Gender differences in cognitive functions and influence of sex hormones

Actas Espanolas de Psiquiatria

Volumn 34, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 408-415

  Torres, A ^a,b   Gomez Gil E ^a   Vidal, A ^a   Puig, O ^a   Boget, T ^a   Salamero, M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^b HOSPITAL CLÍNIC   (Spain)

Author keywords

Cognitive performance; Intelligence; Sex differences; Sex hormones; Transsexualism

Indexed keywords

SEX HORMONE;

ADULT; COGNITION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE;

ADULT; COGNITION; FEMALE; GONADAL STEROID HORMONES; HUMANS; MALE; SEX FACTORS;

EID: 33845952574     PISSN: 11399287     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Costa JR PT, Terracciano A, McCrae RR. Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: robust and surprising findings. J Pers SocPsychol 2001;81:322-31.
2. Stroud LR, Salovey P, Epel ES. Sex differences in stress responses: social rejection versus achievement stress. Biol Psychiatry 2002;52:318-27.
3. Seeman MV. Psychopathology in women and men: focus on female hormones. Am J Psych 1997;154:1641-7.
4. Weschler D. The measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1958.
5. Turner RG, Willerman L. Sex differences in WAIS item performance. J Clin Psychol 1977;33:795-7.
6. Willerman L. The psychology of individual and group differences. San Francisco: Freeman and Co, 1978.
7. Brody N. Intelligence. San Diego: Academic Press, 1992.
8. Carroll JB. Educational Psychology in the 21est century. Educ Psychol 1993;28:90-5.
9. Voyer D, Voyer S, Bryden M P. Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: a metaanalysis and consideration of critical variables. Psych Bull 1995;117:250-70.
10. Gouchie C, Kimura D. The relationship between testosterone levels and cognitive ability patterns. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1991;16:323-34.
11. Collins DW, Kimura D. A large sex differences on a two-dimensional mental rotation task. Behav Neurosci 1997;111:845-9.
12. Feingold A. Cognitive gender differences are disappearing. Am Psychol 1988;43:95-103.
13. Linn M C, Petersen N. Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: a metaanalysis. Child Dev 1985; 56:1479-98.
14. Geary DC. Sexual selection and sex differences in mathematical abilities. Behav Brain Sci 1996;19:229-84.
15. Mann VA, Sasanuma S, Sakuma S, Masaki S. Sex differences in cognitive abilities: a cross-cultural perspective. Neuropsychologia 1990;28:1063-77.
16. Halpern DF. Sex differences in cognitive abilities. New Jersey: Erlbaum, 1992.
17. Hall JA, Kimura D. Sexual orientation and performance in sexually dimorphic motor tasks. Arch Sex Behav 1995;24:395-407.
18. Hyde JS, Linn MC. Gender differences in verbal ability: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 1988;104:53-69.
19. Hyde JS, Fennema E, Lamon SJ. Gender differences in mathematics performance: a metaanalysis. Psychol Bull 1990;107:139-55.
20. Maccoby EE, Jacklin CN. The psychology of sex differences. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974.
21. Ivison DJ. The Weschler Memory Scale: preliminary findings toward an Australian standardisation. Aust Psychol 1977;12:303-12.
22. Bleecker M, Bolla-Wilson K, Agnew J, Meyers D. Age related sex differences in verbal memory. J Clin Psychol 1988;44:403-11.
23. Basso MR, Harrington K, Matson M, Lowery N. Sex differences on the WMS-III: findings concerning verbal paired associates and faces. Clin Neuropsychol 2000;14:231-5.
24. Lewin C, Wolgers G, Herlitz A. Sex differences favoring women in verbal but not in visuospatial episodic memory. Neuropsychology 2001;15:165-73.
25. Kail RV, Siegel AW. Sex differences in retention of verbal and spatial characteristics of stimuli. J Exp Child Psychol 1977;23:341-7.
26. Postma A, Izendoorn R, de Haan EH. Sex differences in object location memory. Brain Cogn 1998;36:334-45.
27. Silverman I, Eals M. Sex differences in spatial abilities: evolutionary theory and data. In: Barkow JH, Cosmides L, editors. The adapted mind: evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. London: Oxford University Press, 1992; p. 533-49.
28. Barnfield AM. Development of sex differences in spatial memory. Percept Mot Skills 1999;89:339-50.
29. Makarek K, Persinger M. Bilingual men but not women display verbal memory weaknesses but not figural memory differences compared to monolinguals. Pers Individ Diff 1993;15:531-6.
30. Makarek K, Persinger M. Complex partial epileptic like signs and differential visual search times for normal men and normal women: implications for functional lateralization. Pers Individ Diff 1995;18:643-51.
31. Perlman SM. Cognitive abilities of children with hormone abnormalities: screening by psychoeducational tests. J Learn Disabil 1973;6:21-9.
32. Resnick SM, Berenbaum SA, Gottesman II, Bouchard T. Early hormonal influences on cognitive functioning in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Dev Psychol 1986;22:191-8.
33. Helteday J, Bartfai A, Ritzen EM, Forsman M. General intelligence and cognitive profile in women with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH). Psychoneuroendocrinology 1994;19:343-56.
34. Hines M, Fane BA, Pasterski VL, Mathews GA, Conway GS, Brook C. Spatial abilities following prenatal androgen abnormality: targeting and mental rotations performance in individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003; 28:1010-26.
35. Downey J, Elkin FJ, Ehrhardt AA, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Bell JJ, Morishima A. Cognitive ability and everyday functioning in women with Turner syndrome. J Learn Disabil 1991;24:32-9.
36. Bender BG, Linden MG, Robinson A. Neuropsychological impairment in 42 adolescents with sex chromosome abnormalities. Am J Med Gen 1993;48:169-73.
37. Reiss AL, Freund L, Plotnick L. The effects of X monosomy on brain development: monozygotic twins discordant for Turner's syndrome. Ann Neurol 1993;34:95-107.
38. Ross JL, Stefanatos G, Roeltgen D, Kushner H, Cutler GB. Ullrich-Turner syndrome: neurodevelopmental changes from childhood through adolescence. Am J Med Gen 1995;57:1-9.
39. Rovet JF. The cognitive and neuropsychological characteristics of females with Turner syndrome. In: Berch DB, Bender BG, editors. Sex chromosome abnormalities and human behavior. Boulder: Westview Press, 1990; p. 38-77.
40. Rovet JF. The psychoeducational characteristics of children with Turner syndrome. J Learn Disabil 1993;26:333-41.
41. Bruandet M, Molko N, Cohen L, Dehaene S. A cognitive characterization of dyscalcuiia in Turner syndrome. Neuropsychologia 2004;42:288-98.
42. Salbenblatt JA, Meyers DC, Bender BG, Linden MS, Robinson A. Gross and fine motor development in 45,X and 47,XXX girls. Pediatrics 1989;84:678-82.
43. Hines M. Prenatal gonadal hormones and sex differences in human behavior. Psychol Bull 1982;92:56-80.
44. Ross JL, Roeltgen D, Stefanatos GA, Feuillan P, Kushner H, Bondy C, et al. Androgen-responsive aspects of cognition in girls with Turner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:292-6.
45. Ross JL, Roeltgen D, Feuillan P, Kushner H, Cutler GB. Use of estrogen in young girls with Turner syndrome: effects on memory. Neurology 2000;54:164-70.
46. Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA, Pugh KR, Fulbright RK, Skudlarski P, Mencl WE, et al. Effect of estrogen on brain activation patterns in post-menopausal women during working memory tasks. JAMA 1999;281:1197-202.
47. Maki PM, Resnick SM. Longitudinal effects of estrogen replacement therapy on PET cerebral blood flow and cognition. Neurobiol Aging 2000;21:373-83.
48. Greene RA. Estrogen and cerebral blood flow: a mechanism to explain the impact of estrogen on the incidence and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 2000; 45:253-7.
49. Rasgon NL, Small GW, Siddarth P, Miller K, Ercoli LM, Bookheimer SY, et al. Estrogen use and brain metabolic change in older adults. A preliminary report. Psychiatry Res 2001;107:11-8.
50. Azad N, Pitale S, Barnes WE, Friedman N. Testosterone treatment enhances regional brain perfusion in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:3064-8.
51. Maki PM, Pich JB, Rosenbaum S. Implicit memory varies across the menstrual cycle: estrogen effects in young women. Neuropsychologia 2002;40:518-29.
52. Drake EB, Henderson VW, Stanczyk FZ, McCleary CA, Brown WS, Smith CA, et al. Associations between circulating sex steroid hormones and cognition in normal elderly women. Neurology 2000;54:599-603.
53. Rosenberg L, Park S. Verbal and spatial functions across the menstrual cycle in healthy young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2002;27:835-41.
54. Phillips SM, Sherwin BB. Variations in memory function and sex steroid hormones across the menstrual cycle. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1992;17:497-506.
55. Gordon HW, Lee PA. No difference in cognitive performance between phases of the menstrual cycle. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1993;18:521-31.
56. Vila M, Peláez T, García-Parés G, Cobo JV, Rodríguez A, Jodar VM. Alteraciones cognitivas durante el embarazo. Correlación con variables clinicas y hormonales. 6th Annual Scientific Meeting European Association for Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics/ XXXVIII Congreso Sociedad Española Medicina Psicosomática. Zaragoza, 18-20 Sept-2003.
57. Hier DB, Crowley WF Jr. Spatial ability in androgen-deficient men. New Engl J Med 1982;306:1202-5.
58. Hogervorst E, Williams J, Budge M, Riedel W, Jolies J. The nature of the effect of female gonadal hormone replacement therapy on cognitive function in post-menopausal women: a metaanalysis. Neuroscience 2000;101:485-512.
59. LeBlanc ES, Janowsky J, Chan BK, Nelson HD. Hormone replacement therapy and cognition: systematic review and metaanalysis. JAMA 2001;285:1489-99.
60. Hogervorst E, Yaffe K, Richards M, Huppert F. Hormone replacement therapy for cognitive function in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(3):CD003122.
61. Shumaker SA, Legault C, Rapp SR, Thai L, Wallace RB, Ockene JK, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women. The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2003;289:2651-62.
62. Rapp SR, Espeland MA, Shumaker SA, Henderson VW, Brunner RL, Manson JE, et al. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on global cognitive function in postmenopausal women. The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2003;289:2663-72.
63. Vidal A, Gomez E, Peri JM. Psicopatologia y trastorno de la identidad sexual. Rev Psiquiatria Facultad Medicina Barcelona 2003; 30:147-51.
64. Van Goozen SH, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren LJ, Frijda NH, van de Poll EN. Activating effects of androgens on cognitive performance: causal evidence in a group of female-to-male transsexuals. Neuropsychologia 1994;32:1153-7.
65. Van Goozen SH, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren LJ, Frijda NH, van de Poll NE. Gender differences in behaviour: activating effects of cross-sex hormones. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1995;20:343-63.
66. Miles C, Green R, Sanders G, Hines M. Estrogen and memory in a transsexual population. Horm Behav 1998;34:199-208.
67. Slabbekoorn D, van Goozen SH, Megens J, Gooren LJ, Cohen-Kettenis PT. Activating effects of cross-sex hormones on cognitive functioning: a study of short-term and long-term hormone effects in transsexuals. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1999;24: 423-4.