Research Advances in Procedural Sedation and Analgesia

Annals of Emergency Medicine

Volumn 49, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 31-36

  Green, Steven M ^a  

^a LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIEMETIC AGENT; ETOMIDATE; FENTANYL; KETAMINE; MIDAZOLAM; OXYGEN; PROPOFOL;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; ADRENAL SUPPRESSION; AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; ANALGESIA; APNEA; BLOOD PRESSURE; CAPNOGRAPHY; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; DELIRIUM; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; EDITORIAL; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EMERGENCY MEDICINE; EMERGENCY WARD; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; HYPOVENTILATION; HYPOXIA; MEDICAL PRACTICE; MUSCLE RIGIDITY; MYOCLONUS; PERFUSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULSE OXIMETRY; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SPECTROSCOPY; TONIC CLONIC SEIZURE; VOMITING;

ANALGESIA; CAPNOGRAPHY; CHILD; CONSCIOUS SEDATION; EMERGENCY SERVICE, HOSPITAL; ETOMIDATE; HUMANS; HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES; OXIMETRY; OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY; PROPOFOL; RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY;

EID: 33845782391     PISSN: 01960644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.09.020     Document Type: Editorial

References (69)

1. Miner J.R., Danahy M., Moch A., et al. Randomized clinical trial of etomidate versus propofol for procedural sedation in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 49 (2007) 15-22
2. Anderson J.L., Junkins E., Pribble C., et al. Capnography and depth of sedation during propofol sedation in children. Ann Emerg Med 49 (2007) 9-13
3. Willman E.V., and Andolfatto G. A prospective evaluation of "ketofol" (ketamine/propofol combination) for procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 49 (2007) 23-30
4. Deitch K., Chudnofsky C.R., and Domenici P. The utility of supplemental oxygen during emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia with midazolam and fentanyl: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 49 (2007) 1-8
5. Green S.M. Propofol for emergency department procedural sedation: not yet ready for prime time. Acad Emerg Med 6 (1999) 975-978
6. Green S.M., and Krauss B. Propofol in emergency medicine: pushing the sedation frontier. Ann Emerg Med 42 (2003) 792-797
7. Swanson E.R., Seaberg D.C., Stypula R.W., et al. Propofol for conscious sedation: a case series [letter]. Acad Emerg Med 2 (1995) 661-663
8. Swanson E.R., Seaberg D.C., and Mathias S. The use of propofol for sedation in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 3 (1996) 234-238
9. Havel C.J., Strait R.T., and Hennes H. A clinical trial of propofol versus midazolam for procedural sedation in a pediatric emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 6 (1999) 989-997
10. Guenther-Skokan E., Pribble C., Bassett K.E., et al. Use of propofol sedation in a pediatric emergency department: a prospective study. Clin Pediatr 40 (2001) 663-671
11. Miner J.R., Heegaard W., and Plummer D. End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during procedural sedation. Acad Emerg Med 9 (2002) 275-280
12. Bassett K.E., Anderson J.L., Pribble C.G., et al. Propofol for procedural sedation in children in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 42 (2003) 773-782
13. Guenther E., Pribble C.G., Junkins E.P., et al. Propofol sedation by emergency physicians for elective pediatric outpatient procedures. Ann Emerg Med 42 (2003) 783-791
14. Coll-Vinent B., Sala X., Fernandez C., et al. Sedation for cardioversion in the emergency department: analysis of effectiveness in four protocols. Ann Emerg Med 42 (2003) 767-772
15. Miner J.R., Biros M., Krieg S., et al. Randomized clinical trial of propofol versus methohexital for procedural sedation during fracture and dislocation reduction in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 10 (2003) 931-937
16. Miner J.R., Biros M., Krieg S., et al. Bispectral electroencephalographic analysis of patients undergoing procedural sedation in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 10 (2003) 638-642
17. Godambe S.A., Elliot V., Matheny D., et al. Comparison of propofol/fentanyl versus ketamine/midazolam for brief orthopedic procedural sedation in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatrics 112 (2003) 116-123
18. Yildizas D., Yapicioglu H., and Yilmaz H.L. The value of capnography during sedation or sedation/analgesia in pediatric minor procedures. Pediatr Emerg Care 20 (2004) 162-165
19. Taylor D.M., O'Brien D., Ritchie P., et al. Propofol versus midazolam/fentanyl for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation. Acad Emerg Med 12 (2005) 13-19
20. Miner J.R., Martel M.L., Meyer M., et al. Procedural sedation of critically ill patients in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 12 (2005) 124-128
21. Miner J.R., Biros M., Seigel T., et al. The utility of the bispectral index in procedural sedation with propofol in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 12 (2005) 190-196
22. Frazee B.W., Park R.S., Lowery D., et al. Propofol for deep procedural sedation in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 23 (2005) 190-195
23. Charles M., McGinnis H.D., and Wehner P. Propofol for procedural sedation in a community emergency department [abstract]. Ann Emerg Med 46 (2005) S64
24. Burton J.H., Miner J.R., Shipley E.R., et al. Propofol for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia: a tale of three centers. Acad Emerg Med 13 (2006) 24-30
25. Burton J.H., Harrah J.D., Germann C.A., et al. Does end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring detect respiratory events prior to current sedation monitoring practices?. Acad Emerg Med 13 (2006) 500-504
26. Parklak M., Parlak I., Erdur B., et al. Age effect on efficacy and side effects of two sedation and analgesia protocols on patients going through cardioversion: a randomized clinical trial. Acad Emerg Med 13 (2006) 493-499
27. Campbell S.G., Magee K.D., Kovacs G.J., et al. Procedural sedation and analgesia in a Canadian adult tertiary care emergency department: a case series. Can J Emerg Med 8 (2006) 85-93
28. Dunn M.J., Mitchell R., De Souza C., et al. Evaluation of propofol and remifentanil for IV sedation for reducing shoulder dislocations in the emergency department. Emerg Med J 23 (2006) 57-58
29. Frank L.R., Strote J., Hauff S., et al. Propofol by infusion protocol for ED procedural sedation. Am J Emerg Med 24 (2006) 599-602
30. Ruth W.J., Burton J.H., and Bock A.J. Intravenous etomidate for procedural sedation in emergency department patients. Acad Emerg Med 8 (2001) 13-18
31. Dickinson R., Singer A.J., and Carrion W. Etomidate for pediatric sedation prior to fracture reduction. Acad Emerg Med 8 (2001) 74-77
32. Vinson D.R., and Bardbury D.R. Etomidate for procedural sedation in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med 39 (2002) 592-598
33. Burton J.H., Bock A.J., Strout T.D., et al. Etomidate and midazolam for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 40 (2002) 496-504
34. Keim S.M., Erstad B.L., Sakles J.C., et al. Etomidate for procedural sedation in the emergency department. Pharmacotherapy 22 (2002) 586-592
35. Kienstra A.J., Ward M.A., Sasan F., et al. Etomidate versus pentobarbital for sedation of children for head and neck CT imaging. Pediatr Emerg Care 20 (2004) 499-506
36. Hunt G.S., Spencer M.T., and Hays D.P. Etomidate and midazolam for procedural sedation: prospective, randomized trial. Am J Emerg Med 23 (2005) 299-303
37. Di Liddo L., D'Angelo A., Nguyen B., et al. Etomidate versus midazolam for procedural sedation in pediatric outpatients: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 48 (2006) 443-440.
38. Rex D.K., Heuss L.T., Walker J.A., et al. Trained registered nurse/endoscopy teams can administer propofol safely for endoscopy. Gastroenterology 129 (2006) 1384-1391
39. Tohda G., Higashi S., Wakahara S., et al. Propofol sedation during endoscopic procedures: safe and effective administration by registered nurses supervised by endoscopists. Endoscopy 38 (2006) 360-367
40. Barbi E., Gerarduzzi T., Marchetti F., et al. Deep sedation with propofol by nonanesthesiologists: a prospective pediatric experience. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157 (2003) 1097-1103
41. Barbi E., Petaros P., Badina L., et al. Deep sedation with propofol for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in children, administered by specially trained pediatricians: a prospective case series with emphasis on side effects. Endoscopy 38 (2006) 368-375
42. Falk J., and Zed P.J. Etomidate for procedural sedation in the emergency department. Ann Pharmacother 38 (2004) 1272-1277
43. van Keulen S.G., and Burton J.H. Myoclonus associated with etomidate for ED procedural sedation and analgesia. Am J Emerg Med 21 (2003) 556-558
44. Perrone J., Band R., and Mathew R. Agitation complicating procedural sedation with etomidate [letter]. Am J Emerg Med 24 (2006) 511-512
45. Schenarts C.L., Burton J.H., and Riker R.R. Adrenocortical dysfunction following etomidate induction in emergency department patients. Acad Emerg Med 8 (2001) 1-7
46. Green S.M., and Li J. Ketamine in adults: what emergency physicians need to know about patient selection and emergence reactions. Acad Emerg Med 7 (2000) 278-281
47. Green S.M., Clem K.J., and Rothrock S.G. Ketamine safety profile in the developing world: survey of practitioners. Acad Emerg Med 3 (1996) 598-604
48. Gillies G.W.A., and Lees N.W. The effects of speed of injection on induction with propofol. Anaesthesia 44 (1989) 386-388
49. Krauss B., and Green S.M. Sedation and analgesia for procedures in children. N Engl J Med 342 (2000) 938-945
50. Krauss B., and Green S.M. Procedural sedation and analgesia in children. Lancet 367 (2006) 766-780
51. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Sedation and Anesthesia Care Standards. Oakbrook Terrace, IL. http://www.jacho.org. Accessed July 15, 2006.
52. Green S.M., and Krauss B. Pulmonary aspiration risk during ED procedural sedation: an examination of the role of fasting and sedation depth. Acad Emerg Med 9 (2002) 35-42
53. Tagaito Y., Isono S., and Nishino T. Upper airway reflexes during a combination of propofol and fentanyl anesthesia. Anesthesiology 88 (1998) 1459-1466
54. Nishino T., and Honda Y. Respiratory reflex responses to stimulation of tracheal mucosa in enflurane-anesthetized humans. J Appl Physiol 65 (1988) 1069-1074
55. Nishino T., Kochi T., and Ishii M. Differences in respiratory reflex responses from the larynx, trachea, and bronchi in anesthetized female subjects. Anesthesiology 84 (1996) 70-74
56. Warner D.O. Laryngeal reflexes: exploring terra incognita [editorial]. Anesthesiology 88 (1998) 1433-1444
57. Green S.M., and Krauss B. The semantics of ketamine [editorial]. Ann Emerg Med 36 (2000) 480-482
58. Soto R.G., Fu E.S., Vila H., et al. Capnography accurately detects apnea during monitored anesthesia care. Anesth Analg 99 (2004) 379-382
59. Fu E.S., Downs J.B., Schweiger J.W., et al. Supplemental oxygen impairs detection of hypoventilation by pulse oximetry. Chest 126 (2004) 1552-1558
60. Stemp L.I. Pulse oximetry in the detection of hypercapnia [letter]. Am J Emerg Med 24 (2006) 136-137
61. Patel R., Lenczyk M., Hannallah R.S., et al. Age and the onset of desaturation in apnoeic children. Can J Anesth 41 (1994) 771-774
62. Jense H.G., Dubin S.A., Silverstein P.I., et al. Effect of obesity on safe duration of apnea in anesthetized humans. Anesth Analg 72 (1991) 89-93
63. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice advisory for intraoperative awareness and brain function monitoring. Anesthesiology 104 (2006) 847-864
64. Sadhasivam S., Ganesh A., Robison A., et al. Validation of the bispectral index monitor for measuring the depth of sedation in children. Anesth Analg 102 (2006) 383-388
65. Gill M., Green S.M., and Krauss B. A study of the bispectral index monitor during procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 41 (2003) 234-241
66. Agrawal D., Feldman H.A., Krauss B., et al. Bispectral index monitoring quantifies depth of sedation during emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia in children. Ann Emerg Med 43 (2004) 247-255
67. McDermott N.B., VanSickle T., Motas D., et al. Validation of the bispectral index monitor during conscious and deep sedation in children. Anesth Analg 97 (2003) 39-43
68. Niedhart D.J., Kaiser H.A., Jacobsohn E., et al. Intrapatient reproducibility of the BISxp monitor. Anesthesiology 104 (2006) 242-248
69. Green S.M., and Krauss B. Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation in children. Ann Emerg Med 44 (2004) 460-471