, 13:335-351.
83. MASSALONGO, A. 1855. Zoophycos, Novum Genus Plantarum Fossilium. Monographia, Typis Antonellianis, Veronae, p. 45-52.
84. MCCARTHY, B. 1979. Trace fossils from a Permian shoreface-foreshore environment, eastern Australia. Journal of Paleontology, 53:345-366.
85. MCCOY, F. 1850. On some genera and species of Silurian Radiata in the collection of the University of Cambridge. Annales of the Magazine of Natural History, ser. 2, 6:270-290.
86. MILLER, M. F., A. A. EKDALE, AND M. D. PICARD (EDS.). 1984. Trace fossils and paleoenvironments: Marine carbonate, marginal marine terrigenous and continental terrigenous settings. Journal of Paleontology, 58:283-598.
87. MILLER, S. A., AND C. B. DYER. 1878. Contribution to paleontology, no1. Journal of Cincinnati Society of Natural History, 1:24-39.
88. NICHOLSON, H. A. 1873. Contributions to the study of the errant annelides of the older Paleozoic rocks. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 21:288-290.
89. NOFFKE, N., G. GERDES, T. KLENKE, AND W. E. KRUMBEIN. 2001. Microbially induced sedimentary structures - A new category within the classification of primary sedimentary structures. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 71:649-656.
90. OLIVERO, D., AND C. GAILLARD. 1996. Paleoecology of Jurassic Zoophycos from south-eastern France. Ichnos, 4:249-260.
91. OSGOOD, R. G., JR. 1970. Trace fossils of the Cincinnati area. Palaeontographica Americana, 6:376-377.
92. PEMBERTON, S. G., AND R. W. FREY. 1992. Trace fossil facies models: Environmental and allostratigraphic significance, p. 47-72. In R. G. Walker and N. P. James (eds.), Facies Models, Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's.
93. PEMBERTON, S. G., R. W. FREY, AND T. D. A. SAUNDERS. 1990. Trace fossils, p. 355-362. In D. E. G. Briggs and P. R. Crowther (eds.), Palaeobiology, A Synthesis. Blackwell, Oxford.
94. PEMBERTON, S. G., J. C. VAN WAGONER, AND G. D. WACH. 1992. Ichnofacies of a wave-dominated shoreline, p. 339-382. In S. G. Pemberton (ed.), Applications of Ichnology to Petroleum Exploration - A Core Workshop. SEPM, Core Workshop, 17.
95. PICKERILL, R. K. 1992. Carboniferous nonmarine invertebrate ichnocoenoses from southern New Brunswick, eastern Canada. Ichnos, 2:21-35.
96. PICKERILL, R. K., AND J. S. PEEL. 1990. Trace fossils from the Lower Cambrian Bastion Formation of the North-East Greenland. Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse, 147:5-43.
97. POLLARD, J. E., AND E. F. WALKER. 1984. Reassessment of sediments and trace fossils from Old Red Sandstone (Lower Devonian) of Dunure, Scotland, described by John Smith (1909). Geobios, 17:567-576.
98. RACHEBOEUF, P. R., A. LE HERISSE, F. PARIS, C. BABIN, E GUILLOCHEAU, M. TRUYOLS-MASSONI, AND R. SUÁREZ- SORUCO. 1993. Le Dévonien de Bolivie: Biostratigraphie et chronostratigraphie. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, ser. II, 317:795-802.
99. RACHEBOEUF, P. R., A. LE HERISSE, E PARIS, C. BABIN, F. GUILLOCHEAU, M. TRUYOLS-MASSONI, AND R. SUÁREZ- SORUCO. 1994. El Dévonico de Bolivia: Bio y cronoestratigrafía. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Etudes Andines, 22:645-655.
100. RHOADS, D. E. 1975. The paleoecological and environmental significance of trace fossils, p. 147-160. In R.W. Frey (ed.), The Study of Trace Fossils. Springer-Verlag, New York.
101. RICHTER, R. 1850. Aus der thüringischen Grauwacke. Zeitschrift Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft, 2:198-206.
102. SABLOCK, P. E., AND P. E. ISAACSON. 1993. Bolivian Devonian brachiopod communities, p. 35-52. In R. Suárez-Soruco (ed.), Fosiles y facies de Bolivia, II, Invertebrados y Paleobotanica. Revista Técnica de Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos, 13-14.
103. SADLER, C. J. 1993. Arthropod trace fossils from the Permian De Chelly Sandstone, northeastern Arizona. Journal of Paleontology, 67:240-249.
104. SCHINDEWOLF, O. 1928. Studien aus dem Marburger Buntsandstein. IV. Isopodichnus problematicus (Schidwf) im Unteren und Mittleren Buntsandstein. Senckenbergiana, 10:27-37.
105. SCHLIRF, M. 2000. Upper Jurassic trace fossils from the Boulonnais (northern France). Geologica et Palaeontologica, 34:145-213.
106. SEILACHER, A. 1953a. Studien zur Palichnologie I. Über die Methoden der Palichnologie. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 96:421-451.
107. SEILACHER, A. 1953b. Studien zur Palichnologie II. Die fossilen Ruhespuren (Cubichnia). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 98:87-124.
108. SEILACHER, A. 1955. Spuren und Fazies im Unterkambrium, p. 373-399. In O. H. Schindewolf and A. Seilacher (eds.), Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Kambriums in der Salt Range (Pakistan). Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse, Jahrgang 1955, 10.
109. SEILACHER, A. 1967. Bathymetry of trace fossils. Marine Geology, 5: 413-428.
110. SEILACHER, A. 1970. Cruziana stratigraphy of "nonfossiliferous" Paleozoic sandstones, p. 447-476. In T. P. Crimes and J. C. Harper (eds.), Trace Fossils. Geological Journal, special issue, 3.
111. SEILACHER, A., AND E. SEILACHER. 1994. Bivalvian trace fossils: A lesson from actuopaleontology. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 169:5-15.
112. SEILACHER, A., W.-E. REIF, AND F. WESTPHAL. 1985. Sedimentological, ecological and temporal patterns of fossil Lagerstätten. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, series B, 311:5-23.
113. SUÁREZ-SORUCO, R. 2000. Geological compendium of Bolivia. Revista Técnica de Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos, 18:1-144.
114. SUÁREZ-SORUCO, R., AND E. DÍAZ MARTÍNEZ. 1996. Léxico estratigráfico de Bolivia. Revista Técnica de Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos, 17:1-227.
115. TORELL, O. M. 1870. Petrificata Suecana Formationis Cambricae. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, 6:1-14.
116. TREWIN, N. H. 1976. Isopodichnus in a trace fossil assemblage from the Old Red Sandstone. Lethaia, 9:29-37.
117. UCHMAN, A. 1998. Taxonomy and ethology of flysch trace fossils: Revision of the Marian Ksiazkiewicz collection and studies of complementary material. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 68:61-74.
118. VON STERNBERG, K. M. G. 1833. Versuch einer geognostisch-botanischen Darstellung der Flora der Vorwelt. Fleischer, Leipzig, 5-6:1-80.
119. VOSSLER, S. M., AND S. G. PEMBERTON. 1988. Skolithos in the Upper Cretaceous Cardium Formation: An ichnofossil example of opportunistic ecology. Lethaia, 21:351-362.
120. WALKER, E. F. 1985. Arthropod ichnofauna of the Old Red Sandstone at Dunure and Montrose, Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (Earth Sciences), 76:287-297.
121. WEBBY, B. D. 1970. Late Precambrian trace fossil from New South Wales. Lethaia, 3:79-109.
122. WETZEL, A. 1991. Ecologic interpretation of deep-sea trace fossil communities. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 85:47-69.
123. WETZEL, A. 2002. Modern Nereites in the South China Sea - ecological association with redox conditions in the sediment. Palaios, 17:507-515.
124. WETZEL, A., AND R. G. BROMLEY. 1994. Phycosiphon incertum revisited: Anconichnus horizontalis is its junior subjective synonym. Journal of Paleontology, 68:1396-1402.
125. WETZEL, A., AND R. G. BROMLEY. 1996. Re-evaluation of the ichnogenus Helminthopsis - A new look at the type material. Palaeontology, 39:1-19.
126. WETZEL, A., AND A. UCHMAN. 2001. Sequential colonization of muddy turbidites in the Eocene Beloveža Formation, Carpathians, Poland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 168:171-186.
127. WETZEL, A., AND F. WERNER. 1981. Morphology and ecological significance of Zoophycos in deepsea sediments of NW Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 32:185-212.
128. WHITFIELD, R. P. 1890. Notes on some fossils from Bolivia collected by Mr Arthur E Wendt, and description of a remarkable new genus and species of brachiopod. American Institute of Mining Engineers Transactions, 19:104-107.