Sex differences in mental abilities: g masks the dimensions on which they lie

Intelligence

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 23-39

  Johnson, Wendy ^a   Bouchard Jr , Thomas J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

General intelligence; Genetic and environmental influences; Residual mental abilities; Sex differences; Verbal and spatial abilities; VPR theory

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845594292     PISSN: 01602896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2006.03.012     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Abad F.J., Colom R., Rebollo I., and Escorial S. Sex differential item functioning in the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices: Evidence for bias. Personality and Individual Differences 36 (2004) 1459-1470
2. Ashton M.C., and Vernon P.A. Verbal and spatial abilities are uncorrelated when g is controlled. Personality and Individual Differences 19 (1995) 399-401
3. Benbow C.P., and Stanley J.C. Sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability: More facts. Science 222 (1983) 1029-1031
4. Bouchard T.J. Review of the Differential Aptitude Test. In: Buros O.K. (Ed). The eight measurements yearbook Vol. 1 (1978), The Gryphon Press, Highland Park, NJ 655-658
5. Bouchard T.J. Behaviour genetic studies of intelligence, yesterday and today: The long journey from plausibility to proof. Journal of Biosocial Science 28 (1996) 527-555
6. Bouchard T.J., Lykken D.T., McGue M., Segal N.L., and Tellegen A. Sources of human psychological differences: The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Science 250 (1990) 223-228
7. Browne M., and Cudeck R. Alternative methods of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods and Research 21 (1992) 230-258
8. Carroll J.B. Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies (1993), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England
9. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis. 2nd ed. (1988), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
10. Colom R., and Lynn R. Testing the developmental theory of sex differences in intelligence in 12-18-year-olds. Personality and Individual Differences 36 (2004) 75-82
11. Das J.P., Naglieri J.A., and Kirby J.R. Assessment of cognitive processes (1994), Allyn and Bacon, Needham Heights, MA
12. Deary I.J., Thorpe G., Wilson V., Starr J.C., and Whalley L.J. Population sex differences in IQ at age 11: The Scottish mental survey of 1932. Intelligence 31 (2003) 533-542
13. Deary I.J., Whiteman M.C., Whalley L.J., Fox H.C., and Starr J.M. The impact of childhood intelligence on later life: Following up the Scottish Mental Surveys of 1932 and 1947. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86 (2004) 130-147
14. DeFries J.C., Vandenberg S.G., McClearn G.E., Kuse A.R., Wilson J.R., Ashton G.G., et al. Near identity of cognitive structure in two ethnic groups. Science 183 (1974) 338-339
15. Doetsch F., and Hen R. Young and excitable: The function of new neurons in the adult mammalian brain. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 15 (2005) 121-128
16. Feingold A. The additive effects of differences in central tendency and variability are important in comparisons between groups. American Psychologist 50 (1995) 5-13
17. Finkel D., Pedersen N.L., McGue M., and McClearn G.E. Heritability of cognitive abilities in adult twins: Comparison of Minnesota and Swedish data. Behavior Genetics 25 (1995) 421-431
18. Geary D.C. Biology, culture, and cross-national differences in mathematical ability. In: Sternberg R.J., and Ben-Zeev T. (Eds). The nature of mathematical thinking (1996), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, New Jersey 145-172
19. Geary D.C. Male, female (1998), American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.
20. Ghiselli E.E. The validity of aptitude tests in personnel selection. Personnel Psychology 26 (1973) 461-477
21. Gottfredson L.S. Why g matters: The complexity of everyday life. Intelligence 24 (1997) 79-132
22. Gottfredson L.S. The challenge and promise of cognitive career assessment. Journal of Career Assessment 11 (2002) 115-135
23. Gur R.C., Alsop D., Glahn D., Petty R., Swanson C.L., Maldjian B.I., et al. An fMRI study of sex differences in regional activation to a verbal and a spatial task. Brain and Language 74 (2000) 157-170
24. Gur R.C., Gunning-Dixon F., Bilker W.B., and Gur R.E. Sex differences in temporo-limbic and frontal brain volumes of healthy adults. Cerebral Cortex 12 (2002) 998-1003
25. Gur R.E., and Gur R.C. Gender differences in cerebral blood flow. Schizophrenia Bulletin 16 (1990) 247-254
26. Gustafsson J.E. Hierarchical models of individual differences in cognitive abilities. In: Sternberg R.J. (Ed). Advances in the psychology of human intelligence (1988), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 35-71
27. Haier R.J., Jung R.E., Yeo R.A., Head K., and Alkire M.T. The neuroanatomy of general intelligence: Sex matters. NeuroImage 25 (2005) 320-327
28. Hakstian A.R., and Cattell R.B. Higher stratum ability structures on a basis of twenty primary mental abilities. Journal of Educational Psychology 70 (1978) 657-669
29. Halpern D.F. Sex differences in cognitive abilities. (Third ed.). (2000), Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers, Mahwah, New Jersey
30. Halpern D.F. A cognitive-process taxonomy for sex differences in cognitive abilities. Current Directions in Psychological Science 13 (2004) 135-139
31. Hofer S.M., Horn J.L., and Eber H.W. A robust five-factor structure of the 16PF: Strong evidence from independent rotation and confirmatory factorial invariance procedures. Personality and Individual Differences 23 (1997) 247-269
32. Horn J.L., and McArdle J.J. A practical and theoretical guide to measurement invariance in aging research. Experimental Aging Research 18 (1992) 117-144
33. Humphreys L.G., and Lubinski D. Assessing spatial viasualization: An underappreciated ability for many school and work settings. In: Benbow C.P., and Lubinski D. (Eds). Intellectual talent: Psychometric and social issues (1996), John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD 116-140
34. Humphreys L.G., Lubinski D., and Yao G. Utility of predicting group membership and the role of spatial ability in becoming an engineer, physical scientist, or artist. Journal of Applied Psychology 78 (1993) 250-261
35. Hyde J.S., Fennema E., and Lamon S.J. Gender differences in mathematics performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 107 2 (1990) 139-155
36. Jensen A. The g Factor (1998), Praeger, Westport, CN
37. Johnson W., and Bouchard T.J. Constructive replication of the Visual-Perceptual-Image Rotation (VPR) Model in Thurstone's (1941) Battery of 60 Tests of Mental Ability. Intelligence 33 (2005) 417-430
38. Johnson W., and Bouchard T.J. The structure of human intelligence: It's verbal, perceptual, and image rotation (VPR), not fluid and crystallized. Intelligence 33 (2005) 393-416
39. Johnson W., Bouchard T.J., Krueger R.F., McGue M., and Gottesman I.I. Just one g: Consistent results from three test batteries. Intelligence 32 (2004) 95-107
40. Joreskog K., and Sorbom D. LISREL 8.53: User's reference guide (2002), Scientific Software International, Chicago
41. Kimura D. Sex and cognition (1999), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
42. Kuse A.R. Familial resemblances for cognitive abilities estimated from two test batteries in Hawaii (1977), University of Colorado at Boulder
43. LeVay S. A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men. Science 253 (1991) 1034-1037
44. Lubinski D., and Humphreys L.G. Some bodily and medical correlates of mathematical giftedness and commensurate levels of socioeconomic status. Intelligence 16 (1992) 99-115
45. Luders E., Narr K.I., Thompson P.M., Rex D.E., Jancke L., Steinmetz H., et al. Gender differences in cortical complexity. Nature Neuroscience 7 (2004) 799-800
46. Luria A.R. Higher cortical functions in man (1966), Basic Books, New York
47. Luria A.R. The working brain: An introduction to neuropsychology (1973), Basic Books, New York
48. Luria A.R. Higher cortical functions in man. 2nd edition (1980), Basic Books, New York
49. Lykken D.T. Research with twins: The concept of emergenesis. Psychophysiology 19 4 (1982) 361-373
50. Lynn R. The intelligence of the mongoloids: A psychometric, evolutionary, and neurological theory. Personality and Individual Differences 8 (1987) 813-844
51. Lynn R. Negative correlations between verbal and visuo-spatial abilities: Statistical artifact or empirical relationship?. Personality and Individual Differences 11 (1990) 755-756
52. Lynn R., and Irwing P. Sex differences on the progressive matrices: A meta-analysis. Intelligence 32 (2004) 481-498
53. Marshalek B., Lohman D.F., and Snow R.E. The complexity continuum in the radex and hierarchical models of intelligence. Intelligence 7 (1983) 107-127
54. McClearn G.E., Johansen B., Berg S., Pedersen N.L., Ahern F., and Petrill S.A. Substantial genetic influence on cognitive abilities in twins 80 or more years old. Science 276 (1997) 1580-1585
55. McGee M.G. Human spatial abilities: Psychometric studies and environmental, genetic, hormonal, and neurological influence. Psychological Bulletin 86 (1979) 889-918
56. McGue M., Wette R., and Rao D.C. Evaluation of path analysis through computer simulation: Effect of incorrectly assuming independent distribution of familial correlations. Genetic Epidemiology 1 (1984) 255-269
57. Meredith W. Measurement invariance, factor analysis, and factorial invariance. Psychometrika 58 (1993) 525-543
58. Naglieri J.A. How valid is the PASS theory and CAS?. School Psychology 28 (1999) 145-162
59. Naglieri J.A., and Das J.P. Cognitive assessment system (1997), Riverside, Itasca, IL
60. Naglieri J.A., and Rojahn J. Gender differences in planning, attention, simultaneous, and successive (PASS) cognitive processes and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology 93 (2001) 430-437
61. Nyborg H., and Sommerlund B. Spearman's g, the verbal performance balance, and brain processes: The Lynn-Vernon debate. Personality and Individual Differences 13 (1992) 1253-1255
62. Peters M. Sex differences in the factor of time in solving Vandenberg and Kuse mental rotation problems. Brain and cognition 57 (2005) 176-184
63. Purcell S. Variance component models for gene-environment interaction in twin analysis. Twin Research 5 6 (2002) 554-571
64. Raven J.C. Standardization of progressive matrices, 1938. British Journal of Medical Psychology 19 (1941) 137-150
65. Segal N.L. Entwined lives: Twins and what they tell us about human behavior (2000), Plume, New York
66. Shaywitz B.A., Shaywitz S.E., Pugh K.R., Constable R.T., Skudlarski P., Fullbright R.K., et al. Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language. Nature 373 (1995) 607-609
67. Shea D.L., Lubinski D., and Benbow C.P. Importance of assessing spatial ability in intellectually talented young adolescents: A 20-year longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Psychology 93 (2001) 604-614
68. Slabbekoorn D., van Goozen S.H.M., Megens J., Gooren L.J.G., and Cohen-Kettenis P.T. Activating effects of cross-sex hormones on cognitive functioning: A study of short-term effects in transsexuals. Psychoneuroendocrinology 24 (1999) 423-447
69. Sommer I.E.C., Aleman A., Bouma A., and Kahn R.S. Do women really have more bilateral language representation than men? A meta-analysis of functional imaging studies. Brain 127 (2004) 1845-1852
70. Sowell E.R., Thompson P.M., Holmes C.J., Jernigan T.L., and Toga A.W. In vivo evidence for post-adolescent brain maturation in frontal and striatal regions. Nature Neuroscience 2 (1999) 859-861
71. Steinmetz H., Staiger J.F., Schluag G., Huang Y., and Jancke L. Corpus callosum and brain volume in women and men. Neuroreport: An International Journal for the Rapid Communication of Research in Neuroscience (1995) 1002-1004
72. Toga A.W., and Thompson P.M. Mapping brain asymmetry. Nature Reviews-Neuroscience 4 (2003) 37-48
73. van Goozen S.H.M., Cohen-Kettenis P.T., Gooren L.J.G., Frijda N.H., and Vandepoll N.E. Gender differences in behavior Activating effects of cross-sex hormones. Psychoneuroendocrinology 20 (1995) 343-363
74. Vandenberg S.G. Assortative mating, or who marries whom. Behavior Genetics 2 (1972) 127-157
75. Vernon P. The Structure of human abilities (1964), Muthen and Co., Ltd., London
76. Vernon P.A. The effect of holding g constant on the correlation between verbal and nonverbal abilities: A comment on Lynn's "The intelligence of the mongoloids..." (1987). Personality and Individual Differences 11 (1990) 751-754
77. Weschler D. Manual for the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (1955), The Psychology Corporation, New York
78. Wittmann W.W. Group differences in intelligence and related measures. In: Wilhelm O., and Engle R. (Eds). Understanding and measuring intelligence (2005), Sage, London 223-239