Environmental influences on tropical cyclone structure and intensity: A review of past and present literature

Indian Journal of Marine Sciences

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 61-74

  Rhome, Jamie R ^a,b   Raman, Sethu ^a  

^a NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Tropical Prediction Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Cyclone; Intensity; Literature review; Tropical cyclone

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT; FORECASTING METHOD; NUMERICAL MODEL; TROPICAL CYCLONE;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH);

EID: 33845621984     PISSN: 03795136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Southern, R.L., The global socio-economic impact of tropical cyclones. Australian Meteorological Magazine, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne,(1979) 175-195.
2. Sheets, R.H.,: The National Hurricane Center, past, present and future. Wea. Forecasting, 5(1990) 185-232.
3. Fitzpatrick, P.J.,Understanding and forecasting tropical cyclone intensity change. Colorado State Univ. Atmospheric Science Paper No. 598, (1996) 346 pp.
4. Elsberry, R.L., G.J. Holland, H. Gerrish, M. DeMaria, C.P. Guard, and K. Emanuel, Is there any hope for tropical cyclone intensity prediction? A panel discussion. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73(1992) 264-275.
5. Demaria, M., and J. Kaplan, Operational tropical cyclone guidance models at the National Hurricane Center. Extended abstract, Typhoon Workshop, Boulder, CO., 1997.
6. th Annual AMS Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, Amer. Meteor. Soc., (1998) 1-3.
7. th Annual AMS Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, Amer. Meteor. Soc., (1998)119-123.
8. Mayfield, M., Hurricane Opal: Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center. (1995).
9. NOAA, Tropical cyclones of the North Atlantic, 1871-1998, Historical Climatology Series 6-2,(U.S. Department of Commerce,National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC) October, 1999, 206 pp.
10. Gray, W.M.; Tropical cyclone global climatology. WMO Technical Document WMO/TD-NO. 72, Vol. I, (WMO, Geneva, Switzerland) 3-19, 1985.
11. McBride, J.L., Tropical cyclone formation, In: Global Perspectives on Tropical Cyclones. WMO Technical Document, 1995.
12. Rennick, M.A., The generation of African waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, (1976) 1955-1968.
13. Pytharoulis, I., and C. Thorncroft., The low-level structure of African easterly waves. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, (1999) 2266-2280.
14. NWS, Hurricanes.(National Weather Service Training Center, Kansas City, MO)) 1993.
15. Frank, W.M., The structure and energetics of the tropical cyclone. Part II: Dynamics and energetics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, (1977) 1237-1244.
16. Palmen, E.H., On the formation and structure of tropical cyclones. Geophysica, 3, (1948) 26-38.
17. Riehl, H., Tropical Meteorology(McGraw-Hill) 1954,392pp.
18. Miller, B.I., On the maximum intensity of hurricanes. J. Meteor., 15(1958) 184-195.
19. Malkus, J.S., and H. Riehl, On the dynamics and energy transformation in steady-state hurricanes. Tellus, 12 (1960) 1-20.
20. Emanuel, K.A., An air sea interaction theory for Tropical Cyclones, Part I: Steady-steady maintenance. J. Atmos. Sci., 43(1986) 585-604.
21. Emanuel, K.A., The maximum intensity of hurricanes. J. Atmos. Sci., 45(1988)1143-1155.
22. Holland, G.J.,: The maximum potential intensity of tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 54(1997) 2519-2541.
23. Tonkin, H., G. J. Holland, N. Holbrook, A. Henderson-Sellers, An Evaluation of Thermodynamic Estimates of Climatological Maximum Potential Tropical Cyclone Intensity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128(2000) 746-762.
24. Merrill, R.T., Environmental influences on hurricane intensification. Colorado State Univ. Atmospheric Science Paper No. 394(1985) 156 pp.
25. Emanuel, The theory of hurricanes. Annu. Rev. Fluid. Mech., 23(1991) 179-196.
26. th Annual AMS Meeting, (Amer. Meteor. Soc. Phoenix, AZ)1998,pp.131-138.
27. Dunn, G.E., and B.I. Miller, Atlantic hurricanes,(Louisiana State University Press) 1960.
28. Perlroth, I., Hurricane behavior as related to oceanic environmental conditions. Tellus, 19(1967) 258-268.
29. Perlroth, I., Effects of oceanic media on equatorial Atlantic hurricanes. Tellus, 21(1969) 230-244.
30. Leipper, D., and D. Volgenau, Hurricane heat potential of the Gulf of Mexico. J. Phys Oceanogr, 2(1972) 218-224.
31. th Annual AMS Meeting, (Amer. Meteor. Soc. Phoenix, AZ)1998,pp.161-168.
32. Shay, L.K, G.J. Goni, and P.G. Black, Effects of a warm oceanic feature on hurricane Opal. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128(2000) 1366-1383.
33. Hong, X., S.W. Chang, S. Raman, L.K. Shay, and R. Hodur,: The interaction between Hurricane Opal (1995) and a warm core ring in the Gulf of Mexico. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128(2000) 1347-1365.
34. Krishnamurti, T.N., W. Han, B. Jha, and H.S. Bedi, Numerical prediction of hurricane Opal. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126(1998) 1347-1363.
35. Bosart, L.F., C.S. Velden, W.E. Bracken, J. Molinari, and P.G. Black, Environmental influences on the rapid intensification of Hurricane Opal (1995) over the Gulf of Mexico. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128(2000) 322-352.
36. Black, P.G., and R.A. Anthes, On the asymmetric structure of the tropical cyclone outflow layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 47(1971) 909-927.
37. Holland, G.J., and R.T. Merril,: On the dynamics of tropical cyclone structural changes. Quart. J., Roy. Meteor. Soc. 110(1984) 723-745.
38. Chen, L. and W.M. Gray, Global view of the upper level outflow patterns associated with tropical cyclone intensity change during FGGE. Colorado State Univ. Atmospheric Science Paper No. 392(1985) 126 pp.
39. Sadler, J.C., A role of the tropical upper troposperic trough in early season typhoon development. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104(1976) 1266-1278.
40. Wu, C.C., and H-J. Cheng, An observational study of environmental influences on the intensity changes of typhoons Flo (1990) and Gene (1990). Mon. Wea. Rev., 127(1999) 3003-3031.
41. Shi, J.J., S.W. Chang, and S. Raman, Interaction between Hurricane Florence (1988) and an upper-tropospheric westerly trough. J. Atmos. Sci., 54(1997) 1231-1247.
42. Uccellini, Louis W., Paul J. Kocin, The Interaction of Jet Streak Circulations during Heavy Snow Events along the East Coast of the United States. Wea. Forecasting, 2(1987) 289-309.
43. Merril, R.T., Environmental influences on hurricane intensification. J. Atmos. Sci., 45(1988) 1678-1687.
44. Rodgers, E.B., S.W. Chang, J. Stout, J. Steronka, and J-J. Shi., Satellite observations of variations in tropical cyclone convection caused by upper tropospheric troughs. J. Appl. Meteor., 30(1991) 1163-1184.
45. Shi, J.J., S.W. Chang, and S. Raman, A numerical study of the outflow layer of tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 54(1990) 1231-1247.
46. Velden, C.S., C.M. Hayden, S.J. Nieman, W.P. Menzel, S. Wanzong, and J.S. Goerss, Upper-tropospheric winds derived from geostationary satellite water vapor observations. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87(1997) 173-195.
47. McBride, J.L., and R. Zehr, Observational analysis of tropical cyclone formation. Part II: Comparison of non-developing versus developing systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 38(1981) 1132-1151.
48. Molinari, J., S. Skubis, and D. Vollaro, External influences on hurricane intensity. Part III Potential Vorticity Structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 52(1995) 3593-3606.
49. th Annual AMS Meeting, (Amer. Meteor. Soc. Phoenix, AZ), 1998,pp.65-72.
50. Ramage, C.S., Hurricane development. J. Meteor., 16(1959) 227-237.
51. Gray, W.M., Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances and storms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96(1968) 669-700.
52. Case, R.A.,and H.P. Gerrish, Atlantic hurricane season of 1983. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112(1984) 1083-1092.
53. Pasch, R.J., and L.A. Avila, Atlantic hurricane season of 1991. Mon Wea. Rev., 120(1992) 2671-2687.
54. Madala, R.V., and S.A. Piacsek, Numerical simulation of asymmetric hurricanes on a B-plane with vertical shear. Tellus, 27(1975) 453-468.
55. th Annual AMS Meeting, (Amer. Meteor. Soc. Phoenix, AZ)1998,pp. 22-29.
56. DeMaria, M., The effect of vertical shear on tropical cyclone intensity change. J. Atmos. Sci., 53(1996) 2076-2087.
57. Flatau, M., W.H. Schubert, and D.E. Stevens, The role of baroclinic processes in tropical cyclone motion: The influence of vertical tilt. J. Atmos. Sci., 51(1994) 2589-2601.
58. Tuleya, R.E., and Y. Kurihara, A numerical study of the effects of environmental flow on tropical storm genesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109(1981) 2487-2506.
59. Bender, M.A., The effect of relative flow on the asymmetric structure in the interior of hurricanes. J. Atmos. Sci., 54(1997) 703-724.
60. th Annual AMS Meeting, (Amer. Meteor. Soc. Phoenix, AZ)1998,pp.15-20.
61. Dvorak, V.F., Tropical cyclone intensity analysis using satellite data. NOAA Tech. Rep. NESDIS-11 (1984) 47, pp.
62. Dvorak, V.F., and E. A. Ritchie, Effects of vertical wind shear on the intensity and structure of numerically simulated hurricanes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129(2001) 2249-2269.
63. Gallina, G.M., Environmental Vertical Wind Shear and Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change Utilizing Enhanced Satellite Wind Information, M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 (2002) 133 pp.
64. Molinari, J., and D. Vollaro, External influences on hurricane intensity. Part I: Outflow layer eddy momentum fluxes. J. Atmos. Sci., 46(1989) 1093-1105.
65. Pfeffer, R.L., Concerning the mechanics of hurricanes. J. Meteor., 15(1958) 113-120.
66. Anthes, R.A., The role of large-scale asymmetries and internal mixing in computing meridional circulations assoiciated with the steady-state hurricane. Mon. Wea. Rev., 98(1970) 521-528.
67. Holland, G.J., Angular momentum transports in tropical cyclones. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 109(1983) 187-210.
68. Pfeffer, R.L., and M. Challa, A numerical study of the role of eddy fluxes of momentum in the development of Atlantic hurricanes. J. Atmos. Sci., 38(1981) 2393-2398.
69. Molinari, J., and D. Vollaro,: External influences on hurricane intensity. Part II: Vertical structure and response of the hurricane vortex. J. Atmos. Sci., 47(1990) 1902-1918.
70. Willoughby, H.E., and P.G. Black, Hurricane Andrew in Florida: Dynamics of a disaster. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77(1996) 543-549.
71. Challa, M., and R.L. Pfeffer, Formation of Atlantic hurricanes from cloud clusters and depressions. J. Atmos. Sci., 47(1990) 909-927.
72. Pfeffer, R.L., and M. Challa, The role of environmental asymmetries in Atlantic hurricane formation. J. Atmos. Sci., 49(1992) 1051-1059.
73. Rodgers, E.B., W.S. Olson, V.Mohan Karyampudi, and H.F. Pierce, Satellite-derived latent heat distribution and environmental influences in hurricane Opal (1995). Mon. Wea. Rev., 126(1998) 1229-1247.
74. Demaria, M., J.-J. Baik, and J. Kaplan, Upper level angular momentum fluxes and tropical cyclone intensity change. J. Atmos. Sci., 50(1993) 1133-1147.
75. Ooyama, K.V., Conceptual evaluation of the theory and modeling of the tropical cyclone. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60(1982) 369-380.
76. Merril, R.T., and C.S. Velden, A three-dimensional analysis of the outflow layer of supertyphoon Flo (1990). Mon. Wea. Rev., 124(1996) 47-63.
77. DeMaria, M., and J. Kaplan, Sea surface temperatures and the maximum intensity of Atlantic tropical cyclones. J. Climate., 7(1994) 1324-1334.
78. th Annual AMS Meeting, (Amer. Meteor. Soc. Phoenix, AZ)1998,pp.113-114.
79. Shapiro, L.J., and H.E. Willoughby, The response of balanced hurricanes to local sources of heat and momentum. J. Atmos. Sci., 39(1982) 378-394.
80. Wu, C-C., and K. A Emanuel, Potential vorticity diagnostics of hurricane movement. Part 1 : A Case Study of Hurricane Bob (1991). Mon. Wea. Rev., 123(1995) 69-92
81. Wu, C-C., and K. A Emanuel, Potential vorticity diagnostics of hurricane movement. Part II: Tropical storm Ana (1991) and Hurricane Andrew (1992). Mon. Wea. Rev., 123(1995) 93-109.
82. Thorpe, A.J., Diagnosis of balanced vortex structure using potential vorticity. J. Atmos. Sci., 42(1985) 397-406.
83. Schubert, W.M., and B.T. Alworth, Evolution of potential vorticity in tropical cyclones. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113(1987) 147-162.
84. Thorpe, S.A., Synoptic-scale disturbances with circular symmetry. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114(1986) 1384-1389.
85. Molinari, J., S. Skubis, D. Vollaro, and F. Alsheimer, and H.E. Willoughby, Potential vorticity analysis of tropical cyclone intensification. J. Atmos. Sci., 55(1998) 2632-2644.
86. Montgomery, M.T., and B.F. Farrell, Tropical cyclone formation. J. Atmos. Sci., 50(1993) 285-310.
87. Shapiro, L.J., and J.L. Franklin, Potential vorticity in Hurricane Gloria. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123(1995) 1465-1475.
88. Willoughby, H.E., J.A. Clos, and M.G. Shoreibah, Concentric eyewalls, secondary wind maxima, and the evolution of the hurricane vortex. J. Atmos. Sci., 39(1982) 395-411.
89. Willoughby, H.E., Temporal changes of the primary circulation in tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 47(1990) 242-264.
90. Dodge, P., R. W. Burpee, F. D. Marks Jr., The kinematic structure of a hurricane with sea level pressure less than 900 mb. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127(1999) 987-1004.
91. Fortner, L.E., Typhoon Sarah, 1956. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 39(1958) 633-639.
92. Jordan, C.L., and F.J. Schatzle, The "double eye" of Hurricane Donna. Mon. Wea. Rev., 89(1961) 354-356.
93. Jordan, C.L., Surface pressure variations at coastal stations during the period of irregular motion of Hurricane Carla of 1965. Mon. Wea. Rev., 94(1966) 454-458.
94. Hoose, H.M., and J.A. Colon, Some aspects of the radar structure of Hurricane Beulah on September 9, 1967. Mon. Wea. Rev., 98(1970) 529-533.
95. Holliday, C.R., Double intensification of Typhoon Gloria, 1974. Mon. Wea. Rev.,. 105(1977) 523-528.
96. Eliassen, A., Slow thermally or frictionally controlled meridional circulations in a circular vortex. Astrophys. Norv., 5(1951) 19-60.
97. Smith, R.K., The cyclostrophic adjustment of vortices with application to tropical cyclone modification. J. Atmos. Sci., 38(1981) 2021-2030.
98. Schubert, W.M., and J.J. Hack, Inertial stability and tropical cyclone development. J. Atmos. Sci., 39(1982) 1687-1697.
99. Rosenthal, S.L., A circularly symmetric primitive equation model of tropical cyclones and its response to artificial enhancement of the convective heating functions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 99(1971) 414-426.
100. Hawkins, H.F.,Comparison of results of the Hurricane Debbie (1969) modification experiments with those from Rosenthal's numerical model simulation experiments. Mon. Wea. Rev., 99(1971) 427-434.
101. Marks, F.D., Evolution of the structure and precipitation in Hurricane Allen (1980). Mon. Wea. Rev., 113(1985) 909-930.
102. Black, P.G., and H.E. Willoughby, The concentric eyewall cycles of hurricane Gilbert. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120(1992) 947-957.
103. U.S. Department of Commerce, Hurricane Andrew: South Florida and Louisiana August 23-26, 1992. (1993)131 pp.
104. Anthes, R.A., Tropical Cyclones: Their Evolution, Structure and Effects. Meteor. Monogr., Vol.19,. No. 41,(Amer. Meteor. Soc.) 1982, 208 pp.
105. Hubert, L.F.,: Frictional filling of hurricanes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 36 (1955) 440-445.
106. Miller, B.I., A study of the filling of hurricane Donna (1960) over land. Mon. Wea. Rev., 92(1964) 389-406.
107. Ooyama, K.V., 1969: Numerical simulations of the life cycle of tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 26() 3-40.
108. Rosenthal, S.L., The response of a tropical cyclone model to variations in boundary layer parameters, initial conditions, lateral boundary conditions, and domain size. Mon. Wea. Rev., 99(1971) 767-777.
109. Tuleya, R.E., and Y. Kurihara, A numerical simulation of the landfall of tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 35(1978) 242-257.
110. Tuleya, R.E., Tropical storm development and decay: Sensitivity to surface boundary conditions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122(1994) 291-304.
111. Hawkins, H.F., and D.T. Rubsam, Hurricane Hilda, 1964, 2: Structure and budgets of the hurricane on Oct. 1, 1964. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96(1968) 617-636.
112. Batts, M.E., M.R. Cordes, L.R.Russesl, J.R. Shaver, and E. Simiu, Hurricane wind speeds in the United States. National Bureau of Standard Building Science Series 124,(U.S. Department of Commerce,) 1980, 50 pp.
113. Georgiou, P.N., Design wind speeds in tropical cyclone-prone regions. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Western Ontario, (1985)295 pp.
114. Kaplan, J.A. and M. DeMaria., A simple empirical model for predicting the decay of tropical cyclone winds after landfall. J. Appl. Metero., 34(1995) 2499-2512.
115. Powell, M.D., The translation of the Hurricane Frederic boundary layer wind fields for the open Gulf of Mexico to landfall. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110(1982) 1912-1932.
116. Powell, M.D., Changes in the low-level kinematic and thermodynamic structure of Hurricane Alicia (1983) at landfall. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, (1987)75-98.
117. Shapiro, L.J., The asymmetric boundary layer flow under a translating hurricane. J. Atmos. Sci., 40(1983) 1984-1998.
118. Tuleya, R.E., M.A. Bender, and Y. Kurihara, A simulation of the landfall of tropical cyclones using a moveable nestedmesh model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112(1984) 124-136.
119. Willoughby, H.E., and P.G. Black. Hurricane Andrew in Florida: dynamics of a disaster. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77 (1996) 543-549.
120. Wakimoto, R.M., and P.G. Black, Damage survey of hurricane Andrew and its relationship to the eyewall. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75(1994) 189-200.
121. Schneider, D.G., Sturctural and intensity changes of Hurricane Opal (1995) and Hurricane Fran (1996), M.S. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606. (1998) 53 pp.
122. Bluestein, H.B., and D.S. Hazen, Doppler-radar analysis of a tropical cyclone over land: Hurricane Alicia (1983) in Oklahoma. Mon. Wea. Rev., 11(1989) 2594-2611.
123. Leslie, L.M., J.F. LeMarshall, R.P. Morison, C. Spinoso, R.J. Purser, N. Pescod, and R. Seecamp, Improved hurricane track forecasting from the continuous assimilation of high quality satellite wind data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126(1998) 1248-1257.
124. Aberson, S.D., and J.L. Franklin, Impact on hurricane track and intensity forecasts of GPS dropwindsonde observations from the first-season flights of the NOAA Gulfstream-IV jet aircraft. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80(1999) 421-427.