Post-MI psychiatric syndromes: Six unanswered questions

Harvard Review of Psychiatry

Volumn 14, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 305-318

  Huffman, Jeff C ^a   Smith, Felicia A ^a   Quinn, Davin K ^a   Fricchione, Gregory L ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Anxiety disorders; Cardiovascular diseases; Major depressive disorder; Myocardial infarction

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CLOPIDOGREL; IBUPROFEN; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; ANGER; ANXIETY DISORDER; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BLEEDING; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG DEPENDENCE; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; EXERCISE; FALLING; HOSTILITY; HUMAN; LOW DRUG DOSE; MENTAL DISEASE; MIXED NEGATIVE EMOTIONAL SYNDROME; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOSOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; REVIEW; SCREENING TEST; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SOCIAL SUPPORT; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

ANXIETY DISORDERS; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; HUMANS; MASS SCREENING; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SOCIAL SUPPORT;

EID: 33845602948     PISSN: 10673229     EISSN: 14657309     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10673220601070013     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. American Heart Association. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2005 update. Dallas, TX: AHA, 2005.
2. World Health Organization. The world health report 2002: reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Geneva: WHO, 2002.
3. Cassem NH, Hackett TP. Psychological aspects of myocardial infarction. Med Clin North Am 1977;61:711-21.
4. Hackett TP, Cassem NH. Psychological management of the myocardial infarction patient. J Human Stress 1975;1:25-38.
5. Friedman M, Powell LH, Thoresen CE, et al. Alteration of type A behavior and its effect on cardiac recurrences in post myocardial infarction patients: summary results of the recurrent coronary prevention project. Am Heart J 1986;112:453-65.
6. Friedman M, Powell LH, Thoresen CE, et al. Effect of discontinuance of type A behavioral counseling on type A behavior and cardiac recurrence rate of post myocardial infarction patients. Am Heart J 1987;114:483-90.
7. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. Depression following myocardial infarction: impact on 6-month survival. JAMA 1993;270:1819-25.
8. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. Depression and 18-month prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1995;91:999-1005.
9. Carney RM, Freedland KE. Depression, mortality, and medical morbidity in patients with coronary heart disease. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54:241-7.
10. Ziegelstein RC. Depression after myocardial infarction. Cardiol Rev 2001;9:45-51.
11. Roose SP. Treatment of depression in patients with heart disease. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54:262-8.
12. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: APA, 1994.
13. Spijkerman TA, van den Brink RH, Jansen JH, Crijns HJ, Ormel J. Who is at risk of post-MI depressive symptoms? J Psychosom Res 2005;58:425-32.
14. Strik JJ, Honig A, Maes M. Depression and myocardial infarction: relationship between heart and mind. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2001;25:879-92.
15. Glassman AH, O'Connor CM, Califf RM, et al. Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina. JAMA 2002;288:701-9.
16. Strik JJ, Honig A, Lousberg R, et al. Efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in the treatment of patients with major depression after first myocardial infarction: findings from a doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychosom Med 2000;62:783-9.
17. Berkman LF, Blumenthal J, Burg M, et al. Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) Randomized Trial. JAMA 2003;289:3106-16.
18. Honig A, Lousberg R, Wojchiechowski F, Cheriex EC, Wellens H, Van Praag HM. Depression following a first heart infarct: similarities with and difference from 'ordinary' depression. Ned T Geneeskunde 1997;141:196-9.
19. Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N. Depression in patients with cardiac disease: a practical review. J Psychosom Res 2000;48:379-91.
20. Dijkstra JB, Strik JJ, Lousberg R, et al. Atypical cognitive profile in patients with depression after myocardial infarction. J Affect Disord 2002;70:181-90.
21. Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RC, Campbell S, Silbersweig D, Charlson M. 'Vascular depression' hypothesis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:915-22.
22. Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RC, Kakuma T, Silbersweig D, Charlson M. Clinically defined vascular depression. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:562-5.
23. Taragano FE, Bagnatti P, Allegri RF. A double-blind, randomized clinical trial to assess the augmentation with nimodipine of antidepressant therapy in the treatment of "vascular depression." Int Psychogeriatr 2005;17:487-98.
24. Van Praag HM. Anxiety/aggression-driven depression. A paradigm of functionalization and verticalization of psychiatric diagnosis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2001;25:893-924.
25. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961;4:561-71.
26. Appels A. Exhaustion and coronary heart disease: the history of a scientific quest. Patient Educ Couns 2004;55:223-9.
27. Strik JJ, Honig A, Lousberg R, Denollet J. Sensitivity and specificity of observer and self-report questionnaires in major and minor depression following myocardial infarction. Psychosomatics 2001;42:423-8.
28. Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Covi L. SCL-90: an outpatient psychiatric rating scale - preliminary report. Psychopharmacol Bull 1973;9:13-28.
29. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983;67:361-70.
30. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960;23:56-62.
31. Bambauer KZ, Locke SE, Aupont O, Mullan MG, McLaughlin TJ. Using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to screen for depression in cardiac patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2005;27:275-84.
32. Freedland KE, Skala JA, Carney RM, et al. The Depression Interview and Structured Hamilton (DISH): rationale, development, characteristics, and clinical validity. Psychosom Med 2002;64:897-905.
33. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. JAMA 1999;28:1737-44.
34. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001;16:606-13.
35. Williams LS, Brizendine EJ, Plue L, et al. Performance of the PHQ-9 as a screening tool for depression after stroke. Stroke 2005;36:635-8.
36. Robins LN, Helzer JE, Ratcliff KS, Seyfried W. Validity of the diagnostic interview schedule, version II: DSM-III diagnoses. Psychol Med 1982;12:855-70.
37. Zung WW, Richards CB, Short MJ. Self-rating depression scale in an outpatient clinic. Further validation of the SDS. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1965;13:508-15.
38. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1977;1:385-401.
39. Strik JJ Denollet J, Lousberg R, Honig A. Comparing symptoms of depression and anxiety as predictors of cardiac events and increased health care consumption after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1801-7.
40. Ahern DK, Gorkin L, Anderson JL, et al. Biobehavioral variables and mortality or cardiac arrest in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Pilot Study (CAPS). Am J Cardiol 1990;66:59-62.
41. Shiotani I, Sato H, Kinjo K, et al. Osaka Acute Coronary Insufficiency Study (OACIS) Group. Depressive symptoms predict 12-month prognosis in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Risk 2002;9:153-60.
42. Strik JJ, Lousberg R, Cheriex EC, Honig A. One-year cumulative incidence of depression following myocardial infarction and impact on cardiac outcome. J Psychosom Res 2004;56:59-66.
43. Kubzansky LD, Kawachi I. Going to the heart of the matter: do negative emotions cause coronary heart disease? J Psychosom Res 2000;48:323-37.
44. Kubzansky LD, Kawachi I, Spiro A, Weiss ST, Vokonas PS, Sparrow D. Is worrying bad for your heart? A prospective study of worry and coronary heart disease in the Normative Aging Study. Circulation 1997;95:818-24.
45. Eaker ED, Pinsky J, Castelli WP. Myocardial infarction and coronary death among women: psychosocial predictors from a 20-year follow-up of women in the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135:854-64.
46. Moser DK, Dracup K. Is anxiety early after myocardial infarction associated with subsequent ischemic and arrhythmic events? Psychosom Med 1996;58:395-401.
47. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. The impact of negative emotions on prognosis following myocardial infarction: is it more than depression? Health Psychol 1995;14:388-98.
48. Grace SL, Abbey SE, Irvine J, Shnek ZM, Stewart DE. Prospective examination of anxiety persistence and its relationship to cardiac symptoms and recurrent cardiac events. Psychother Psychosom 2004;73:344-52.
49. Mayou RA, Gill D, Thompson DR, et al. Depression and anxiety as predictors of outcome after myocardial infarction. Psychosom Med 2000;62:212-9.
50. Lane D, Carroll D, Ring C, Beevers DG, Lip GY. Mortality and quality of life 12 months after myocardial infarction: effects of depression and anxiety. Psychosom Med 2001;63:221-30.
51. Wittchen HU, Kessler RC, Pfister H, Lieb M. Why do people with anxiety disorders become depressed? A prospective-longitudinal community study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000;406:14-23.
52. Kim KA, Moser DK, Garvin BJ, et al. Differences between men and women in anxiety early after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Crit Care 2000;9:245-53.
53. Kennedy BL, Schwab JJ, Morris RL, Beldia G. Assessment of state and trait anxiety in subjects with anxiety and depressive disorders. Psychiatr Q 2001;72:263-76.
54. Huffman JC, Stern TA. The use of benzodiazepines in the treatment of chest pain: a review of the literature. J Emerg Med 2003;25:427-37.
55. Mookadam F, Arthur HM. Social support and its relationship to morbidity and mortality after acute myocardial infarction: systematic overview. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1514-8.
56. Frasure-Smith F, Lesperance F, Gravel G, et al. Social support, depression, and mortality during the first year after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2000;101:1919-24.
57. Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J, Rose RJ, et al. Hostility as a risk factor for mortality and ischemic heart disease in men. Psychosom Med 1988;50:330-40.
58. Chaput LA, Adams SH, Simon JA, et al. Hostility predicts recurrent events among postmenopausal women with coronary heart disease. Am J Epidemiol 2002156:1092-9.
59. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F. Depression and other psychological risks following myocardial infarction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:627-36.
60. Ketterer MW, Huffman J, Lumley MA, et al. Five-year followup for adverse outcomes in males with at least minimally positive angiograms: importance of "denial" in assessing psychosocial risk factors. J Psychosom Res 1998;44:241-50.
61. Kubzansky LD, Davidson KW, Rozanski A. The clinical impact of negative psychological states: expanding the spectrum of risk for coronary artery disease. Psychosom Med 2005;67:S10-4.
62. Ketterer MW, Denollet J, Goldberg AD, et al. The big mush: psychometric measures are confounded and non-independent in their association with age at initial diagnosis of ischaemic coronary heart disease. J Cardiovasc Risk 2002;9:41-8.
63. Denollet J. Type D personality. A potential risk factor refined. J Psychosom Res 2000;49:255-66.
64. Denollet J, Sys SU, Stroobant N, Rombouts H, Gillebert TC, Brutsaert DL. Personality as independent predictor of long-term mortality in patients with coronary heart disease. Lancet 1996;347:417-21.
65. Lane D, Carroll D, Ring C, Beevers DG, Lip GY. In-hospital symptoms of depression do not predict mortality 3 years after myocardial infarction. Int J Epidemiol 2002;31:1179-82.
66. Lauzon C, Beck CA, Huynh T, et al. Depression and prognosis following hospital admission because of acute myocardial infarction. CMAJ 2003;168:547-52.
67. Lane D, Carroll D, Lip GY. Anxiety, depression, and prognosis after myocardial infarction: is there a causal association? J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1808-10.
68. Ketterer MW, Mahr G, Cao JJ, Hudson M, Smith S, Knysz W. What's "unstable" in unstable angina? Psychosomatics 2004;45:185-96.
69. Jow GM, Yang TT, Chen CL. Leptin and cholesterol levels are low in major depressive disorder, but high in schizophrenia. J Affect Disord 2006;90:21-7
70. Brunner J, Parhofer KG, Schwandt P, Bronisch T. Cholesterol, essential fatty acids, and suicide. Pharmacopsychiatry 2002;35:1-5.
71. Manfredini R, Caracciolo S, Salmi R, Boari B, Tomelli A, Gallerani M. The association of low serum cholesterol with depression and suicidal behaviours: new hypotheses for the missing link. J Int Med Res 2000;28:247-57.
72. Bush DE, Ziegelstein RC, Tayback M, et al. Even minimal symptoms of depression increase mortality risk after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:337-41.
73. Welin C, Lappas G, Wilhelmsen L. Independent importance of psychosocial factors for prognosis after myocardial infarction. J Intern Med 2000;247:629-39.
74. van Melle JP, de Jonge P, Spijkerman TA, et al. Prognostic association of depression following myocardial infarction with mortality and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 2004;66:814-22.
75. Tsigos C, Chrousos GP. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. J Psychosom Res 2002;53:865-71.
76. Musselman DL, Evans DL, Nemeroff CB. The relationship of depression to cardiovascular disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:580-92.
77. Rosmond R, Bjorntorp P. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity as a predictor of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and stroke. J Intern Med 2000;247:188-97.
78. Colao A, Pivonello R, Spiezia S, et al. Persistence of increased cardiovascular risk in patients with Cushing's disease after five years of successful cure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:2664-72.
79. Gold PW, Gabry KE, Yasuda MR, Chrousos GP. Divergent endocrine abnormalities in melancholic and atypical depression: clinical and pathophysiologic implications. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2000;31:37-62.
80. Joynt KE, Whellan DJ, O'Connor CM. Depression and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms of interaction. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54:248-61.
81. Remme WJ. The sympathetic nervous system and ischaemic heart disease. Eur Heart J 1998;19 suppl F:F62-71.
82. Carpeggiani C, L'Abbate A, Landi P, et al. Early assessment of heart rate variability is predictive of in-hospital death and major complications after acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2004;96:361-8.
83. Carney RM, Freedland KE, Veith RC, et al. Major depression, heart rate, and plasma norepinephrine in patients with coronary heart disease. Biol Psychiatry 1999;45:458-63.
84. Carney RM, Blumenthal JA, Stein PK, et al. Depression, heart rate variability, and acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2001;104:2024-8.
85. Carney RM, Freedland KE, Stein PK, Skala JA, Hoffman P, Jaffe AS. Change in heart rate and heart rate variability during treatment for depression in patients with coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med 2000;62:639-47.
86. Cohen H, Kotler M, Matar M, Kaplan Z. Normalization of heart rate variability in post-traumatic stress disorder patients following fluoxetine treatment: preliminary results. Isr Med Assoc J 2000;2:296-301.
87. Tucker P, Adamson P, Miranda R Jr, et al. Paroxetine increases heart rate variability in panic disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997;17:370-6.
88. Kronfol Z, Remick DG. Cytokines and the brain: implications for clinical psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:683-94.
89. Thomas AJ, Davis S, Morris C, Jackson E, Harrison R, O'brien JT. Increase in interleukin-1β in late-life depression. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:175-7.
90. Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N, Theroux P, Irwin M. The association between major depression and levels of soluble intercellular molecule 1, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein in patients with recent acute coronary syndromes. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:271-7.
91. Saadeddin SM, Habbab MA, Ferns GA. Markers of inflammation and coronary artery disease. Med Sci Monit 2002;8:RA5-12.
92. Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow D, et al.; Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 (PROVE IT-TIMI 22) Investigators. C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy. N Engl J Med 2005;352:20-8.
93. Wirleitner B, Rudzite V, Neurauter G, et al. Immune activation and degradation of tryptophan in coronary heart disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2003;33:550-4.
94. Musselman DL, Tomer A, Manatunga AK, et al. Exaggerated platelet reactivity in major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153:1313-7.
95. Kop WJ, Gottdiener JS, Tangen CM, et al. Inflammation and coagulation factors in persons >65 years of age with symptoms of depression but without evidence of myocardial ischemia. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:419-24.
96. Vikenes K, Farstad M, Nordrehaug JE. Serotonin is associated with coronary artery disease and cardiac events. Circulation 1999;100:483-9.
97. Golino P, Piscione F, Willerson JT, et al. Divergent effects of serotonin on coronary-artery dimensions and blood flow in patients with coronary atherosclerosis and control patients. New Engl J Med 1991;324:641-8.
98. Serebruany VL, Glassman AH, Malinin AI, et al. Platelet/endothelial biomarkers in depressed patients treated with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline after acute coronary events: the Sertraline AntiDepressant Heart Attack Randomized Trial (SADHART) Platelet Substudy. Circulation 2003;108:939-44.
99. Schins A, Hamulyak K, Scharpe S, et al. Whole blood serotonin and platelet activation in depressed post-myocardial infarction patients. Life Sci 2004 24;76:637-50.
100. Ziegelstein RC, Fauerbach JA, Stevens SS, Romanelli J, Richter DP, Bush DE. Patients with depression are less likely to follow recommendations to reduce cardiac risk during recovery from a myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1818-23.
101. Strik JJ, Honig A, Lousberg R, van Os J, van den Berg EJ, van Praag HM. Clinical correlates of depression following myocardial infarction. Int J Psychiatry Med 2001;31:255-64.
102. Ades PA, Waldmann ML, McCann WJ, Weaver SO. Predictors of cardiac rehabilitation participation in older coronary patients. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:1033-5.
103. Glazer KM, Emery CF, Frid DJ, Banyasz RE. Psychological predictors of adherence and outcomes among patients in cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2002;22:40-6.
104. Strik JJ, Honig A, Lousberg R, et al. Efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in the treatment of patients with major depression after first myocardial infarction: findings from a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychosom Med 2000;62:783-9.
105. Shapiro PA, Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N, et al. An openlabel preliminary trial of sertraline for treatment of major depression after acute myocardial infarction (the SADHAT Trial). Sertraline Anti-depressant Heart Attack Trial. Am Heart J 1999;137:1100-6.
106. Serebruany VL, Gurbel PA, O'Connor CM. Platelet inhibition by sertraline and N-desmethylsertraline: a possible missing link between depression, coronary events, and mortality benefits of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Pharm Res 2001;43:453-62.
107. Weinrieb RM, Auriacombe M, Lynch KG, Lewis JD. Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and the risk of bleeding. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2005;4:337-44.
108. Wheatley D. Anxiolytic drug use in cardiovascular disease: an overview. Psychopharmacol Bull 1984;20:649-59.
109. Melsom M, Andreassen P, Melsom H, Hansen T, Grendahl H, Hillestad LK. Diazepam in acute myocardial infarction: clinical effects and effects on catecholamines, free fatty acids, and cortisol. Br Heart J 1976;38:804-10.
110. Nitenberg A, Marty J, Blanchet F, et al. Effects of flunitrazepam on left ventricular pressure, coronary haemodynamics and myocardial metabolism in patients with coronary artery disease. Br J Anaesth 1983;55:1179-84.
111. Sauer WH, Berlin JA, Kimmel SE. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and myocardial infarction. Circulation 2001;104:1894-8.
112. Kagoshima M, Miyashita Y, Takei K, et al. Acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients: medical and social problems [in Japanese]. J Cardiol 2000;35:267-75.
113. Dobson KS. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of cognitive therapy for depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 1989;57:414-9.
114. Craighead WE, Craighead LW. The role of psychotherapy in treating psychiatric disorders. Med Clin North Am 2001;85:617-29.
115. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Moore KA, et al. Effects of exercise training on older adults with major depression. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2349-56.
116. Babyak M, Blumenthal JA, Herman S, et al. Exercise treatment for major depression maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months. Psychosom Med 2000;62:633-8.
117. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Carney RM, et al. Exercise, depression, and mortality after myocardial infarction in the ENRICHD trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36:746-55.
118. Taylor CB, Houston-Miller N, Ahn DK, Haskell W, DeBusk RF. The effects of exercise training programs on psychosocial improvement in uncomplicated postmyocardial infarction patients. J Psychosom Res 1986;30:581-7.
119. Dracup K, Moser DK, Marsden C, Taylor SE, Guzy PM. Effects of a multidimensional cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program on psychosocial function. Am J Cardiol 1991;68:313-4.
120. Holmback AM, Sawe U, Fagher B. Training after myocardial infarction: lack of long-term effects on physical capacity and psychological variables. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994;75:551-4.
121. Taylor CB, Youngblood ME, Catellier D, et al.; ENRICHD Investigators. Effects of antidepressant medication on morbidity and mortality in depressed patients after myocardial infarction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:792-8.