Political engineering and party politics in conflict-prone societies

Democratization

Volumn 13, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 811-827

  Reilly, Benjamin ^a  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Centripetal; Democracy; Ethnicity; Political engineering

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRACY; ETHNOPOLITICS; PARTY POLITICS; POLITICAL CONFLICT;

EID: 33845528434     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: 1743890X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510340601010719     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. For what is still the best discussion of ethnic parties and party systems, see Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985).
2. See Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan (eds), Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives (New York: The Free Press, 1967).
3. Alvin Rabushka and Kenneth Shepsle, Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Democratic Instability (Colombus, OH: Merrill, 1972).
4. Jack Snyder, From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict (New York and London: W.W. Norton, 2000).
5. Freedom House, Freedom in the World 1999-2000 (New York: Freedom House, 2000).
6. Edward Mansfield and Jack Snyder, 'Democratization and the Danger of War', International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1 (1995), pp. 5-38.
7. Richard Gunther and Larry Diamond, 'Types and Functions of Parties' in Larry Diamond and Richard Gunther (eds), Political Parties and Democracy (Baltimore, MD, and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), pp. 23-4.
8. See Horowitz (note 1) and also Donald Horowitz, A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991).
9. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
10. See Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party Systems (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976).
11. G. Bingham Powell, Contemporary Democracies: Participation, Stability, and Violence (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982).
12. See Ted Robert Gurr, Peoples versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2000).
13. The classic statement of this argument remains Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968).
14. See Scott Mainwaring and Timothy Scully, Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995), p. 20.
15. Gunther and Diamond (note 7).
16. For more on this, see Vicky Randall and Lars Svåsand, 'Party Institutionalization in New Democracies', Party Politics, Vol. 8, No. 1 (2002), pp. 5-29.
17. See, for example, the OSCE's 1990 Copenhagen declaration available at www.osce.org/docs/english/1990-1999/hd/cope90e.htm.
18. Donna Lee Van Cott, 'Party System Development and Indigenous Populations in Latin America: The Bolivian Case', Party Politics, Vol. 6, No. 2 (1999), pp. 155-74.
19. Larry Diamond, Squandered Victory: The American Occupation and the Bungled Effort to Bring Democracy to Iraq (New York: Henry Holt, 2005).
20. Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977).
21. For a survey of this debate, see Timothy D. Sisk, Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996).
22. See Ben Reilly and Andrew Reynolds, Electoral Systems and Conflict in Divided Societies (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999).
23. Donald Horowitz, 'Making Moderation Pay: The Comparative Politics of Ethnic Conflict Management' in J.V. Montville (ed.), Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies (New York: Lexington Books, 1991), pp. 451-476.
24. See Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (note 1); Benjamin Reilly, Democracy in Divided Societies: Electoral Engineering for Conflict Management (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
25. Sisk (note 21); Reilly, Democracy in Divided Societies (note 24).
26. Reilly, Democracy in Divided Societies (note 24), p. 11.
27. Rotimi Suberu, Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2001).
28. See Jóhanna Kristín Birnir, 'Stabilizing Party Systems and Excluding Segments of Society?: The Effects of Formation Costs on New Party Foundation in Latin America', Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 39, No. 3 (2004), pp. 3-27.
29. The following discussion draws on Benjamin Reilly, 'Political Parties and Political Engineering in the Asia-Pacific Region', Asia Pacific Issues: Analysis from the East-West Center, Vol. 71 (2003), pp. 1-8.
30. Christof Hartmann, Graham Hassall, and Soliman M. Santos, Jr, 'Philippines' in Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz, and Christof Hartmann (eds), Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook (New York:OXford University Press, 2001), p. 195.
31. Paige Johnson Tan, 'Anti-Party Reaction in Indonesia: Causes and Implications', Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 24, No. 3 (2002), pp. 484-508.
32. Ibid., p. 488.
33. Nelson Kasfir, '"No-party democracy" in Uganda', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 9, No. 2 (1998), pp. 49-63.
34. A related approach has been used for some time in Lebanon, although there the ultimate composition of the party lists rests with the voters.
35. Timothy D. Sisk, Democratization in South Africa: The Elusive Social Contract (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).
36. In Sri Lanka, for example, the introduction of open-list voting undermined moves towards cross-ethnic politics by enabling Sinhalese voters to effectively subvert any attempts to place Tamil candidates in winnable positions on a party's candidate list. See C.R. de Silva, 'The Constitution of the Second Republic of Sri Lanka 1978 and its Significance', Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, Vol. 17, No. 2 (1979), pp. 192-209.
37. Ergun Ö zbudun, 'The Institutional Decline of Parties in Turkey' in Larry Diamond and Richard Gunther (eds), Political Parties and Democracy (Baltimore, MD, and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001).
38. Soli Özel, 'Turkey at the Polls: After the Tsunami,' Journal of Democracy, Vol. 14, No. 3 (2003), pp. 80-94.
39. For more detail on all of these cases, see Reilly, Democracy in Divided Societies (note 24).
40. Suberu (note 27).
41. The second round of voting entails a straight runoff between the two leading candidate teams, with no distribution requirements.
42. Sisk (note 21), p. 55.
43. Peter Lewis, 'Nigeria: Elections in a Fragile Regime', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 14, No. 3 (2003), pp. 131-44.
44. See Bill Standish 2005, 'Limited Preferential Voting: Some Early Lessons'. Paper presented at conference on Overcoming Constraints in Papua New Guinea, Lowy Institute for International Policy, Sydney, 18 January 2005.
45. See Benjamin Reilly, 'Post-Conflict Elections: Constraints and Dangers', International Peacekeeping, Vol. 9, No. 2 (2002), pp. 118-39.
46. Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999).
47. See National Democratic Institute, 'Bosnia and Hercegovina (BiH): Strengthening Political Parties' (Washington, DC: NDI Reports, 1996).
48. See Roberto Belloni, 'Peacebuilding and Consociational Electoral Engineering in Bosnia and Herzegovina', International Peacekeeping, Vol. 11, No. 2 (2004), pp. 334-53.
49. Sven Gunnar Simonsen, 'Nationbuilding as Peacebuilding: Racing to Define the Kosovar', International Peacekeeping, Vol. 11, No. 2 (2004), pp. 289-311.
50. Krishna Kumar, 'After the Elections: Consequences for Democratization' in Krishna Kumar (ed.), Postconflict Elections, Democratization, and International Assistance (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998), p. 218.
51. See http://www.osce.org/kosovo.
52. Richard Synge, Mozambique: UN Peacekeeping in Action, 1992-94 (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1997).
53. See Benjamin Reilly, Democracy and Diversity: Political Engineering in the Asia-Pacific (Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming).
54. See Stephen Sherlock, 'Consolidation and Change: The Indonesian Parliament after the 2004 Elections' (Canberra: Centre for Democratic Institutions, 2004).
55. Özbudun (note 37).
56. Benjamin Reilly, 'Electoral Systems for Divided Societies', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2002), pp. 156-70.
57. Birnir (note 28), p. 21.