Something out of nothing: The placebo effect

Advances in Psychiatric Treatment

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 287-296

  Vallance, Aaron K ^a,b,c  

^a Service for Adolescents and Families   (United Kingdom)

^b The Royal Free Hospital ^*  (United Kingdom)

^c ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33846062247     PISSN: 13555146     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1192/apt.12.4.287     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Ader, R. A. (1999) The role of conditioning in pharmacotherapy. In The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration (ed. A. Harrington) pp. 138-165. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
2. Ader, R. (2003) Conditioned immunomodulation: research needs and directions. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 17, S51-S57.
3. Ader, R. A. & Cohen, N. (1975) Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression. Psychosomatic Medicine, 37, 333-340.
4. Ader, R. A. & Cohen, N. (1982) Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression and murine systemic lupus erythematosus. Science, 215, 1534-1536.
5. Anonymous (1952) The bottle of medicine. BMJ, 1, 149.
6. Beecher, H. K. (1955) The powerful placebo. JAMA, 159, 1602-1606.
7. Benedetti, F., Amanzio, M., Baldi, S., et al (1999) Inducing placebo respiratory depressant responses in humans. European Journal of Neuroscience, 11, 625-631.
8. Benedetti, F., Pollo A., Lopiano L., et al (2003) Conscious expectation and unconscious conditioning in analgesic, motor and hormonal placebo/nocebo responses. Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 4315-4323.
9. Benedetti, F., Mayberg, H. S., Wager, T..D., et al (2005) Neurobiological mechanisms of the placebo effect. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 10390-10402.
10. Braithwaite, A. & Cooper, P. (1981) Analgesic effects of branding in treatment of headaches. BMJ, 282, 1576-1578.
11. Brody, H. (1980) Placebos and the Philosophy of Medicine. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
12. Brody, H. (1999) The doctor as therapeutic agent: a placebo effect research agenda. In The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration (ed. A. Harrington), pp. 77-92. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
13. Brody, H. (2000) The Placebo Response. New York: Harper Collins.
14. Buckman, R. & Sabbagh, K. (1993) Magic or Medicine? An Investigation of Healing and Healers. London: Pan Books.
15. Cattaneo, A. D., Lucchelli, P. E. & Filippuci, G. (1970) Sedative effects of placebo treatment. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 3, 43-45.
16. Clow, A. (2001) Behavioral conditioning of the immune system. In Understanding the Placebo Effect in Complementary Medicine. Theory, Practice and Research (ed. D. Peters), pp. 51-66. London: Churchill Livingstone.
17. Coryell, W. & Noyes, R. (1988) Placebo response in panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1138-1140.
18. Crow, R., Gage, H., Hampson, S., et al (1999) The role of expectancies in the placebo effect and their use in the delivery of health care. Health Technology Assessment, 3(3), 1-96.
19. de Craen, A. J., Roos, P. J., de Vries, A. L., et al (1996) Effect of colour of drugs: systematic review of perceived effect of drugs and their effectiveness. BMJ, 313, 1624-1626.
20. de la Fuente Fernandez, R., Ruth, T. J., Sossi, V., et al (2001) Expectation and dopamine release: mechanism of the placebo effect in Parkinson's disease. Science, 293, 1164-1166.
21. Drinnan, M. J. & Marmor, M. F. (1991) Functional visual loss in Cambodian refugees: a study of cultural factors in ophthalmology. European Journal of Ophthalmology, 1, 115-118.
22. Ernst, E. (2001) Towards a scientific understanding of placebo effects. In Understanding the Placebo Effect in Complementary Medicine. Theory, Practice and Research (ed. D. Peters), pp. 17-30. London: Churchill Livingstone.
23. Eskandari, F. & Sternberg, E. M. (2002) Neuroendocrine mediators of placebo effects on immunity. In The Science of the Placebo. Toward an Interdisciplinary Research Agenda (eds H. A. Guess, A. Kleinman, J. W. Kusek, et al), pp. 169-182. London: BMJ Books.
24. Evans, D. (2003) Placebo: The Belief Effect. London: Harper Collins Publishers.
25. Evans. D. (2005) Suppression of the acute-phase response as a biological mechanism for the placebo effect. Medical Hypotheses, 64, 1-7.
26. Fields, H. L. & Price, D. D. (1999) Toward a neurobiology of placebo anasthesia. In The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Approach (ed. A. Harrington), pp. 93-116. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
27. Fillmore, M., Mulvihill, L. E., & Vogel-Sprott, M. (1994) The expected drug and its expected effect interact to determine placebo responses to alcohol and caffeine. Psychopharmacology, 115, 383-388.
28. Flaten, M. A. & Blumenthal, T. D. (1999) Caffeine-associated stimuli elicit conditioned responses: an experimental model of the placebo effect. Psychopharmacology, 100, 36-39.
29. Forrer, G. R. (1964) Psychoanalytic theory of placebo. Diseases of the Nervous System, 25, 655-661.
30. Geers, A. L., Helfer, S. G., Kosbab, K., et al (2005) Reconsidering the role of personality in placebo effects: dispositional optimism, situational expectations, and the placebo response. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 121-127.
31. Gracely, R. H. (1979) Psychophysical assessment of human pain. In Advances in Pain Research and Therapy (eds J. J. Bonica, J. C. Liebeskind & D. G. Albe-Fessard), pp. 805-824. New York: Raven Press.
32. Grochowicz, P. M., Schedlowski, M., Husband, A. J., et al (1991) Behavioral conditioning prolongs heart allograft survival in rats. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 5, 349-356.
33. Guess, H. A., Kleinman, A., Kusek, J. W., et al (2002) The Science of the Placebo. Toward an Interdisciplinary Research Agenda. London: BMJ Books.
34. Harrington, A. (1999) The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Phenomenon. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
35. Helman, C. G. (2001) Placebos and nocebos: the cultural construction of belief. In Understanding the Placebo Effect in Complementary Medicine. Theory, Practice and Research (ed. D. Peters), pp. 3-16. London: Churchill Livingstone.
36. Herrnstein, R. J. (1962) Placebo effect in the rat. Science, 138, 677-678.
37. Hogarty, G. E. & Goldberg, S. C. (1973) Drug and sociotherapy in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 54-64.
38. Hrobjartsson, A. & Gotzsche, P. C. (2001) Is the placebo powerless? An analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment. New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 1594-1602.
39. Hussain, M. Z. & Ahad, A. (1970) Tablet colour in anxiety states. BMJ, 3, 466.
40. Jensen, M. P. & Karoly, P. (1991) Motivation and expectancy factors in symptom perception: a laboratory study of the placebo effect. Psychosomatic Medicine, 53, 144-152.
41. Jospe, M. (1978) The Placebo Effect in Healing. Lexington, MA: Heath.
42. Kienle, G. S. & Kiene, H. (1996) Placebo effect and placebo concept: a critical methodological and conceptual analysis of reports on the magnitude of the placebo effect. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2, 39-54.
43. Kienle, G. S. & Kiene, H. (2001) A critical reanalysis of the concept, magnitude and existence of placebo effects. In Understanding the Placebo Effect in Complementary Medicine. Theory, Practice and Research (ed. D. Peters), pp. 31-50 London: Churchill Livingstone.
44. Kirsch, I. (1990) Changing Expectations: A Key to Effective Psychotherapy. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
45. Kirsch, I. (1999) Specifying nonspecifics: psychological mechanisms of placebo effects. In The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration (ed A. Harrington), pp. 166-186. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
46. Kirsch, I. & Sapirstein, G. (1998) Listening to Prozac but hearing placebo: a meta-analysis of antidepressant medication. Prevention and Treatment, 1, art. 0002a.
47. Kong, J., Gollub, R. L., Rosman, I. S., et al (2006) Brain activity associated with expectancy-enhanced placebo analgesia as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 381-388.
48. Lee, S., Walker, J. R., Jakul, L., et al (2004) Does elimination of placebo responders in a placebo run-in increase the treatment effect in randomized control trials? A meta-analytic evaluation. Depression and Anxiety, 19, 10-19.
49. Leuchter, A. F., Cook, I. A., Witte, E. A., et al (2002) Changes in brain function of depressed patients during treatment with placebo. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 122-129.
50. Lucchelli, P. E., Cattaneo, A. D. & Zattoni, J. (1978) Effect of capsule color and order of administration of hypnotic treatments. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 13, 153-155.
51. Mayberg, H. S., Silva, A. J., Brannan, S. K., et al (2002) The functional neuroanatomy of the placebo effect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 728-737.
52. Moerman, D. (2002) Meaning, Medicine and the 'Placebo Effect'. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
53. Moncrieff, J., Wessely, S. & Hardy, R. (2004) Active placebos versus antidepressants for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, issue 1. Oxford: Update Software.
54. Montgomery, G. & Kirsch, I. (1996) Mechanisms of placebo pain reduction: an empirical investigation. Psychological Science, 7, 174-176.
55. Montgomery, G. & Kirsch, I. (1997) Classical conditioning and the placebo effect. Pain, 72, 107-113.
56. Morris, D. B. (1999) Placebo, pain, and belief. In The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration (ed. A. Harrington), pp. 187-207. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
57. Moynihan, J., Koota, D., Brenner, G., et al (1989) Repeated intraperitoneal injections of saline attenuate the antibody response to a subsequent intraperitoneal injection of antigen. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 3, 90-96.
58. Newlin, D. B. (1989) Placebo responding in same direction as alcohol in women. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 13, 36-39.
59. Peters, D. (2001) Understanding the Placebo Effect in Complementary Medicine. Theory, Practice and Research. London: Churchill Livingstone.
60. Petrovic, P., Dietrich, T., Fransson, P., et al (2005) Placebo in emotional processing-induced expectations of anxiety relief activate a generalised modulatory network. Neuron, 46, 957-969.
61. Phillips, D. P. & Smith, D. G. (1990) Postponement of death until symbolically meaningful occasions. JAMA, 263, 1947-1951.
62. Price, D. D. & Barrell, J. J. (1984) Some general laws of human emotion: interrelationships between intensities of desire, expectation, and emotional feeling. Journal of Personality, 52, 389-409.
63. Price, D. D. & Fields, H. L. (1999) The contribution of desire and expectation to placebo analgesia: implications for new research strategies. In The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration (ed. A. Harrington), pp. 117-137. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
64. Quitkin, F. M., McGrath, P. J., Stewart, J. W., et al (1998) Placebo run-in period in studies of depressive disorders. Clinical, heuristic and research implications. British Journal Psychiatry, 173, 242-248.
65. Ramirez-Amaya, V., Alvarez-Borda, B. & Bermudez-Rattoni, F. (1998) Differential effects of NMDA-induced lesions into the insular cortex and amygdala on the acquisition and evocation of conditioned immunosuppression. Brain, Behavior and Immunology, 12, 149-160.
66. Robinson, M. L., Houtsmuller, E. J., Moolchan, E. T., et al (2000) Placebo cigarettes in smoking research. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 8, 326-332.
67. Rosenberg, N. K., Mellegard, M., Rosenberg, R., et al (1991) Characteristics of panic disorder patients responding to placebo. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 365, 33-38.
68. Rozee, P. & Van Boemel, G. (1989) The psychological effects of war trauma and abuse on older Cambodian refugee women. Women and Therapy, 8, 23-50.
69. Schonauer, K. (1994) Semiotic Foundations of Drug Therapy. The Placebo Problem in a New Perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
70. Shapiro, A. K. & Shapiro, E. (1984) Patient-provider relationships and the placebo effect. In Handbook of Health Enhancement and Disease Prevention (ed J. D. Matarazzo), pp. 371-383. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
71. Shapiro, A. K. & Shapiro, E. (1997) The Powerful Placebo: From Ancient Priest to Modern Physician. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
72. Shapiro, A. K. & Shapiro, E. (1999) Is it much ado about nothing? In The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration (ed. A. Harrington), pp. 12-36. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
73. Siegel, S. (2002) Explanatory mechanisms for placebo effects: Pavlovian conditioning. In The Science of the Placebo. Toward an Interdisciplinary Research Agenda (eds H. A. Guess, A. Kleinman, J. W. Kusek, et al), pp. 133-157. London: BMJ Books.
74. Smith, G. R. & McDaniel, S. M. (1983) Psychologically mediated effect on the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculin in humans. Psychosomatic Medicine, 45, 65-70.
75. Ulrich, R. S. (1984) View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224, 420-421.
76. Walsh, T. B., Seiddman, S. N., Sysko, R., et al (2002) Placebo response in studies of major depression: variable, substantial, and growing. JAMA, 287, 1840-1847.
77. White, L., Tursky, B. & Schwartz, G. E. (1985) Placebo: Theory, Research, and Mechanisms. New York: Guilford Press.
78. Wolf, S. (1959) The pharmacology of placebos. Pharmacological Review, 11, 689-704.