Root oxygen deprivation and the reduction of leaf stomatal aperture and gas exchange

Handbook of Photosynthesis, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 299-314

  Sojka, Robert E ^a   Oosterhuis, Derrick M ^b   Dan Scott, H ^c  

^a Northwest Irrigat Soils Res Lab   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS   (United States)

^c Mount Olive College   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845809805     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9781420027877     Document Type: Chapter

References (205)

1. Kozlowski TT. Extent, causes, and impacts of flooding. In: Kozlowski TT, ed. Flooding and Plant Growth. New York: Academic Press, 1984:1-6.
2. Kramer PJ, Jackson WT. Causes of injury to flooded tobacco plants. Plant Physiol. 1954; 29:241-245.
3. Kramer PJ. Plant and Soil Water Relationships: A Modern Synthesis. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969.
4. Glinski J, Stepniewski W. Soil Aeration and Its Role for Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1985.
5. Pezeshki SR. Wetland plant responses to soil flooding. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2001; 46:299-312.
6. Bradford KJ, Yang SF. Physiological responses of plants to waterlogging. HortScience 1981; 16:25-30.
7. Bradford KJ. Regulation of shoot responses to root stress by ethylene, abscisic acid, and cytokinin. In:Warring PF, ed. Plant Growth Substances. London:Academic Press, 1982:599-608.
8. Stolzy LH, Sojka RE. Effects of flooding on plant disease. In: Kozlowski TT, ed. Flooding and Plant Growth. New York: Academic Press, 1984:222-264.
9. Sojka RE. Stomatal closure in oxygen-stressed plants. Soil Sci. 1992; 154:269-280.
10. Kozlowski TT. Responses of woody plants to flooding and salinity. Tree Physiology Monograph No. 1. Victoria, Canada: Heron Publishing, 1997. http:// www.heronpublishing.com/tp/monograph/kozlowski. pdf
11. Liao CT, Lin CH. Physiological adaptation of crop plants to flooding stress. Proc. Natl. Sci. Counc. Repub. China Pt B 2001; 25(3):148-157.
12. Ponnamperuma FN. Effects of flooding on soils. In:Kozlowski TT, ed. Flooding and Plant Growth. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1984:9-45.
13. Sojka RE, Scott HD. Aeration measurement. In: Lal R, ed. Encyclopedia of Soil Science. 1st ed. New York:Marcel Dekker Inc, 2002:27-29.
14. Letey J, Stolzy LH. Measurement of oxygen diffusion rates with the platinum micro-electrode. 1. Theory and equipment. Hilgardia 1964; 35:545-554.
15. Birkle DE, Letey J, Stolzy LH, Szuszkiewicz TE. Measurement of oxygen diffusion rates with the platinum microelectrode. II. Factors influencing the measurement. Hilgardia 1962; 35:555-566.
16. Luxmoore RJ, Sojka RE, Stolzy LH. Root porosity and growth responses of wheat to aeration and light intensity. Soil Sci. 1972; 113:354-357.
17. Luxmoore RJ, Stolzy LH. Oxygen diffusion in the soil-plant system. VI. A synopsis with commentary. Agron. J. 1972; 64:725-729.
18. Luxmoore RJ, Stolzy LH. Oxygen diffusion in the soil-plant system. V. Oxygen concentration and temperature effects on oxygen relations predicted for maize roots. Agron. J. 1972; 64:720-725.
19. Greenwood DJ. The effect of oxygen concentrations on decomposition of organic materials in soil. Plant Soil 1961; 14:360-376.
20. Krogh A. The rate of diffusion of gases through animal tissues with some remarks on the coefficient of invasion. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1919; 52:391-408.
21. Warburg O, Kubowitz F. Atmung bei sehr kleinen Sauerstoffdrucken. Biochem. Z. 1929; 214:5-18.
22. Stolzy LH, Focht DD, Flühler H. Indicators of soil aeration status. Flora (Jena) 1981; 171:236-265.
23. Scott HD. Soil Physics: Agricultural and Environmental Applications. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 2000.
24. Clements FE. Aeration and Air content. The Role of Oxygen in Root Activity. Publication 315. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute, 1921.
25. Boussignault J, Lewy A. The composition of air in the cultivated soil. Ann. Chim. Phys. Serie. 1853; 3, 37, 5.
26. Stepniewski W. Oxygen diffusion and strength as related to soil compaction. I. ODR. Pol. J. Soil Sci. 1980; 13:3-13.
27. Asady GH, Smucker AJM. Compaction and root modifications of soil aeration. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1989; 53:251-254.
28. Wilson GV, Thiesse BR, Scott HD. Relationships among oxygen flux, soil water tension, and aeration porosity in a drying soil profile. Soil Sci. 1985; 139:30-36.
29. Wiedenroth EM. Relations between photosynthesis and root metabolism of cereal seedlings influenced by root anaerobiosis. Photosynthetica 1981; 15:575-591.
30. Bertani A, Brambilla I, Menegus F. Effect of anaerobiosis on carbohydrate content in rice roots. Biochem. Physiol. Planz. 1981; 176:835-840.
31. Wiebe WJ, Christian RR, Hansen JA, King G, Sherr B, Skyring G. Anaerobic respiration and fermentation. In: Pomeroy LR, Wiegert RG, eds. Ecological Studies: Analysis and Synthesis, Salt Marsh Soils and Sediments: Methane Production. Vol. 38. New York:Springer-Verlag, 1981:137-159.
32. Davies DD. Anaerobic metabolism and the production of organic acids. In: Davies DD, ed. The Biochemistry of Plants. Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press, 1980:581-611.
33. Roberts JKM, Callis J, Wemmer D, Walbot V, Jardetzky O. Mechanism of cytoplasmic pH regulation in hypoxic maize root tips and its role in survival under hypoxia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1984; 81:3379-3383.
34. Menegus F, Cattaruzza L, Chersi A, Fronza G. Differences in the anaerobic lactate-succinate production and in the changes of cell sap pH for plants with high and low resistance to anoxia. Plant Physiol. 1989; 90:29-32.
35. Menegus F, Cattaruzza L, Mattana M, Beffagna N, Ragg E. Response to anoxia in rice and wheat seedling. Changes in the pH of intracellular compartments, glucose-6-phosphate level, and metabolic rate. Plant Physiol. 1991; 95:760-767.
36. Vanlerberghe CC, Feil R, Turpin DH. Anaerobic metabolism in the N-limited green alga Selenastrum minutum. I. Regulation of carbon metabolism and succinate as a fermentation product. Plant Physiol. 1990; 94:1116-1123.
37. Su PH, Lin CH. Metabolic responses of luffa roots to long-term flooding. J. Plant Physiol. 1996; 148:735-740.
38. Perata P, Alpi A. Ethanol-induced injuries to carrot cells. The role of acetaldehyde. Plant Physiol. 1991; 95:748-752.
39. Boamfa EI, Ram PC, Jackson MB, Reuss J, Harren FJM. Dynamic aspects of alcohol fermentation of rice seedlings in response to anaerobiosis and to complete submergence: Relationship to submergence tolerance. Ann. Bot. 2003; 91:279-290.
40. Entry JA, Rygiewicz PT, Watrud LS, Donnelly PK. Influence of adverse soil conditions on the formation and function of Arbuscular mycorrhizas. Adv. Environ. Res. 2002; 7:123-138.
41. Miller, SP. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of semi-aquatic grasses along a wide hydrologic gradient. New Phytol. 2000; 145:145-155.
42. Drew MC, Sisworo EJ. The development of waterlogging damage in young barley plants in relation to plant nutrient status and changes in soil properties. New Phytol. 1979; 82:301-314.
43. Trought MCT, Drew MC. The development of waterlogging damage in wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) I. Shoot and root growth in relation to changes in the concentrations of dissolved gases and solutes in the soil solution. Plant Soil 1980; 54:77-94.
44. Trought MCT, Drew MC. The development of waterlogging damage in wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.). II. Accumulation and redistribution of nutrients by the shoot. Plant Soil 1980; 56:187-199.
45. Jensen CR, Luxmoore RJ, Van Gundy SD, Stolzy LH. Root air space measurements by a pycnometer method. Agron. J. 1969; 61:474-475.
46. Luxmoore RJ, Stolzy LH. Root porosity and growth responses of rice and maize to oxygen supply. Agron. J. 1969; 61:202-204.
47. Yu P, Stolzy LH, Letey J. Survival of plants under prolonged flooded conditions. Agron. J. 1969; 61:844-847.
48. Varade SB, Stolzy LH, Letey J. Influence of temperature, light intensity, and aeration on growth and root porosity of wheat, Triticum aestivum. Agron. J. 1970; 62:505-507.
49. Varade SB, Letey J, Stolzy LH. Growth response and root porosity of rice in relation to temperature, light intensity, and aeration. Plant Soil 1971; 34:415-420.
50. Luxmoore RJ, Stolzy LH, Joseph H, DeWolfe TA. Gas space porosity of citrus roots. HortScience 1971; 6:447-448.
51. Papenhuijzen C, Roos MH. Some changes in the subcellular structure of root cells of Phaseolus vulgaris as a result of cessation of aeration in the root medium. Acta Bot. Neerl. 1979; 28:491-495.
52. 2 concentrations on porosity of barely roots and on their sugar and protein concentrations. Ann. Bot (Lond.) 1979; 43:383-391.
53. Konings H, Verschuren G. Formation of aerenchyma in roots of Zea mays in aerated solutions and its relation to nutrient supply. Physiol. Plant. 1980; 49:265-270.
54. Konings H, de Wolf A. Promotion and inhibition by plant growth regulators of aerenchyma formation in seedling roots of Zea mays. Physiol. Plant. 1984; 60:309-314.
55. Stelzer R, Laüchli A. Salt and flooding tolerance of Puccinellia peisonis. IV. Root respiration and the role of aerenchyma in providing atmospheric oxygen to the roots. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 1980; 97:171-178.
56. Drew MC, Chamel A, Garrec JP, Foucy A. Cortical air spaces (aerenchyma) in roots of corn subjected to oxygen stress. Plant Physiol. 1980; 65:506-511.
57. Kawase M, Whitmoyer RE. Aerenchyma development in waterlogged plants. Am. J. Bot. 1980; 67:18-22.
58. Konings H. Ethylene promoted formation of aerenchyma in seedling roots of Zea mays L. under aerated and non-aerated conditions. Physiol. Plant. 1982; 54:119-124.
59. Box JL. Winter wheat grain yield responses to soil oxygen diffusion rates. Crop Sci. 1986; 26:355-361.
60. Oosterhuis DM, Scott HD, Hampton RE, Wullschleger SD. Physiological responses of two soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) cultivars to short-term flooding. Environ. Exp. Bot. 1990; 30:85-92.
61. Oosterhuis DM, Scott HD, Wullscleger SD, Hampton RE. Photosynthetic and yield responses of two soybean cultivars to flooding. Ark. Farm Res. 1990; 39:11.
62. Sallam A, Scott HD. Effects of prolonged flooding on soybeans during early vegetative growth. Soil Sci. 1987; 144:61-66.
63. 2growth stage. I. Dry matter and N and P accumulation. J. Plant Nutr. 1987; 10:657-592.
64. 2 growth stage. II. N and P uptake and translocation. J. Plant Nutr. 1987; 10:593-608.
65. Scott HD, DeAngulo J, Daniels MB, Wood LS. Flood duration effects on soybean growth and yield. Agron. J. 1989; 81:631-636.
66. Stepniewski W, Przywara G. The influence of oxygen availability on the content and uptake of B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn by soybean. Folia Societatis Scientarum Lublinensis 1990; 30:79-89.
67. Atwell BJ, Steer BT. The effect of oxygen deficiency on uptake and distribution of nutrients in maize plants. Plant Soil 1990; 122:1-8
68. Childers NE, White DG. Influence of submersion of the roots on transpiration, apparent photosynthesis, and respiration of young apple trees. Plant Physiol. 1942; 17:603-618.
69. Moldau H. Effects of various water regimes on stomatal and mesophyll conductances of bean leaves. Photosynthetica 1973; 7:1-7.
70. Smucker AJM. Interactions of soil oxygen and water stresses upon growth, disease, and production of navy beans. Rep. Bean Improve. Coop. 1975:72-75.
71. Regehr DL, Bazzaz FA, Boggess WR. Photosynthesis, transpiration and leaf conductance of Populus deltoides in relation to flooding and drought. Photosynthetica 1975; 9:52-61.
72. Meek BD, Owen-Bartlett EC, Stolzy LH, Labanauskas CK. Cotton yield and nutrient uptake in relation to water table depth. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1980; 44:301-305.
73. Stolzy LH, Taylor OC, Letey J, Szuszkiewicz TE. Influence of soil-oxygen diffusion rates on susceptibility of tomato plants to airborne oxidants. Soil Sci. 1961; 91:151-155.
74. Dugger WM, Ting IP. Air pollution oxidants - their effects on metabolic processes in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 1970; 21:215-234.
75. Sojka RE, Stolzy LH, Kaufmann MR. Wheat growth related to rhizosphere temperature and oxygen levels. Agron. J. 1975; 67:591-596.
76. Sojka RE, Stolzy LH. Soil-oxygen effects on stomatal response. Soil Sci. 1980; 130:350-358.
77. Sojka RE, Stolzy LH. Stomatal response to soil oxygen. Calif. Agric. 1981; 35:18-19.
78. Sojka RE. Soil oxygen effects on two determinate soybean isolines. Soil Sci. 1985; 140:333-343.
79. Stolzy LH, Letey J. Measurements of oxygen diffusion rates with the platinum microelectrode. III. Correlation of plant response to soil oxygen diffusion rate. Hilgardia 1964; 35:567-576.
80. Karlen DL, Sojka RE, Robbins ML. Influence of excess soil-water and N rates on leaf diffusive resistance and storage quality of tomato fruit. Commun. Soil. Sci. Plant Anal. 1983; 14:699-708.
81. Pereira JS, Kozlowski TT. Variations among woody angiosperms in response to flooding. Physiol. Plant. 1977; 41:184-192.
82. Smith MW, Ager PL. Effects of soil flooding on leaf gas exchange of seedling pecan trees. HortScience 1988; 23:370-372.
83. Anderson PH, Pezeshki SR. Effects of flood preconditioning on responses of three bottomland tree species to soil waterlogging. J. Plant Physiol. 2001; 158:227-333.
84. Lu J, Ookawa T, Hirasawa T. The effects of irrigation regimes on the water use, dry matter production and physiological responses of paddy rice. Plant Soil 2000; 223:207-216.
85. Pezeshki SR, De Laune RD, Choi HS. Gas exchange and growth of bald cypress seedlings from selected U.S. Gulf Coast populations: Responses to elevated salinities. Can. J. For. Res. 1995; 25:1409-1415.
86. Harrington CA. Responses of red alder and black cottonwood seedlings to flooding. Physiol. Plant. 1987; 69:35-38.
87. Osundina MA, Osonubi O. Adventitious roots, leaf abscission and nutrient status of flooded Gmelina and Tectona seedlings. Tree Physiol. 1989; 5:473-483.
88. Pezeshki SR, DeLaune RD, Patrick WH Jr. Differential response of selected mangroves to soil flooding and salinity: Gas exchange and biomass partitioning. Can. J. For. Res. 1990; 20:869-874.
89. Javier TT. Effects of adventitious root removal on the growth of flooded tropical pasture legumes Macroptilium lathyroides and Vigna luteola. Ann. Trop. Tes. 1985; 7:12-20.
90. Thorton RK, Wample RL. Changes in sunflower in response to water stress conditions. Plant Physiol. 1980; 65(Suppl):7.
91. Andersen PC, Lombard PB, Westwood MN. Leaf conductance, growth, and survival of willow and deciduous fruit tree species under flooded soil conditions. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 1984; 109:132-138.
92. Davies FS, Flore JA. Flooding, gas exchange and hydraulic root conductivity of highbush blueberry. Physiol. Plant. 1986; 67:545-551.
93. Davies FS, Flore JA. Short-term flooding effects on gas exchange and quantum yield of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade). Plant Physiol. 1986; 81:289-292.
94. Syvertsen JP, Zablotowicz RM, Smith ML Jr. Soil temperature and flooding effects on two species of citrus. I. Plant Growth and hydraulic conductivity. Plant Soil 1983; 72:3-12.
95. Drew MC. Effects of flooding and oxygen deficiency on plant mineral nutrition. In: Tinker B, Lauchli A, eds. Advances in Plant Nutrition. Vol. III. New York:Praeger Publishers, 1988:115-159.
96. Sojka RE, Stolzy LH. Mineral nutrition of oxygen stressed crops and its relation to some physiological responses. In: Hook DD, ed. Ecology and Management of Wetlands. Vol. I. Ecology of Wetlands. Kent, UK: Croom Helm Ltd, 1988:429-440.
97. 2 depleted solutions. For. Sci. 1990; 36:582-598.
98. Peaslee DE, Moss DN. Stomatal conductivities in K-deficient leaves of maize (Zea mays L.). Crop Sci. 1966; 8:427-430.
99. Graham RD, Ulrich A. Potassium deficiency-induced changes in stomatal behavior, leaf water potentials, and root system permeability in Beta vulgaris L. Plant Physiol. 1972; 49:105-109.
100. Davies WJ, Kozlowski TT. Effects of applied abscisic acid and plant water stress on transpiration of woody angiosperms. For. Sci. 1975; 22:191-195.
101. Davies WJ, Kozlowski TT. Effects of applied abscisic acid and silicone on water relations and photosynthesis of woody plants. Can. J. For. Res. 1975; 5:90-96.
102. Else MA, Tiekstra AE, Croker SJ, Davies WJ, Jackson MB. Stomatal closure in flooded tomato plants involves abscisic acid and a chemically unidentified anti-transpirant in xylem sap. Plant Physiol. 1996; 112:239-247.
103. Jackson MB, Hall KC. Early stomatal closure in waterlogged pea plants is mediated by abscisic acid in the absence of foliar water deficits. Plant Cell Environ. 1987; 10:121-130.
104. Reid DM, Bradford KJ. Effects of flooding on hormone relations. In: Kozlowski TT, ed. Flooding and Plant Growth. Orlando, Fl: Academic Press, 1984:195-219.
105. Shaybany B, Martin GC. Abscisic acid identification and its quantitation in leaves of Juglans seedlings during waterlogging. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 1977; 102:300-302.
106. Wadman-van-Schravendijk H, van Andel OM. Interdependence of growth, water relations and abscisic acid levels in Phaseolus vulgaris during waterlogging. Physiol. Plant. 1985; 63:215-220.
107. Zhang J, Davies WJ. Chemical and hydraulic influences on the stomata of flooded plants. J. Exp. Bot. 1986; 37:1479-1491.
108. Zhang J, Davies WJ. Changes in concentration of ABA in xylem sap as a function of changing soil water status can account for changes in leaf conductance and growth. Plant Cell Environ. 1990; 13:277-286.
109. Zhang J, Schurr U, Davies WJ. Control of stomatal behaviour by abscisic acid which apparently originates in the roots. J. Exp. Bot. 1987; 38:1174-1181.
110. Mansfield TA, Jones RJ. Effects of abscisic acid on potassium uptake and starch content of stomatal guard cells. Planta 1971; 101:147-158.
111. MacRobbie EAC. Effects of ABA in isolated guard cells of Commelina communis L. J. Exp. Bot. 1981; 32:563-572.
112. Markhart AH III, Fiscus EL, Naylor AW, Kramer PJ. Effect of abscisic acid on root hydraulic conductivity. Plant Physiol. 1979; 64:611-614.
113. Heatherington AM, Woodward FI. The role of stomata in sensing and driving environmental change. Nature 2003; 24:901-908.
114. Gardiner ES, Krauss KW. Photosynthetic light response of flooded cherrybark (Quercus pagoda) seedlings grown in two light regimes. Tree Physiol. 2001; 21:1103-1111.
115. Beckman TG, Perry RL, Flore JA. Short-term flooding affects gas exchange characteristics of containerized sour cherry trees. HortScience 1992; 27:1297-1301.
116. Crane JH, Davies FS. Flooding responses of Vaccinium species. HortScience 1989; 24:203-210.
117. Pezeshki SR. Responses of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) seedlings to hypoxia: leaf protein content, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity and photosynthesis. Photosynthetica 1994; 30:59-68.
118. Reicosky DC, Meyer WS, Schaefer NL, Sides RD. Cotton responses to short-term waterlogging imposed with a watertable gradient facility. Agric. Water Manage. 1985; 10:127-143.
119. Reicosky DC, Smith RCG, Meyer WS. Foliage temperature as a means of detecting stress of cotton subjected to a short-term water-table gradient. Agric. Meteorol. 1985; 35:193-203.
120. Mahan JR, Burke JJ, Orzech KA. The thermal dependence of the apparent KM of glutathione reductases from three plant species. Plant Physiol. 1990; 93:822-824.
121. Sakihama Y, Murakami S, Yamasaki H. Involvement of nitric oxide in the mechanism for stomatal opening in Vicia faba leaves. Biol. Plant. 2003; 46:117-119.
122. Hocking P, Reicosky DC, Meyer WS. Nitrogen status of cotton subjected to two short term periods of waterlogging of varying severity using a sloping plot watertable facility. Plant Soil 1985; 87:375-391.
123. Hunt PG, Campbell RB, Sojka RE, Parsons JE. Flooding-induced soil and plant ethylene accumulation and water status response of field-grown tobacco. Plant Soil 1981; 59:427-439.
124. Pallas JE Jr, Kays SJ. Inhibition of photosynthesis by ethylene-A stomatal effect. Plant Physiol. 1982; 70:598-601.
125. Tang ZC, Kozlowski TT. Water relations, ethylene production, and morphological adaptation of Fraxinus pennsylvanica seedlings to flooding. Plant Soil 1984; 77:183-192.
126. Gunderson CA, Taylor GE Jr. Ethylene directly inhibits foliar gas exchange in Glycine max. Plant Physiol. 1991; 95:337-339.
127. 2 root stress on ethylene biosynthesis in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv Heinz 1350). Plant Physiol. 1992; 98:97-100.
128. Neuman DS, Rood SB, Smit BA. Does cytokinin transport from root-to-shoot in the xylem sap regulate leaf responses to root hypoxia? J. Exp. Bot. 1990; 41:1325-1333.
129. Arthur JJ, Leone IA, Flower FB. Flooding and landfill gas effects on red and sugar maples. J. Environ. Qual. 1981; 10:431-433.
130. Anella LB, Whitlow TH. Photosynthetic response to flooding of Acer rubrum seedlings from wet and dry sites. Am. Midl. Nat. 2000; 14:330-341.
131. Save’ R, Serrano L. Some physiological and growth responses of kiwi fruit (Actinidia chinensis) to flooding. Physiol. Plant. 1986; 66:75-78.
132. Smith GS, Buwalda JG, Green TGA, Clark CJ. Effect of oxygen supply and temperature at the root on the physiology of kiwifruit vines. New Phytol. 1989; 113:431-437.
133. Smith GS, Judd MJ, Miller SA, Buwalda JG. Recovery of kiwifruit vines from transient waterlogging of the root system. New Phytol. 1990; 115:325-333.
134. Smith GS, Miller SA. Effects of root anoxia on the physiology of kiwifruit vines. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 1992; 297:401-408.
135. Musgrave ME, Hopkins AG Jr, Daugherty CJ. Oxygen insensitivity of photosynthesis by waterlogged Apios americana. Environ. Exp. Bot. 1991; 31:117-124.
136. Pezeshki SR, De Laune RD, Meeder DF. Carbon assimilation and biomass partitioning in Avicennia germinans and Rhizophora mangle seedlings in response to soil redox conditions. Environ. Exp. Bot. 1997; 37:161-171.
137. Naidoo G. Effects of waterlogging and salinity on plant-water relations and on the accumulation of solutes in three mangrove species. Aquat. Bot. 1985; 22:133-143.
138. 2 stress interaction in Betula papyrifera and B. nigra seedlings. For. Sci. 1983; 29:739-750.
139. Ranney TG, Bir RE. Comparative flood tolerance of birch rootstocks. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 1994; 119:43-48.
140. Tsukahara H, Kozlowski TT. Effect of flooding and temperature regime on growth and stomatal resistance of Betula platyphylla var. japonica seedlings. Plant Soil 1986; 92:103-112.
141. Naidoo G. Effects of flooding on leaf water potential and stomatal resistance in Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. New Phytol. 1983; 93:369-376.
142. Vu JCV, Yelenosky G. Photosynthetic response of citrus trees to soil flooding. Physiol. Plant. 1991; 81:7-14.
143. Pezeshki SR, Sundstrom FJ. Effect of soil anaerobiosis on photosynthesis of Capsicum annuum L. Sci. Hortic. 1988; 35:27-35.
144. Smith MW, Wazir FK, Akers SW. The influence of soil aeration on growth and elemental absorption of greenhouse-grown seedling pecan trees. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 1989; 20:335-344.
145. Wazir FK, Smith MW, Akers SW. Effects of flooding and soil phosphorous levels on pecan seedlings. HortScience 1988; 23:595-597.
146. Huang B, NeSmith DS, Bridges DC, Johnson JW. Responses of squash to salinity, waterlogging, and subsequent drainage. I. Gas exchange, water relations, and nitrogen status. J. Plant Nutr. 1995; 18:127-140.
147. Andersen PC, Montano JM, Lombard PB. Root anaerobiosis, root respiration, and leaf conductance of peach, willow, quince, and several pear species. HortScience 1985; 20:248-250.
148. Blake TJ, Reid DM. Ethylene, water relations and tolerance to waterlogging of three Eucalyptus species. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1981; 8:497-505.
149. Gravatt DA, Kirby CJ. Patterns of photosynthesis and starch allocation in seedlings of four bottomland hardwood tree species subjected to flooding. Tree Physiol. 1998; 18:411-417.
150. Kozkowski TT, Pallardy SG. Stomatal responses of Fraxinus pennsylvanica seedlings during and after flooding. Physiol. Plant. 1979; 46:155-158.
151. Sena Gomes AR, Kozlowski TT. Growth responses and adaptations of Fraxinus pennsylvanica seedlings to flooding. Plant Physiol. 1980; 66:267-271.
152. Tang ZC, Kozlowski TT. Some physiological and morphological responses of Quercus macrocarpa seedlings to flooding. Can. J. For. Res. 1982; 12:196-202.
153. Osonubi O, Fasehun FE, Fasidi IO. The influence of soil drought and partial waterlogging on water relations on Gmelina arborea seedlings. Oecologia 1985; 66:126-131.
154. Osonubi O, Osundina MA. Stomatal responses of woody seedlings to flooding in relation to nutrient status in leaves. J. Exp. Bot. 1987; 38:1166-1173.
155. Owen-Bartlett EJ. The Effect of Different Oxygen and Salinity Levels in the Rooting Media on the Growth of Cotton (Gossypium barbadense and G. hirsutum L.). Ph.D. dissertation, University Microfilms #77-27134, University of California at Riverside, Ann Arbor, MI, 1977.
156. Lopez OR, Kursar TA. Flood tolerance of four tropical tree species. Tree Physiol. 1999; 19:925-932.
157. Everard JD, Drew MC. Water relations of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) shoots during exposure of the root system to oxygen deficiency. J. Exp. Bot. 1989; 40:1255-1264.
158. Guy RD, Wample RL. Stable carbon isotope ratios of flooded and nonflooded sunflowers (Helianthus annuus). Can. J. Bot. 1984; 62:1770-1774.
159. Orchard PW, Jessop RS, So HB. The response of sorghum and sunflower to short-term waterlogging. Plant Soil 1986; 91:87-100.
160. Kriedmann PE, Sands R, Foster R. Salt tolerance and root-zone aeration in Helianthus annuus (L.)-Growth and stomatal response to solute uptake. In: Marcelle R, Clijsters H and van Poucke M, eds. Effects of Stress on Photosynthesis. The Hague, Netherlands: Nijhoff M, Junk W, Publishers, 1983:313-324.
161. Kriedmann PE, Sands R. Salt resistance and adaptation to root-zone hypoxia in sunflower. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1984; 11:287-301.
162. Reyes-Manzanares D. Effects of Soil Aeration and Soil Temperature on Physiology and Nutrition of Tomato, Sunflower and Jojoba. Ph.D. dissertation, University Microfilms #77-21433, University of California at Riverside, Ann Arbor, MI, 1975.
163. Serrano I, Save R, Marfa O. Effects of waterlogging on rooting-capacity of cuttings of Hydrangea macrophylla L. Sci. Hortic. 1988; 36:119-124.
164. Islam MA, McDonald SE, Zwiazek JJ. Response of black spruce (Picea mariana) and tamarack (Larix laricina) to flooding and ethylene. Tree Physiol. 2003; 23:545-552.
165. Reece cf., Riha SJ. Role of root systems of eastern larch and white spruce in response to flooding. Plant Cell Environ. 1991; 14:229-234.
166. Pezeskhi SR, Chambers JL. Stomatal and photosynthetic response of sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua) to flooding. Can. J. For. Res. 1985; 15:371-375.
167. Bradford KJ. Effects of soil flooding on leaf gas exchange of tomato plants. Plant Physiol. 1983; 73:475-479.
168. Bradford KJ. Involvement of plant growth substances in the alteration of leaf gas exchange of flooded tomato plants. Plant Physiol. 1983; 73:480-483.
169. Bradford KJ, Hsiao TC. Stomatal behavior and water relations of waterlogged tomato plants. Plant Physiol. 1982; 70:1508-1513.
170. Lopez MV, del Rosario DA. Performance of tomatoes (Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karsten) under waterlogged condition. Philipp J. Crop Sci. 1983; 8:75-80.
171. Poysa VW, Tan CS, Stone JA. Flooding stress and the root development of several tomato genotypes. HortScience 1987; 22:24-26.
172. Larson KD, Schaffer B, Davies FS. Flooding, leaf gas exchange, and growth of mango in containers. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 1991; 116:156-160.
173. Larson KD, Schaffer B, Davies FS, Sanchez CA. Flooding, mineral nutrition, and gas exchange of mango trees. Sci. Hortic. 1992; 52:113-124.
174. Lee DK, Lee JC. Studies on the flooding tolerance and its physiological aspects in fruit plants. II. Physiological changes associated with flooding. J. Kor. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 1991; 32:97-101
175. Olien WC. Seasonal soil waterlogging influences water relations and leaf nutrient content of bearing apple trees. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 1989; 114:537-542.
176. Sena Gomes AR, Kozlowski TT. Response of Melaleuca quinquenervia seedlings to flooding. Physiol. Plant. 1980; 49:373-377.
177. Liao CT, Lin CH. Effect of flooding stress on photosynthetic activities of Momordica charantia. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 1994; 32:1-5.
178. Donovan LA, Stumpff NJ, McLeod KW. Thermal flooding injury of woody swamp seedlings. J. Therm. Biol. 1989; 14:147-154.
179. Ashraf M. Relationships between leaf gas exchange characteristics and growth of differently adapted populations of Blue panicgrass (Panicum antidotale Retz.) under salinity or waterlogging. Plant Sci. 2003; 165:69-75.
180. Ploetz RR, Schaffer B. Effects of flooding and phytophthora root rot on net gas exchange and growth of avocado. Phytopathology 1989; 79:204-208.
181. Lakitan R, Wolfe DW, Zobel RW. Flooding affects snap bean yield and genotypic variation in leaf gas exchange and root growth response. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 1992; 117:711-716.
182. Schildwacht PM. Is a decreased water potential after withholding oxygen to roots the cause of the decline of leaf-elongation rates in Zea mays L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L.? Planta 1989; 177:178-184.
183. Singh BP, Tucker KA, Sutton JD, Bhardwaj HL. Flooding reduces gas exchange and growth in snap bean. HortScience 1991; 26:372-373.
184. Schumacher TE, Smucker AJM. Ion uptake and respiration of dry bean roots subjected to localized anoxia. Plant Soil 1987; 99:411-422.
185. Neuman DS, Smit BA. The influence of leaf water status and ABA on leaf growth and stomata of Phaseolus seedlings with hypoxic roots. J. Exp. Bot. 1991; 42:1499-1506.
186. Grossnickle SC. Influence of flooding and soil temperature on the water relations and morphological development of cold stored black spruce and white spruce seedlings. Can. J. For. Res. 1987; 17:821-828.
187. Jackson MB, Kowalewska AKB. Positive and negative messages from roots induce foliar desiccation and stomatal closure in flooded pea plants. J. Exp. Bot. 1983; 34:493-506.
188. Jackson MB, Young SF, Hall KC. Are roots a source of abscisic acid for the shoots of flooded pea plants? J. Exp. Bot. 1988; 39:1631-1637.
189. Zhang J, Davies WJ. ABA in roots and leaves of flooded pea plants. J. Exp. Bot. 1987; 38:649-659.
190. Agnew ML, Carrow RN. Soil compaction and moisture stress preconditioning in Kentucky Bluegrass. II. Stomatal resistance, leaf water potential, and canopy temperature. Agron. J. 1985; 77:878-884.
191. Liu Z, Dickmann DI. Abscisic acid accumulation in leaves of two contrasting hybrid poplar clones affected by nitrogen fertilization plus cyclic flooding and soil drying. Tree Physiol. 1992; 11:109-122.
192. Smit B, Stachowiak M. Effects of hypoxia and elevated carbon dioxide concentration on water flux through Populus roots. Tree Physiol. 1988; 4:153-165.
193. Smit B, Stachowiak M, van Volkenburgh E. Cellular processes limiting leaf growth in plants under hypoxic root stress. J. Exp. Bot. 1989; 40:89-94.
194. Domingo R, Perez-Pastor A, Ruiz-Sanchez MC. Physiological responses of apricot plants grafted on two different rootstocks to flooding conditions. J. Plant Physiol. 2002; 159:725-732.
195. Basiouny FM. Response of peach seedlings to water stress and saturation conditions. Proc. Fl. State Hortic. Soc. 1977; 90:261-263.
196. Andersen PC, Lombard PB, Westwood MN. Effect of root anaerobiosis on the water relations of several Pyrus species. Physiol. Plant. 1984; 62:245-252.
197. Pezeshki SR, Chambers JL. Response of cherrybark oak seedlings to short term flooding. For. Sci. 1985; 31:760-771.
198. Pezeshki SR, Pardue JH, De Laune RD. Leaf gas exchange and growth of flood-tolerant and flood-sensitive tree species under low soil redox conditions. Tree Physiol. 1996; 16:453-458.
199. Sena Gomes AR, Kozlowski TT. The effects of flooding on water relations and growth of Theobroma cacao var. Catongo seedlings. J. Hortic. Sci. 1986; 61:265-276.
200. 2 enrichment and hypoxia of wheat genotypes differing in waterlogging tolerance. Crop Sci. 1997; 37:464-468.
201. Newsome RD, Kozlowski TT, Tang ZC. Responses of Ulmus americana seedlings to flooding of soil. Can. J. Bot. 1982; 60:1688-1695.
202. Crane JH, Davies FS. Flooding, hydraulic conductivity, and root electrolyte leakage of rabbiteye blueberry plants. HortScience 1987; 22:1249-1252.
203. Crane JH, Davies FS. Periodic and seasonal flooding effect on survival, growth, and stomatal conductance of young rabbiteye blueberry plants. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 1988; 113:488-489.
204. Abbott JD, Gough RE. Growth and survival of the highbush blueberry in response to root zone flooding. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 1987; 112:603-608.
205. Wenkert W, Fausey NR, Watters HD. Flooding responses in Zea mays L. Plant Soil 1981; 62:351-366.