Anti-party reaction in indonesia: Causes and implications

Contemporary Southeast Asia

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 484-508

  Tan, Paige Johnson ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84937381447     PISSN: 0129797X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1355/CS24-3C     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. “A Protest to God”, Jakarta Post, 4 July 2001. Online: http://www.thejakartapost. com/(accessed on 4 July 2001).
2. Those taking a stand against the political leaders’ resignation from their parties were few, and their positions failed to generate great popular support. According to Ichlasul Amal of Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta, “Actually, public positions such as those of the president, the vice president, and ministers are political positions, just like positions in political parties. They are not bureaucratic positions. So, I don’t think worries about such dual positions are that significant”. See, “Dual Leadership of Parties and Public Office Not in Conflict”, Jakarta Post, 29 August 2001. Online: http://www.thejakartapost.com/(accessed on 29 August 2001).
3. “Government Leaders Told to Quit Top Party Posts”, Jakarta Post, 17 October 2001 [ONLINE] http://www.thejakartapost.com [accessed on 16 October 2001].
4. “National Leaders Putting Parties Ahead of Country, Analysts Say”, Jakarta Post, 16 October 2001. Online: http://www.thejakartapost.com/(accessed on 15 October 2001).
5. MPR Decree Number 1, 2002, on the Establishment of a Constitutional Commission.
6. Those parties are (in order of vote performance in the 1999 elections): Partai Demokrasi Indonesia-Perjuangan; Golkar; Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa; Partai Persatuan Pembangunan; Partai Amanat Nasional; and Partai Bulan Bintang.
7. An important change in August 2002 was the removal of non-elected members from both the Lower and Upper Houses of Parliament. The military and functional group representatives will not see a reprise of their legislative roles from 2004.
8. Soekarno, “Nawaksara” (in Indonesian), The Nine Statements, 22 June 1966.
9. Liem Sioe Liong, Tapol, Indonesian human rights organization, e-mail communication, 22 October 2001.
10. “Small Parties Demand Parliamentary Seats”, Kompas, 1 July 1999. Online: http://www.kompas.com/(accessed on 2 July 1999).
11. This was to be the task of the KPU, as set out in Law 3 on General Elections. See Law 3, Chapter 10, Article 65.
12. “Are Indonesians Really Ready to Accept Democracy?” Indonesian Observer, 5 August 1999. Online: http://webhosting.indosat.net.id/io/0899/05/21.htm (accessed on 5 August 1999).
13. Personal interview with Jakob Tobing, 22 February 2000.
14. Jose Manuel Tesoro, “The Parties’ Democracy”, Asiaweek, 26 May 2000. Online: http://www.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/magazine/2000/05/26/nat.indon1.html (accessed on 27 May 2000).
15. “Cak Nur: Saya Bersedia Dicapreskan”, Detik.com, 18 October 1999. Online: http://www.detik.com/berita/199910/19991018-1517.htm.
16. “Mereka Tak Tahu Fungsi Partai”, Detik.com, 18 October 1999. Online: http://www.detik.com/berita/199910/19991018-1611.htm.
17. Learning from Gus Dur’s earlier experience, when she came to power in July 2001, Megawati Soekarnoputri refused to call her government a “coalition” Cabinet, which implies politicians engaged in horse-trading for positions and power (though Megawati, too, had debts to pay from her election). Instead, echoing one of Soekarno’s influential constructs of traditional Indonesian village behaviour, Megawati’s Cabinet was referred to as the Cabinet Gotong Royong, or Mutual Cooperation Cabinet.
18. “DPR Criticized for Poor Performance on Its Birthday”, Jakarta Post, 30 August 2001. Online: http://www.thejakartapost.com/(accessed on 29 August 2001).
19. Secretariat General of the DPR, Biro Humas dan Hukum, “Daftar Undang-Undang Tahun 2001 Berikut Status”, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Indonesia, undated. Online: http://www.dpr.go.id/hukum/daftaruu%202001.htm (accessed on 2 August 2001).
20. Rajiv Chandrasekaran, “Indonesians Grow Weary of Constant Political Turmoil”, Washington Post, 2 August 2001. Online: http://www.washingtonpost.com (accessed on 2 August 2001).
21. January 2002. Online: http://www.thejakartapost.com (accessed on 9 January 2002).
22. Indonesia’s Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, the Lower House of Parliament, was composed of 462 elected representatives from the parties and 38 appointed members from the military and police. The Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, the Upper House of Parliament, was formed by the DPR, supplemented by 65 functional group representations (representatives chosen from among religious, social, professional, and business organizations), and 135 regional representatives, chosen five from each of Indonesia’s then-27 provinces.
23. IFES, “21 Most Asked Questions: About Early Election of President of Russian Federation 2000”, 2000. Online: http://www.ifes.ru:8101/eng/obs_docs/6/index.html (accessed on 19 September 2001).
24. The electoral associations to which the law refers include parties as well as non-party civil society groups.
25. Work Rules (Tata Tertib) of the MPR. See Chapter XI, Article 79.
26. “DPR Criticized for Poor Performance on Its Birthday”, Jakarta Post, 30 August 2001. Online: http://www.thejakartapost.com/(accessed on 29 August 2001).
27. Mahar Mangahas, “Opinion Polling and Young Democracies”, May 2000. Online: Social Weather Stations (Philippines), http://www.sws.org.ph/port-ka.htm (accessed on 17 October 2000).
28. Steven Wagner, “Summary of Public Opinion Preceding the Parliamentary Elections in Indonesia – 1999”, Survey by the International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES), 1999. Online: http://www.ifes.org/indonesia/survey.htm (accessed on October 1999).
29. Clearing House — Pendidikan Pemberi Suara (Charney Research and AC Nielsen), “Indonesia National Voter Education Survey Report”, February 1999. Online: http://www.indonesianvoter.net/indextxtw.php3?url-snppil_e (accessed on 18 December 1999).
30. Polling Centre, “Voice of the People” Poll, July 1999, conducted as part of the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs’ Political Party Workshop on Ethical Governance and Parliament, Jakarta, 19–23 July 1999.
31. Steven Wagner, “Survey of the Indonesian Electorate following the June 1999 Elections”, International Foundation for Election Systems, August 1999. Online: Available on the website of the Indonesian MPR at http://mpr.wasantara.net.id (accessed on 16 December 1999).
32. International Republican Institute, “Focus Group Study of the Indonesian Electorate: 18 February 2000”, 18 February 2000. Online: http://www.iri.org/pub.asp?id=7676767686 (accessed on 15 April 2002). The provinces were North and West Sumatra, Yogyakarta, East Java, Bali, South Kalimantan, and South Sulawesi.
33. Indonesian Consortium for Public Opinion Polling, MPR, and DPR, “Results of National Survey on Political Issues: Full Report”, 14 May – 7 June 2001. Online: http://www.ifes.org/new_initiatives/Indonesia_2001_Natl_Survey.pdf (accessed on 10 September 2002).
34. E. Shobirin Nadj, Rahadi T. Wiratama, and Wildan Pramudya A., “Pendapat Publik Tentang Problem Internal dan Masa Depan, Partai Politik di Indonesia”, CESDA-LP3ES, 20 February 2002. Online: http://www.lp3es.or.id/program/polling2/internal1.htm (accessed on 24 February 2002).
35. IFES, “Final Report: National Public Opinion Survey 2002”, May 2002. Online: http://www.ifes.org//new_initiatives/Indo_02_PO.pdf (accessed on 10 September 2002).
36. E. Shobirin Nadj, Rahadi T. Wiratama, and Wildan Pramudya A., “Survai Persepsi Publik Terhadap Revisi UU Politik dan Pemilu”, CESDA-LP3ES, 26 June 2002. Online: http://www.lp3es.or.id/program/polling3/rev_uu1.htm (accessed on 8 September 2002).
37. Thomas F. Remington, Politics in Russia (New York: Longman, 1999), p. 83.
38. Larry Diamond, “How People View Democracy: Findings from Public Opinion Surveys in Four Regions” (Paper presented at the Stanford Seminar on Democratization, 11 January 2001, Table 8). Online: http://democracy.stanford.edu (accessed on 22 April 2002).
39. Those who did not know or did not respond to this question made up 36 per cent.
40. Elaine Paige Johnson, “Streams of Least Resistance: The Institutionalization of Political Parties and Democracy in Indonesia” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, 2002).