Essential features of a surveillance system to support the prevention and management of heart disease and stroke: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Epidemiology and Prevention, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Nursing and the Interdisciplinary Working Groups on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease

Circulation

Volumn 115, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 127-155

  Goff Jr , David C ^a   Brass, Lawrence ^a   Braun, Lynne T ^a   Croft, Janet B ^a   Flesch, Judd D ^a   Fowkes, Francis G R ^a   Hong, Yuling ^a   Howard, Virginia ^a   Huston, Sara ^a   Jencks, Stephen F ^a   Luepker, Russell ^a   Manolio, Teri ^a   O'Donnell, Christopher ^a   Robertson, Rose Marie ^a   Rosamond, Wayne ^a   Rumsfeld, John ^a   Sidney, Stephen ^a   Zheng, Zhi Jie ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

AHA Scientific Statement; Heart disease; Peripheral vascular disease; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR;

ACUTE DISEASE; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; ARTERY DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR PROCEDURES; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CAUSE OF DEATH; CLINICAL INDICATOR; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DEATH CERTIFICATE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EPIDEMIC; FATALITY; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH INSURANCE; HEALTH PROMOTION; HEALTH SERVICE; HEALTH STATUS; HEALTH SURVEY; HEART DISEASE; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART REHABILITATION; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LIFESTYLE; MEDICAID; MEDICAL INFORMATION; METHODOLOGY; OBESITY; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT MONITORING; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHYLAXIS; PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM; RECURRENT DISEASE; REPERFUSION; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICE; SMOKING; STROKE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES;

AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; HEART DISEASES; HUMANS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE; SENTINEL SURVEILLANCE; SOCIETIES, NURSING; UNITED STATES;

EID: 33846087087     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.179904     Document Type: Review

References (157)

1. American Heart Association strategic goals page. American Heart Association Web site. Available at: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter. jhtml?identifier=4429. Accessed August 12, 2005.
2. US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving Health and Objectives for Improving Health. Vol 1. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 2000.
3. Thom T, Haase N, Rosamond W, Howard VJ, Rumsfeld J, Manolio T, Zheng ZJ, Flegal K, O'Donnell C, Kittner S, Lloyd-Jones D, Goff DC Jr, Hong Y, Adams R, Friday G, Furie K, Gorelick P, Kissela B, Marler J, Meigs J, Roger V, Sidney S, Sorlie P, Steinberger J, Wasserthiel-Smoller S, Wilson M, Wolf P. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics - 2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2006;113:85-151.
4. US Department of Health and Human Services. Morbidity and Mortality: 2004 Chart Book on Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases. Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 2004.
5. O'Connell JB. The economic burden of heart failure. Clin Cardiol 2000;23(suppl III):III-6-III-10.
6. Selvin E, Erlinger TP. Prevalence of and risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000. Circulation. 2004;110:738-743.
7. Criqui MH, Allison MA, McDermott MM, Liu K, Bertoni AG, Folsom A, Homma S, Jinagouda S, Ly K, Sharrett AR. Ethnic differences and risk factors for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation 2004;109:e78. Abstract.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Disparities in premature deaths from heart disease: 50 states and the District of Columbia, 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53:121-125.
9. Cooper R, Cutler J, Desvigne-Nickens P, Fortmann SP, Friedman L, Havlik R, Hogelin G, Marler J, McGovern P, Morosco G, Mosca L, Pearson T, Stamler J, Stryer D, Thom T. Trends and disparities in coronary heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases in the United States: findings of the National Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. Circulation. 2000;102:3137-3147.
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Declining prevalence of no known major risk factors for heart disease and stroke among adults: United States, 1991-2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53:4-7.
11. Spiegel AM, Alving BM. Executive summary of the Strategic Plan for National Institutes of Health Obesity Research. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(suppl):211S-214S.
12. Hajjar I, Kotchen TA. Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the United States, 1988-2000. JAMA. 2003;290:199-206.
13. National Heart Attack Alert Program Coordinating Committee, 60 Minutes to Treatment Working Group. Emergency department: rapid identification and treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction, Ann Emerg Med. 1994;23:311-329.
14. McGinn AP, Rosamond WD, Goff DC Jr, Taylor HA, Miles JS, Chambless L. Trends in prehospital delay time and use of emergency medical services for acute myocardial infarction: experience in 4 US communities from 1987-2000. Am Heart J. 2005;150:392-400.
15. Henry TD, Unger BT, Sharkey SW, Lips DL, Pedersen WR, Madison JD, Mooney MR, Flygenring BP, Larson DM. Design of a standardized system for transfer of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction for percutaneous coronary intervention. Am Heart J. 2005;150:373-384.
16. Spencer F, Scleparis G, Goldberg RJ, Yarzebski J, Lessard D, Gore JM. Decade-long trends (1986 to 1997) in the medical treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction: a community-wide perspective. Am Heart J. 2001;142:594-603.
17. Qureshi AI, Kirmani JF, Sayed MA, Safdar A, Ahmed S, Ferguson R, Hershey LA, Qazi KJ; Buffalo Metropolitan Area and Erie County Stroke Study Group. Time to hospital arrival, use of thrombolytics, and in-hospital outcomes in ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2005;64:2115-2120.
18. Larson DM, Sharkey SW, Unger BT, Henry TD. Implementation of acute myocardial infarction guidelines in community hospitals. Acad Emerg Med. 2005;12:522-527.
19. Daley S, Braimah J, Sailor S, Kongable GL, Barch C, Rapp K, Bratina P, Spilker J, Donnarumma R. Education to improve stroke awareness and emergent response: the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study Group. J Neurosci Nurs. 1997;29:393-396.
20. Evers SM, Struijs JN, Ament AJ, van Genugten ML, Jager JH, van den Bos GA. International comparisons of stroke cost studies. Stroke. 2004;35:1209-1215.
21. Foot DK, Lewis RP, Pearson TA, Beller GA. Demographics and cardiology, 1950-2050. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:1067-1081.
22. US Department of Health and Human Services. A Public Health Action Plan to Prevent Heart Disease and Stroke. Atlanta, Ga: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2003.
23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems: recommendations from the guidelines working group. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2001;50(RR-13):1-35.
24. Morbidity and Mortality: 2004 Chartbook on Cardiovascular, Lung and Blood Diseases. Bethesda, Md: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 2004.
25. Gillum RF, Sempos CT. The end of the long-term decline in stroke mortality in the United States? Stroke. 1997;28:1527-1529.
26. Rosamond WD, Chambless LE, Folsom AR, Cooper LS, Conwill DE, Clegg L, Wang CH, Heiss G. Trends in the incidence of myocardial infarction and in mortality due to coronary heart disease, 1987 to 1994. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:861-867.
27. Braunwald E. Shattuck lecture: cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millennium: triumphs, concerns, and opportunities. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1360-1369.
28. Jones DW, Sempos CT, Thom TJ, Harrington AM, Taylor HA Jr, Fletcher BW, Mehrotra BD, Wyatt SB, Davis CE. Rising levels of cardiovascular mortality in Mississippi, 1979-1995. Am J Med Sci. 2000;319:131-137.
29. Howard G, Howard VJ, Katholi C, Oli MK, Huston S. Decline in US stroke mortality: an analysis of temporal patterns by sex, race, and geographic region. Stroke. 2001;32:2213-2220.
30. Rosamond WD, Folsom AR, Chambless LE, Wang CH; ARIC Investigators: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities. Coronary heart disease trends in four United States communities: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study 1987-1996. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30(suppl 1):S17-S22.
31. Broome CV, Loonsk J; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Public Health Information Network: improving early detection by using a standards-based approach to connecting public health and clinical medicine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53(suppl):199-202.
32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs - August 1999. Atlanta, Ga: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; August 1999.
33. Mensah GA, Watkins NB, Lawton L, Redman LJ, Pope KM. Achieving a heart-healthy and stroke-free nation. In: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Promising Practices in Chronic Disease Prevention and Control: A Public Health Framework for Action. Atlanta, Ga: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2003:3-1-3-26.
34. Cheadle A, Sterling TD, Schmid TL, Fawcett SB. Promising community-level indicators for evaluating cardiovascular health-promotion programs. Health Educ Res. 2000;15:109-116.
35. Pluto DM, Phillips MM, Matson-Koffman D, Shepard DM, Raczynski JM, Brownstein JN. Policy and environmental indicators for heart disease and stroke prevention: data sources in two states. Prev Chronic Dis [serial online]. 2004;April. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2004/apr/03_0019.htm. Accessed May 13, 2005.
36. US Department of Agriculture, US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005. Available at: www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelines. Accessed September 22, 2006.
37. Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services. School Health Index. Available at: http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/SHI/Default.aspx. Accessed September 22, 2006.
38. Pearson TA, Blair SN, Daniels SR, Eckel RH, Fair JM, Fortmann SP, Franklin BA, Goldstein LB, Greenland P, Grundy SM, Hong Y, Miller NH, Lauer RM, Ockene IS, Sacco RL, Sallis JF Jr, Smith SC Jr, Stone NJ, Taubert KA; American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee. AHA guidelines for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke: 2002 update: consensus panel guide to comprehensive risk reduction for adult patients without coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular diseases. Circulation. 2002;106:388-391.
39. Smith SC Jr, Allen J, Blair SN, Bonow RO, Brass LM, Fonarow GC, Grundy SM, Hiratzka L, Jones D, Krumholz HM, Mosca L, Pasternak RC, Pearson T, Pfeffer MA, Taubert KA; AHA/ACC; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update: endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [published correction appears in Circulation. 2006;113:e847]. Circulation. 2006;113:2363-2372.
40. US Department of Health and Human Services. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services. Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research Web site. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/cps3dix.htm. Accessed September 22, 2006.
41. Kolbe LJ, Kann L, Brener ND. Overview and summary of findings: School Health Policy and Programs Study 2000. J School Health. 2001;71:253-259.
42. SHPPS: School Health Policies and Programs Study page. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ HealthyYouth/shpps/index.htm. Accessed May 13, 2005.
43. 1999 National Worksite Health Promotion Survey: Report of Survey Findings Conducted by the Association for Worksite Health Promotion; William M Mercer, Incorporated; and the US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Northbrook, Ill: Association for Worksite Health Promotion; 1999.
44. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Survey of airport smoking policies: United States, 2002. MMWR 2004;53:1175-1178.
45. State Tobacco Activities Tracking and Evaluation system (STATE) page. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/statesystem/. Accessed May 13, 2005.
46. Fishman JA, Allison H, Knowles SB, Fishburn BA, Woollery TA, Marx WT, Shelton DM, Husten CG, Eriksen MP. State laws on tobacco control: United States, 1998. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 1999;48:21-40.
47. Shelton DM, Alciati MH, Chang MM, Fishman JA, Fues LA, Michaels J, Bazile RJ, Bridgers JC Jr, Rosenthal JL, Kutty L, Eriksen MP. State laws on tobacco control: United States, 1995. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 1995;44:1-28.
48. Yee SL, Schooley M. Surveillance and Evaluation Data Resources for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs. Atlanta, Ga: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2001. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/ surveillance_manual/Surveillance.pdf. Accessed May 16, 2005.
49. School Health Profiles Fact Sheet. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/profiles/ pdfs/profiles_factsheet.pdf. Accessed May 16, 2005.
50. South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Cardiovascular Health Division. Worksite Wellness in South Carolina. Columbia, SC: SC Dept of Health and Environmental Control; 2003. Available at: http://www.scdhec.gov/health/chcdp/cvh/worksite.htm. Accessed May 16, 2005.
51. Choi HS, Bricker SK, Troy K, Kanny D, Powell KE. Worksite Health Promotion Policies and Practices in Georgia: 2002 Georgia Worksite Survey. Atlanta, Ga: Georgia Dept of Human Resources, Division of Public Health; January 2004. Publication No. DPH03/156HW. Available at: http://health.state.ga.us/ pdfs/epi/cdiee/worksitesurveyresults.02.pdf. Accessed May 16, 2005.
52. Surveillance of Policies and Environments Affecting Chronic Disease page. Georgia Department of Human Resources Web site. Available at: http://health.state.ga.us/epi/cdiee/policy.asp. Accessed May 16, 2005.
53. Camilo O, Goldstein LB. Statewide assessment of hospital-based stroke prevention and treatment services in North Carolina: changes over the last 5 years. Stroke. 2003;34:2945-2950.
54. An Explanation of US Physical Activity Surveys page. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/ physical/health_professionals/data/physical_surveys.htm#Surveys. Accessed May 16, 2005.
55. National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey page. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm. Accessed August 11, 2005.
56. National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) page. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web page. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm. Accessed August 11, 2005.
57. Deleted in proof.
58. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Web site. National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Available at: http://oas.samhsa.gov/ nsduh.htm. Accessed May 12, 2006.
59. Dwyer J, Ellwood K, Leader NP, Moshfegh AJ, Johnson CL. Integration of the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101:1142-1143.
60. USDA Agricultural Research Service Food Surveys Research Group. What We Eat in America, NHANES 2001-2002: Introduction page. USDA Web site. Available at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/services/docs.htm?docid=14018. Accessed May 4, 2005.
61. USDA Agricultural Research Service Food Surveys Research Group. FSRG Surveys page. USDA Web site. http://www.ars.usda.gov/services/docs.htm?docid= 7787. Accessed May 4, 2005.
62. Conway JM, Ingwersen LA, Moshfegh AJ. Accuracy of dietary recall using the USDA five-step multiple-pass method in men: an observational validation study. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104:595-603.
63. USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies, 1.0 (2004). Beltsville, Md: Agricultural Research Service, Food Surveys Research Group, US Dept of Agriculture; 2004:45.
64. NAMCS Description. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/ahcd/namcsdes.htm. Accessed December 16, 2005.
65. NHAMCS Description. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/ahcd/nhamcsds.htm. Accessed December 16, 2005.
66. Brener ND, Kann L, Kinchen SA, Grunbaum JA, Whalen L, Eaton D, Hawkins J, Ross JG. Methodology of the youth risk behavior surveillance system. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2004;53(RR-12):1-14.
67. Serdula MK, Gillespie C, Kettel-Khan L, Farris R, Seymour J, Denny C. Trends in fruit and vegetable consumption among adults in the United States: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1994-2000. Am J Pub Health. 2004;94:1014-1018.
68. 2005 State and Local Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/data/yrbs/ 2005/2005NationalYRBSDataUsersManual.pdf. Accessed May 12, 2005.
69. National Diabetes Surveillance System page. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics. Accessed May 16, 2005.
70. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Fact Sheet: General Information and National Estimates on Diabetes in the United States, 2003. Rev ed. Atlanta, Ga: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2004.
71. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1999 Surveillance Report. Atlanta, Ga: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1999. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/ statistics/survl99/index.htm. Accessed October 14, 2005.
72. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Economics of Diabetes Mellitus: An Annotated Bibliography. Atlanta, Ga: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 1999.
73. Ahluwalia IB, Mack KA, Murphy W, Mokdad AH, Bales VS. State-specific prevalence of selected chronic disease-related characteristics: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2001. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2003;52:1-80.
74. Polhamus B, Dalenius K, Thompson D, Scanlon K, Borland E, Smith B, Grummer-Strawn L. Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance 2003 Report. Atlanta, Ga: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2004. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/pednss/pdfs/ PedNSS_2003_Summary.pdf. Accessed May 16, 2005.
75. de Bruyne MC, Mosterd A, Hoes AW, Kors JA, Kruijssen DA, van Bemmel JH, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Prevalence, determinants, and misclassification of myocardial infarction in the elderly. Epidemiology. 1997;8:495-500.
76. Murabito JM, Evans JC, Larson MG, Levy D. Prognosis after the onset of coronary heart disease: an investigation of differences in outcome between the sexes according to initial coronary disease presentation. Circulation. 1993;88:2548-2555.
77. Leary MC, Saver JL. Annual incidence of first silent stroke in the United States: a preliminary estimate. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;16:280-285.
78. Kannel WB, Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Cobb J. Sudden coronary death in women. Am Heart J. 1998;136:205-212.
79. Gillum RF. Sudden coronary death in the United States: 1980-1985. Circulation 1989;79:756-765.
80. Fox CS, Evans JC, Larson MG, Lloyd-Jones DM, O'Donnell CJ, Sorlie PD, Manolio TA, Kannel WB, Levy D. A comparison of death certificate out-of-hospital coronary heart disease death with physician-adjudicated sudden cardiac death. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95:856-859.
81. Fox CS, Evans JC, Larson MG, Kannel WB, Levy D. Temporal trends in coronary heart disease mortality and sudden cardiac death from 1950 to 1999: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2004;110:522-527.
82. Luepker RV, Raczynski JM, Osganian S, Goldberg RJ, Finnegan JR Jr, Hedges JR, Goff DC Jr, Eisenberg MS, Zapka JG, Feldman HA, Labarthe DR, McGovern PG, Cornell CE, Proschan MA, Simons-Morton DG; for the REACT Study Group. Effect of a community intervention on patient delay and emergency medical service use in acute coronary heart disease: the Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment (REACT) Trial. JAMA 2000;284:60-67.
83. Evenson KR, Rosamond WD, Morris DL. Prehospital and in-hospital delays in acute stroke care: a review. Neuroepidemiology. 2001;20:65-76.
84. Goff DC Jr, Mitchell P, Finnegan J, Pandey D, Bittner V, Feldman H, Meischke H, Goldberg RJ, Luepker RV, Raczynski JM, Cooper L, Mann C; for the REACT Study Group. Knowledge of heart attack symptoms in 20 US communities: results from the Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment Community Trial. Prev Med. 2004;38:85-93.
85. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Improving the Chain of Recovery for Acute Stroke in Your Community: Task Force Reports. Bethesda, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2003. NIH publication No. 03-5348. Available at: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/news_and_events/proceedings/ acute_stroke_workshop.pdf. Accessed August 11, 2005.
86. Institute of Medicine. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000.
87. Committee on the Crossing the Quality Chasm: Next Steps Toward a New Health Care System. Adams K, Greiner AC, Corrigan JM, eds. The 1st Annual Crossing the Quality Chasm Summit: A Focus on Communities. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2004.
88. Krumholz HM, Peterson ED, Ayanian JZ, Chin MH, DeBusk RF, Goldman L, Kiefe CI, Powe NR, Rumsfeld JS, Spertus JA, Weintraub WS; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group. Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute working group on outcomes research in cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2005;111:3158-3166.
89. Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, Institute of Medicine. Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, eds. To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000.
90. Donabedian A. The quality of care: how can it be assessed? JAMA. 1988;260:1743-1748.
91. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, Hochman JS, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lamas GA, Mullany CJ, Ornato JP, Pearle DL, Sloan MA, Smith SC Jr, Alpert JS, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gibbons RJ, Gregoratos G, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction). ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction) [published correction appears in Circulation. 2005;111:2013]. Circulation. 2004;110:588-636.
92. Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, Califf RM, Cheitlin MD, Hochman JS, Jones RH, Kereiakes D, Kupersmith J, Levin TN, Pepine CJ, Schaeffer JW, Smith EE III, Steward DE, Theroux P, Gibbons RJ, Alpert JS, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gregoratos G, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Smith SC Jr; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina). ACC/AHA guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: 2002: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina). Circulation. 2002;106:1893-1900.
93. Hunt SA, Baker DW, Chin MH, Cinquegrani MP, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Goldstein S, Gregoratos G, Jessup ML, Noble RJ, Packer M, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Gibbons RJ, Antman EM, Alpert JS, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gregoratos G, Jacobs AK, Hiratzka LF, Russell RO, Smith SC Jr; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure); International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Failure Society of America. ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation. 2001;104:2996-3007.
94. Smith SC Jr, Blair SN, Bonow RO, Brass LM, Cerqueira MD, Dracup K, Fuster V, Gotto A, Grundy SM, Miller NH, Jacobs A, Jones D, Krauss RM, Mosca L, Ockene I, Pasternak RC, Pearson T, Pfeffer MA, Starke RD, Taubert KA. AHA/ACC Scientific Statement: AHA/ACC guidelines for preventing heart attack and death in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: 2001 update: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation. 2001;104:1577-1579.
95. Adams H, Adams R, Del Zoppo G, Goldstein LB; Stroke Council of the American Heart Association; American Stroke Association. Guidelines for the early management of patients with ischemic stroke: 2005 guidelines update: a scientific statement from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association [published corrections appear in Stroke. 2005;36:1352,1626; Stroke. 2006;37; 1582]. Stroke. 2005;36:916-923.
96. Adams RJ, Chimowitz MI, Alpert JS, Awad IA, Cerqueria MD, Fayad P, Taubert KA; Stroke Council and the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association; American Stroke Association. Coronary risk evaluation in patients with transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council and the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Circulation. 2003;108:1278-1290.
97. Spertus JA, Eagle KA, Krumholz HM, Mitchell KR, Normand SL; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures. American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association methodology for the selection and creation of performance measures for quantifying the quality of cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2005;111:1703-1712.
98. Bonow RO, Bennett S, Casey DE Jr, Ganiats TG, Hlatky MA, Konstam MA, Lambrew CT, Normand SL, Pina IL, Radford MJ, Smith AL, Stevenson LW, Burke G, Eagle KA, Krumholz HM, Linderbaum J, Masoudi FA, Ritchie JL, Rumsfeld JS, Spertus JA; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures; Heart Failure Society of America. ACC/AHA clinical performance measures for adults with chronic heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to Develop Heart Failure Clinical Performance Measures): endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation. 2005;112:1853-1887.
99. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. The Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry page. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/stroke_registry. htm. Accessed August 11, 2005.
100. Goldman L, Phillips KA, Coxson P, Goldman PA, Williams L, Hunink MG, Weinstein MC. The effect of risk factor reductions between 1981 and 1990 on coronary heart disease incidence, prevalence, mortality and cost. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:1012-1017.
101. Goff DC Jr, Howard G, Wang CH, Folsom AR, Rosamond WD, Cooper LS, Chambless LE. Trends in severity of hospitalized myocardial infarction: the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1994. Am Heart J. 2000;139:874-880.
102. Goldberg R, Yarzebski J, Lessard D, Gore J. A two-decades (1975 to 1995) long experience in the incidence, in-hospital and long-term case fatality rates of acute myocardial infarction: a community-wide perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:1533-1539.
103. Hellerman JP, Reeder GS, Jacobsen SJ, Weston SA, Killian JM, Roger VL. Longitudinal trends in the severity of acute myocardial infarction: a population study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156:246-253.
104. Alpert JS, Thygesen K, Antman E, Bassand JP. Myocardial infarction redefined: a consensus document of the Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction [published correction appears in J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:973]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:959-969.
105. Salomaa V, Koukkunen H, Ketonen M, Immonen-Raiha P, Karja-Koskenkari P, Mustonen J, Lehto S, Torppa J, Lehtonen A, Tuomilehto J, Kesanieni YA, Pyorala K. A new definition for myocardial infarction: what difference does it make? Eur Heart J. 2005;26:1719-1725.
106. Antman EM, Tanasijevic MJ, Thompson B, Schactman M, McCabe CH, Cannon CP, Fischer GA, Fung AY, Thompson C, Wybenga D, Braunwald E. Cardiac specific troponin I levels to predict the risk of mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1342-1349.
107. James S, Armstrong P, Califf R, Simoons ML, Venge P, Wallentin L, Lindahl B. Troponin T levels and risk of 30-day outcomes in patients with the acute coronary syndrome: prospective verification in the GUSTO-IV trial. Am J Med. 2003;115:178-184.
108. Luepker RV, Apple FS, Christenson RH, Crow RS, Fortmann SP, Goff D, Goldberg RJ, Hand MM, Jaffe AS, Julian DG, Levy D, Manolio T, Mendis S, Mensah G, Pajak A, Prineas RJ, Reddy KS, Roger VL, Rosamond WD, Shahar E, Sharrett AR, Sorlie P, Tunstall-Pedoe H; AHA Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; AHA Statistics Committee; World Heart Federation Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Epidemiology and Prevention; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Case definitions for acute coronary heart disease in epidemiology and clinical research studies: a statement from the AHA Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; AHA Statistics Committee; World Heart Federation Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Epidemiology and Prevention; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Circulation. 2003;108:2543-2549.
109. McGovern PG, Burke GL, Sprafka JM, Xue S, Folsom AR, Blackburn H. Trends in mortality, morbidity, and risk factor levels for stroke from 1960 through 1990: the Minnesota Heart Survey. JAMA. 1992;268:753-759.
110. Bhatt DL, Roe MT, Peterson ED, Li Y, Chen AY, Harrington RA, Greenbaum AB, Berger PB, Cannon CP, Cohen DJ, Gibson CM, Saucedo JF, Kleiman NS, Hochman JS, Boden WE, Brindis RG, Peacock WF, Smith SC Jr, Pollack CV Jr, Gibler WB, Ohman EM; CRUSADE Investigators. Utilization of early invasive management strategies for high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: results from the CRUSADE Quality Improvement Initiative. JAMA 2004;292:2096-2104.
111. Johnston SC, Fung LH, Gillum LA, Smith WS, Brass LM, Lichtman JH, Brown AN. Utilization of intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator for ischemic stroke at academic medical centers: the influence of ethnicity. Stroke. 2001;32:1061-1068.
112. Ayanian JZ, Epstein AM. Differences in the use of procedures between women and men hospitalized for coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:221-225.
113. Hirshfeld JW Jr, Wilensky RL. Drug-eluting stents are here: now what? Implications for clinical practice and health care costs. Cleve Clin J Med. 2004;71:825-828.
114. Pearce KA, Furberg CD, Psaty BM, Kirk J. Cost-minimization and the number needed to treat in uncomplicated hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1998;11:618-629.
115. Siegel D, Lopez J. Trends in antihypertensive drug use in the United States: do the JNC V recommendations affect prescribing? Fifth Joint National Commission on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. JAMA. 1997;278:1745-1748.
116. Bertoni AG, Bonds DE, Thom T, Chen GJ, Goff DC Jr. Acute coronary syndrome national statistics: challenges in definitions. Am Heart J. 2005;149:1055-1061.
117. Roger VL, Weston SA, Redfield MM, Hellermann-Homan JP, Killian J, Yawn BP, Jacobsen SJ. Trends in heart failure incidence and survival in a community-based population. JAMA. 2004;292:344-350.
118. Rumsfeld JS. Health status and clinical practice: when will they meet? Circulation. 2002;106:5-7.
119. Stanek EJ, Oates MB, McGhan WF, Denofrio D, Loh E. Preferences for treatment outcomes in patients with heart failure: symptoms versus survival. J Card Fail. 2000;6:225-232.
120. Konstam V, Salem D, Pouleur H, Kostis J, Gorkin L, Shumaker S, Mottard I, Woods P, Konstam MA, Yusuf S; Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction Investigators. Baseline quality of life as a predictor of mortality and hospitalization in 5,025 patients with congestive heart failure: SOLVD Investigations. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:890-895.
121. Spertus JA, Jones P, McDonell M, Fan V, Fihn SD. Health status predicts long-term outcome in outpatients with coronary disease. Circulation. 2002;106:43-49.
122. Rumsfeld JS, MaWhinney S, McCarthy M Jr, Shroyer AL, VillaNueva CB, O'Brien M, Moritz TE, Henderson WG, Grover FL, Seithi GK, Hammermeister KE; Participants of the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Processes, Structures, and Outcomes of Care in Cardiac Surgery. Health-related quality of life as a predictor of mortality following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. JAMA. 1999;281:1298-1303.
123. Spertus JA, Winder JA, Dewhurst TA, Deyo RA, Prodzinski J, McDonell M, Fihn SD. Development and evaluation of the Seattle Angina Questionnaire: a new functional status measure for coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:333-341.
124. Hofer S, Lim L, Guyatt G, Oldridge N. The MacNew Heart Disease health-related quality of life instrument: a summary. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004;2:3.
125. Green CP, Porter CB, Bresnahan DR, Spertus JA. Development and evaluation of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire: a new health status measure for heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:1245-1255.
126. Rector TS, Tschumperlin LK, Kubo SH, Bank AJ, Francis GS, McDonald KM, Keeler CA, Silver MA. Use of the Living With Heart Failure questionnaire to ascertain patients' perspectives on improvement in quality of life versus risk of drug-induced death. J Card Fail. 1995;1:201-206.
127. Williams LS, Weinberger M, Harris LE, Clark DO, Biller J. Development of a stroke-specific quality of life scale. Stroke. 1999;30:1362-1369.
128. Meyer BC, Hemmen TM, Jackson CM, Lyden PD. Modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale for use in stroke clinical trials: prospective reliability and validity. Stroke. 2002;33:1261-1266.
129. National Center for Health Statistics. National Hospital Discharge Survey Description page. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/hdasd/nhdsdes.htm. Accessed August 11, 2005.
130. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Nationwide Inpatient Sample page. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Web site. Available at: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/nisoverview.jsp. Accessed August 11, 2005.
131. National Committee for Quality Assurance. The State of Health Care Quality: 2004. Washington, DC: National Committee for Quality Assurance; 2004. Available at: http://www.ncqa.org/communications/SOMC/SOHC2004.pdf. Accessed August 12, 2005.
132. Donoghue AJ, Nadkarni VM, Elliott M, Durbin D; American Heart Association National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Investigators. Effect of hospital characteristics on outcomes from pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a report from the national registry of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Pediatrics. 2006;118:995-1001.
133. Nadkarni VM, Larkin GL, Peberdy MA, Carey SM, Kaye W, Mancini ME, Nichol G, Lane-Truitt T, Potts J, Ornato JP, Berg RA; National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Investigators. First documented rhythm and clinical outcome from in-hospital cardiac arrest among children and adults. JAMA. 2006;295:50-57.
134. Samson RA, Nadkarni VM, Meaney PA, Carey SM, Berg MD, Berg RA; American Heart Association National Registry of CPR Investigators. Outcomes of in-hospital ventricular fibrillation in children. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2328-2339.
135. Peberdy MA, Kaye W, Ornato JP, Larkin GL, Nadkarni V, Mancini ME, Berg RA, Nichol G, Lane-Trultt T. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of adults in the hospital: a report of 14720 cardiac arrests from the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2003;58:297-308.
136. Get With The Guidelines page. American Heart Association Web site. Available at: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1165. Accessed August 12, 2005.
137. CRUSADE. Can Rapid Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines? Available at: http://www.crusadeqi.com/. Accessed August 12, 2005.
138. ADHERE. The Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry. Available at: http://www.adhereregistry.com/. Accessed August 12, 2005.
139. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Nationwide Inpatient Sample Introduction page. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Web site. Available at: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/nation/nis/ NIS_Introduction_2003_v7.pdf. Accessed August 11, 2005.
140. National Center for Health Statistics. National Nursing Home Survey page. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nnhs.htm. Accessed May 12, 2006.
141. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System page. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/. Accessed August 12, 2005.
142. Thom TJ, Kannel WB. Congestive heart failure: epidemiology and cost of illness. Dis Manage Health Outcomes. 1997;1:75-83.
143. Stevenson R, Ranjadayalan K, Wilkinson P, Roberts R, Timmis AD. Short and long term prognosis of acute myocardial infarction since introduction of thrombolysis [published correction appears in BMJ. 1993;307:909]. BMJ. 1993;307:349-353.
144. Torp-Pedersen C, Hildebrandt P, Kober L, Nielsen FE, Jensen G, Melchior T, Joen T, Ringsdal V, Nielsen U, Ege M. Improving long-term survival of patients with acute myocardial infarction from 1977-1988 in a region of Denmark. Eur Heart J. 1995;16:14-20.
145. Armstrong PW, Moe GW. Medical advances in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Circulation. 1993;88:2941-2952.
146. Lagnado L. Hospitals profit by "upcoding" illnesses. Wall Street Journal. April 17, 1997.
147. Schellenbaum GD, Rea TD, Heckbert SR, Smith NL, Lumley T, Roger VL, Kitzman DW, Taylor HA, Levy D, Psaty BM. Survival associated with two sets of diagnostic criteria for congestive heart failure. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160:628-635.
148. Kim J, Jacobs DR, Luepker RV, Shahar E, Margolis KL, Becker MP. Prognostic value of a novel classification scheme for heart failure: the Minnesota Heart Failure Criteria. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164:184-193.
149. Rose GA. The diagnosis of ischaemic heart pain and intermittent claudication in field surveys. Bull World Health Organ. 1962;27:645-658.
150. Leng GC, Fowkes FGR. Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire: an improved version of the WHO/Rose questionnaire for use in epidemiological surveys. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992;45:1101-1109.
151. Criqui MH, Denenberg JO, Bird CE, Fronek A, Klauber MR, Langer RD. The correlation between symptoms and non-invasive test results in patients referred for peripheral arterial disease testing. Vasc Med. 1996;1:65-71.
152. Second European consensus document on chronic critical leg ischemia. Circulation 1991;84(suppl IV):IV-1-IV-26.
153. International Classification of Diseases page. World Health Organization Web site. Available at: http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/. Accessed August 12, 2005.
154. National Center for Health Statistics. National Death Index page. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ nchs/ndi.htm. Accessed August 12, 2005.
155. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey page. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Web site. Available at: http://www.meps.ahrq.gov. Accessed December 21, 2005.
156. Working Group on Accurately Linking Information for Health Care Quality and Safety, Markle Foundation. Linking Health Care Information: Proposed Methods for Improving Care and Protecting Privacy. http://ccbh.ehealthinitiative.org/ communities/community.aspx?section=105. Accessed December 10, 2005.
157. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIPAA privacy rule and public health: guidance from CDC and the US Department of Health and Human Services. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52(suppl):1-17,19,20.