Compaction and subsidence

Oilfield Review

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 50-68

  Doornhof, Dirk ^a   Kristiansen, Tron Golder ^b   Nagel, Neal B ^c   Pattillo, Phillip D ^d   Sayers, Colin ^b  

^a NEDERLANDSE AARDOLIE MAATSCHAPPIJ B V   (Netherlands)

^b BP Norway ^*

^c Phillips Research Center 224GB   (United States)

^d BP AMERICA INC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS; PLATE TECTONIC ACTIVITY;

COMPACTION; PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS; PETROLOGY; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY; TECTONICS;

SUBSIDENCE;

EID: 33845726979     PISSN: 09231730     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. For more on subsidence in Venice: Brighenti G, Borgia GC and Mesini E: "Subsidence Studies in Italy," in Chilingarian GV, Donaldson EC and Yen TF (eds): Subsidence Due to Fluid Withdrawal, Developments in Petroleum Science 41 Amsterdam: Elsevier Science (1995): 248-253.
2. Brighenti et al, reference 1.
3. See http://www-geology.ucdavis.edu/~cowen/~GEL115/115CHXXsubsidence.html (accessed October 17, 2006).
4. Pratt WE and Johnson DW: "Local Subsidence of the Goose Creek Oil Field," Journal of Geology 34, no. 7-part 1 (October-November 1926): 577-590.
5. For more on subsidence in Wilmington field and Lake Maracaibo fields: Poland JF and Davis GH: "Land Subsidence Due to Withdrawal of Fluids," in Varnes DJ: Reviews in Engineering Geology II. Boulder, Colorado, USA: Geological Society of America (1969): 187-268.
6. For more on subsidence in Northwest Java field: Susilo Y, Rahamarida Z, Wibowo W, Tjahyadi R and Silitonga FJ: "Stimulation Efforts in Carbonate Gas Reservoir Experiencing Subsidence in Offshore North West Java Field - Indonesia," paper SPE 82264, presented at the SPE European Formation Damage Conference, The Hague, May 13-14, 2003.
7. For more on subsidence in fields offshore Sarawak: Mah K-G and Draup A: "Managing Subsidence Risk in Gas Carbonate Fields Offshore Sarawak," paper SPE 88573, presented at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference, Perth, Australia, October 18-20, 2004.
8. Fredrich JT, Arguello JG, Thorne BJ, Wawersik WR, Deitrick GL, de Rouffignac EP, Myer LR and Bruno MS: "Three-Dimensional Geomechanical Simulation of Reservoir Compaction and Implications for Well Failures in the Belridge Diatomite," paper SPE 36698, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, October 6-9, 1996.
9. Hydrostatic pressure is the magnitude of pressure caused by the weight of the overlying column of brine, often obtained by integrating the brine density from surface to the depth datum.
10. Other geologic processes can also generate over-pressure or underpressure situations; examples include chemical diagenesis, regional uplift or downthrust, and hydrocarbon migration.
11. s. Here, K is the bulk modulus, and this last term is the ratio of the bulk moduli of the rock (b) and the mineral grains in the rock (s). In highly porous and weak materials, the grain modulus is much greater than the rock modulus, so α is approximately 1, and α = S - P. Both σ and S are tensors, so this equation applies in all three principal directions.
12. For a complete definition of the types of compressibilities: Zimmerman R: Compressibility of Sandstones, Developments in Petroleum Science 29. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, 1991.
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14. A deformation is elastic if, after a stress change, a material returns to its initial shape when the stresses return to the initial condition. Deformations that result in a permanent change in shape after such a stress cycle are termed plastic, or inelastic. Creep describes a deformation that continues after the stress change stops.
15. Pratt and Johnson, reference 4.
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17. InSAR has also been used to measure uplift. For information on satellite measurements of ground deformation around the volcanic caldera of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/yvo/2006/uplift.html (accessed September 29, 2006).
18. Poland and Davis, reference 5.
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22. Here, to distinguish between conventional reservoir simulation, which includes complex flow dynamics and simple geomechanics, and geomechanical simulation, which has an opposite emphasis, the conventional simulation is referred to as a flow simulation.
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25. Originally paper SPE 13120, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, September 16-19, 1984.
26. For more on the Ekofisk platform complex upgrade: "Ekofisk Phase II Looks to the Future," Journal of Offshore Technology 5, no. 4 (November 1997): 27-29.
27. Sylte JE, Thomas LK, Rhett DW, Bruning DD and Nagel NB: "Water Induced Compaction in the Ekofisk Field," paper SPE 56426, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, October 3-6, 1999.
28. For a detailed discussion of early work on water-induced compaction: Andersen MA: Petroleum Research in North Sea Chalk, Joint Chalk Research Monograph, RF-Rogaland Research, Stavanger, 1995.
29. Andersen MA: "Enhanced Compaction of Stressed North Sea Chalk During Water-flooding," presented at the Third European Core Analysts Symposium, Paris, September 14-16, 1992.
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31. Barkved OI and Kristiansen T: "Seismic Time-Lapse Effects and Stress Changes: Examples from a Compacting Reservoir," The Leading Edge 24, no. 12 (December 2005): 244-1248.
32. For an overview of Valhall field: Barkved O, Heavey P, Kjelstadli R, Kleppan T and Kristiansen TG: "Valhall Field - Still on Plateau After 20 Years of Production," paper SPE 83957, presented at the SPE Offshore Europe 2003, Aberdeen, September 2-5, 2003.
33. Kristiansen TG, Barkved OI, Buer K and Bakke R: "Production Induced Deformations Outside the Reservoir and Their Impact on 4D Seismic," paper IPTC 10818, presented at the International Petroleum Technology Conference, Doha, Qatar, November 21-23, 2005.
34. Graben are fault blocks that are downthrown relative to their surroundings, and horsts are the adjacent upthrown blocks. A horst and graben structure is typically formed by normal faulting in areas of rifting or extension.
35. Kristiansen TG, Barkved O and Pattillo PD: "Use of Passive Seismic Monitoring in Well and Casing Design in the Compacting and Subsiding Valhall Field, North Sea," paper SPE 65134, presented at the 2000 SPE European Petroleum Conference, Paris, October 24-25, 2000.
36. Kristiansen TG: "Drilling Wellbore Stability in the Compacting and Subsiding Valhall Field," paper IADC/SPE 87221, presented at the 2004 IADC/SPE Drilling Conference, Dallas, March 2-4, 2004.
37. Sayers CM: "Sensitivity of Time-Lapse Seismic to Reservoir Stress Path," Geophysical Prospecting 56, no. 3 (May 2006): 369-380.
38. Sayers CM: "Stress-Dependent Seismic Anisotropy of Shales," Geophysics 64, no. 1 (January-February 1999): 93-98.
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40. Kristiansen TG and Pattillo PD: "Examples From 20 Years of Coupled Geomechanics and Fluid Flow Simulation at Valhall," paper P06, presented at the 12th SPE Bergen One-Day Seminar, Bergen, Norway, April 20, 2005.
41. Barkved OI, Kommedal JH, Kristiansen TG, Buer K, Kjelstadli RM, Haller N, Ackers M, Sund G and Bakke R: "Integrating Continuous 40 Seismic Data into Subsurface Workflows," paper C001, presented at the 67th EAGE Conference and Exhibition, Madrid, Spain, June 13-16, 2005.
42. Ketelaar G, van Leijen F, Marinkovic P and Hanssen R: "On the Use of Point Target Characteristics in the Estimation of Low Subsidence Rates Due to Gas Extraction in Groningen, The Netherlands," presented at FRINGE05, the Fourth International Workshop on ERS/Envisat SAR Interferometry, Frascati, Italy, November 28-December 2, 2005.
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44. For more on sustained casing pressure: Abbas R, Cunningham E, Munk T, Bjelland B, Chukwueke V, Ferri A, Garrison G, Hollies D, Labat C and Moussa O: "Solutions for Long-Term Zonal Isolation," Oilfield Review 14, no. 3 (Autumn 2002): 16-29.
45. Brufatto C, Cochran J, Conn L, Power D, El-Zeghaty SZAA, Fraboulet B, Griffin T, James S, Munk T, Justus F, Levine JR, Montgomery C, Murphy D, Pfeiffer J, Pornpoch T and Rishmani L: "From Mud to Cement - Building Gas Wells," Oilfield Review 15, no. 3 (Autumn 2003): 62-76.
46. For more on frac packs: Gadiyar B, Meese C, Stimatz G, Morales H, Piedras J, Profinet J and Watson G: "Optimizing Frac Packs," Oilfield Review 16, no. 3 (Autumn 2004): 18-29.
47. Li et al, reference 37.
48. Li et al, reference 37.
49. Li X, Tinker SJ, Bruno M and Willson SM: "Compaction Considerations for the Gulf of Mexico Deepwater King West Field Completion Design," paper SPE/IADC 92652, presented at the SPE/IADC Drilling Conference, Amsterdam, February 23-25, 2005.
50. Sayers C, den Boer L, Lee D, Hooyman P and Lawrence R: "Predicting Reservoir Compaction and Casing Deformation in Deepwater Turbidites Using a 3D Mechanical Earth Model," paper SPE 103926, presented at the First International Oil Conference and Exhibition in Mexico, Cancun, Mexico, August 31-September 2, 2006.
51. Arroyo Franco JL, Mercado Ortiz MA, De GS, Renlie L and Williams S: "Sonic Investigations in and Around the Borehole," Oilfield Review 18, no. 1 (Spring 20061: 14-33.