Evaluation of spontaneous nasal cerebrospinal fluid leaks

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 28-34

  Wise, Sarah K ^a   Schlosser, Rodney J ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Benign intracranial hypertension; Cerebrospinal fluid leak; Empty sella syndrome; Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak

Indexed keywords

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA; CISTERNOGRAPHY; EMPTY SELLA SYNDROME; ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY; HUMAN; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TREATMENT FAILURE;

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA; HUMANS;

EID: 33846095429     PISSN: 10689508     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0b013e328011bc76     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. McCormack B, Cooper PR, Persky M, Rothstein S. Extracranial repair of cerebrospinal fluid fistulas: techniques and results in 37 patients. Neurosurgery 1990; 27:412-417.
2. Lanza DC, O'Brien DA, Kennedy DW. Endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid fistulae and encephaloceles. Laryngoscope 1996; 106:1119-1125.
3. Mattox DE, Kennedy DW. Endoscopic management of cerebrospinal fluid leaks and cephaloceles. Laryngoscope 1990; 100:857-862.
4. Hegazy HM, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH, et al. Transnasal endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: a meta-analysis. Laryngoscope 2000; 110:1166-1172.
5. Hubbard JL, McDonald TJ, Pearson BW, Laws ERJ. Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: evolving concepts in diagnosis and surgical management based on the Mayo Clinic experience from 1970 through 1981. Neurosurgery 1985; 16:314-321.
6. Ommaya AK, DiChiro G, Baldwin M, Pennybacker JB. Nontraumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1968; 31:214-215.
7. Daube JR, Reagan TJ, Sandok BA. The cerebrospinal fluid system. In: Daube JR, Reagan TJ, Sandok BA, editors. Medical neurosciences: an approach to anatomy, pathology, and physiology by systems and levels. Boston: Little, Brown; 1986. pp. 93-111.
8. Schlosser RJ, Bolger WE. Management of multiple spontaneous nasal meningoencephaloceles. Laryngoscope 2002; 112:980-985.
9. Schlosser RJ, Wilensky EM, Grady MS, Bolger WE. Elevated intracranial pressure in spontaneous CSF leaks. Am J Rhinol 2003; 17:191-195.
10. Schlosser RJ, Wilensky EM, Grady MS, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure monitoring after repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 130:443-448.
11. Schlosser RJ, Bolger WE. Nasal cerebrospinal fluid leaks: critical review and surgical considerations. Laryngoscope 2004; 114:255-265.
12. Zlab MK, Moore GF, Daly DT, Yonkers AJ. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: a review of the literature. Ear Nose Throat J 1992; 71:314-317.
13. Burns JA, Dodson EE, Gross CW. Transnasal endoscopic repair of cranionasal fistulae: a refined technique with long-term follow-up. Laryngoscope 1996; 106:1080-1083.
14. Kirtane MV, Gauitham K, Upadhyaya SR. Endoscopic CSF rhinorrhea closure: our experience in 267 cases. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005; 132:208-212. This 2005 series shows a very high prevalence of spontaneous CSF leaks, at 46%. Good success in endoscopic operative closure is reported in this large series.
15. Marton E, Billeci D, Schiesari E, Longatti P. Transnasal endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid fistulas and encephaloceles: surgical indications and complications. Minim Invas Neurosurg 2005; 48:175-180.
16. Locatelli D, Rampa F, Acchiardi I, et al. Endoscopic endonasal approaches for repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks: nine year experience. Operative Neurosurg 2006; 58:246-257.
17. Silva LRF, Santos RP, Zymberg ST. Endoscopic endonasal approach for cerebrospinal fluid fistulae. Minim Invas Neurosurg 2006; 49:88-92.
18. Carrau RL, Snyderman CH, Kassam AB. The management of cerebrospinal fluid leaks in patients at risk for high-pressure hydrocephalus. Laryngoscope 2005; 115:205-212. These authors present a management algorithm for the treatment of CSF leak patients with the risk of high-pressure hydrocephalus. Thirty-six percent of patients included in this series had spontaneous CSF leaks.
19. Tabaee A, Kassenoff TL, Kacker A, Anand VK. The efficacy of computer assisted surgery in the endoscopic management of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005; 133:936-943.
20. Mirza S, Tahaper A, McClelland L, Jones NS. Sinonasal cerebrospinal fluid leaks: management of 97 patients over 10 years. Laryngoscope 2005; 115:1774-1777. Patients with spontaneous CSF leaks and elevated ICP were noted to fail endoscopic CSF leak repair at a much higher rate than patients with CSF leaks of other etiologies.
21. Corbett JJ, Thompson HS. The rational management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Arch Neurol 1989; 46:1049-1051.
22. Ridley F. The intraocular pressure and drainage of the aqueous humor. Br J Exp Pathol 1930; 11:215-240.
23. Sibler H. The normal cerebrospinal fluid proteins identified by means of thin-layer isoelectric focusing and crossed immunoelectrofocusing. J Neurol Sci 1978; 36:273-288.
24. Papadea C, Schlosser RJ. Rapid method for beta-2 transferrin in cerebrospinal fluid leakage using an automated immunofixation electrophoresis system. Clin Chem 2005; 51:464-470.
25. Skedros DG, Cass SP, Hirsch BE, Kelly RH. Sources of error in use of beta-2 transferrin analysis for diagnosing perilymphatic and cerebral spinal fluid leaks. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993; 109:861-864.
26. Roelandse FWC, Van de Zwart AZJ, Didden JH. Detection of CSF leakage by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel, direct immunofixation of transferrin and silver staining. Clin Chem 1998; 44:351-353.
27. Arrer E, Meco C, Oberascher G. Beta trace protein as a marker for cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Clin Chem 2002; 48:939-941.
28. Watanabe K, Urade Y, Mader M, et al. Identification of beta-trace protein as prostaglandin D synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 203:1110-1116.
29. Melegos DN, Diamandis EP, Oda H, et al. Immunofluorometric assay of prostaglandin D synthase in human tissue extracts and fluids. Clin Chem 1996; 42:1984-1991.
30. Ohnishi T. Bony defects and dehiscences in the roof of ethmoid cells. Rhinology 1981; 19:195-202.
31. Shetty PG, Shroff MM, Fatterpekar GM, et al. A retrospective analysis of spontaneous sphenoid sinus fistula: MR and CT findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21:337-342.
32. Bolger WE, Butzin CA, Parsons DS. Paranasal sinus anatomic variations and mucosal abnormalities: CT analysis for endoscopic sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 1991; 101:56-64.
33. Clark D, Bullock P, Hui T, Firth J. Benign intracranial hypertension: a cause of CSF rhinorrhea. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57:847-849.
34. Stone JA, Castillo M, Neelon B, Mukherji SK. Evaluation of CSF leaks: high resolution CT compared with contrast-enhanced CT and radionuclide cis-ternography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20:706-712.
35. Casiano RR, Jassir D. Endoscopic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea repair: is lumbar drain necessary? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 121:745-750.
36. Zagardo MT, Cail WS, Kelman SE, Rothman MI. Reversible empty sella syndrome in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: an indicator of successful therapy? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996; 17:1953-1956.
37. Brismar K, Bergstrand G. CSF circulation in subjects with the empty sella syndrome. Neuroradiology 1981; 21:167-175.
38. Maira G, Anile C, De Marinis L, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure and prolactin in empty sella syndrome. Can J Neurol Sci 1990; 17:92-94.
39. Schlosser RJ, Bolger WE. Significance of empty sella in cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003; 128:32-38.
40. Schlosser RJ, Bolger WE. Spontaneous nasal cerebrospinal fluid leaks and empty sella syndrome: a clinical association. Am J Rhinol 2003; 17:91-96.
41. Sillers MJ, Morgan E, El Gammal T. Magnetic resonance cisternography and thin coronal computerized tomography in the evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Am J Rhinol 1997; 11:387-392.
42. Flynn BM, Butler SP, Quinn RJ. Radionuclide cisternography in the diagnosis and management of cerebrospinal fluid leaks: the test of choice. Med J Aust 1987; 146:82-84.
43. Eljammel MS, Pidgeon CN, Toland J. MRI cisternography and localization of CSF fistulae. Br J Neurosurg 1994; 8:433-437.
44. Moseley JI, Carton CA, Stern WE. Spectrum of complications in the use of intrathecal fluorescein. J Neurosurg 1978; 48:765-767.
45. Rainer K, Rainer W, Wolfgang D, et al. Use of sodium fluorescein solution for detection of cerebrospinal fluid fistulas: an analysis of 420 administrations and reported complications in Europe and the United States. Laryngoscope 2004; 114:266-272.
46. Wolf G, Greistorfer K, Stammberger H. Endoscopic detection of of cerebrospinal fluid fistulas with a fluorescence technique: report of experience with over 925 cases. Laryngorhinootologie 1997; 76:588-594.
47. Saafan ME, Ragab SM, Albirmawy OA. Topical intranasal fluorescein: the missing partner in algorithms of cerebrospinal fluid fistula detection. Laryngoscope 2006; 116:1158-1161. This group uses topical intranasal fluorescein application to localize the site of CSF leak, in order to avoid intrathecal fluorescein delivery.
48. Metson RB, Cosenza MJ, Cunningham MJ, Randolph GW. Physician experience with an optical based image guided system for sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 2000; 110:972-976.
49. Anon JB. Computer-aided endoscopic sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 1998; 108:949-961.
50. Schlosser RJ, Bolger WE. Endoscopic management of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2006; 39:523-538.
51. Schlosser RJ, Bolger WE. Nasal cerebrospinal fluid leaks. J Otolaryngol 2002; 31:S28-S37.
52. Schick B, Ibing R, Brors D, Draf W. Long-term study of endonasal duraplasty and review of the literature. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2001; 110:142-147.
53. Carrion E, Hertzog JH, Medlock MD. Use of acetazolamide to decrease cerebrospinal fluid production in chronically ventilated patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Arch Dis Child 2001; 84:68-71.
54. Gendeh BS, Mazita A, Selladural BM, et al. Endonasal endoscopic repair of anterior skull base fistulas: the Kuala Lumpur experience. J Laryngol Otol 2005; 119:866-874. This series has a higher prevalence of spontaneous CSF leak than traditionally noted, and also shows a high rate of failure for the surgical repair of these leaks.
55. Tosun F, Gonul E, Yetiser S, Gerek M. Analysis of different surgical approaches for the treatment of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Minim Invas Neurosurg 2005; 48:355-360.
56. Lindstrom DR, Toohill RJ, Loerhl TA, Smith TL. Management of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: the Medical College of Wisconsin experience. Laryngoscope 2004; 114:666-674.
57. Dunn CJ, Alaani A, Johnson AP. Study on spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: its etiology and management. J Laryngol Otol 2005; 119:12-15. A series of 15 spontaneous CSF leak patients is presented, highlighting the high failure rate with repair in these patients.
58. Rudnick E, Sismanis A. Pulsatile tinnitus and spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: indicators of benign intracranial hypertension. Otol Neurotol 2005; 26:166-168. Case report of obese spontaneous CSF leak patient treated with gastric bypass surgery, with ultimate resolution of CSF leak.