Democratization as a global phenomenon and its impact on civil-military relations

Democratization

Volumn 13, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 776-790

  Bruneau, Thomas ^a   Trinkunas, Harold ^a  

^a NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Civil military relations; Defence efficiency; Military effectiveness

Indexed keywords

CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONSHIP; DEMOCRACY; DEMOCRATIZATION; POLITICAL CONFLICT; SECURITY;

EID: 33845521550     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: 1743890X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510340601010669     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
2. Laurence Whitehead (ed.), The International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas, Expanded Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001);
3. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
4. Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999);
5. and Thomas Carothers, 'Promoting Democracy and Fighting Terror', Foreign Affairs, Vol. 82, No. 1 (January/February 2003), p. 84.
6. For a recent perspective on international dimensions of democratization, see Steven Levitsky and LucanWay, 'International Linkage and Democratization', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 16, No. 3 (2005), pp. 20-34.
7. Michael W. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997).
8. Jack L. Snyder, From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict (New York: W.W. Norton, 2000);
9. Jeanne Giraldo and Harold Trinkunas, 'Terrorism Financing and State Responses in Comparative Perspective', paper prepared for 101st American Political Science Association conference, Washington DC, 14 September 2005.
10. Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way, 'Autocracy by Democratic Rules: The Dynamics of Competitive Authoritarianism in the Post-Cold War Era', paper prepared for the conference Mapping the Great Zone: Clientelism and the Boundary between Democratic and Democratizing, Columbia University, 4-5 April 2003.
11. Adam Isacson and Joy Olson, 'Just the Facts: A Civilian's Guide to U.S. Defense and Security Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean', Latin America Working Group (1999).
12. Call and Stanley document the lack of attention by international actors to this dimension of democratization, even in critical post-conflict transitions. Charles T. Call and William D. Stanley, 'Protecting the People: Public Security Choices after Civil War', Global Governance, Vol. 7, No. 2 (2001), pp. 151-72.
13. Michael Barletta and Harold Trinkunas, 'Regime Type and Regional Security in Latin America: Toward a "Balance of Identity" Theory', in Michel Fortmann, T.V. Paul, and James J. Wirtz (eds), Balance of Power (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004), pp. 334-59.
14. For liberal perspective on civil-military relations, see Joseph Nye, 'Epilogue', in Larry Diamond and Marc Plattner (eds), Civil-Military Relations and Democracy (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 151-156.
15. Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave of Democracy (Norman, OK, and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
16. Whitehead (note 2); Linz and Stepan (note 2).
17. O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule (note 1).
18. Peter J. Schraeder (ed.), Exporting Democracy: Rhetoric vs. Reality (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002).
19. George McGovern, 'Revolution into Democracy: Portugal after the Coup'. Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, August 1976, pp. 103-109.
20. Thomas Bruneau, 'Patterns of Politics in Portugal Since the Revolution', in Jorge Braga de Macedo and Simon Serfaty (eds), Portugal Since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1981), pp. 1-24.
21. McGovern (note 15), pp. 72-5.
22. From field interviews conducted by author Thomas Bruneau between 1975 and 1981.
23. Interview by Bruneau with labor attached and USAID director, Lisbon, November 1977.
24. Interviews conducted by Bruneau in Lisbon, Brussels, and Washington, DC, between 1977 and 1978.
25. Kenneth Maxwell, 'Portuguese Defense and Foreign Policy since Democratization', Camoes Center Special Report, No. 3, 1991.
26. Larry Diamond, 'Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives', Report to the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (December 1995), http://www.stanford.edu/ ldiamond/papers.html (accessed 30 October 2006).
27. Ibid.
28. Freedom House is an NGO founded in the 1940s by Eleanor Roosevelt and others to promote global democracy, primarily through a number of highly-regarded annual publications that measure specific trends, such as freedom of the press. See: http://www.freedomhouse.org (accessed 6 March 2006).
29. Felipe Aguero, Soldiers, Civilians and Democracy (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), pp. 203-206.
30. Jay Cope, 'International Military Education and Training: An Assessment', Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, McNair Paper 44, October 1995;
31. Hans Born, 'Representative Democracy and the Role of Parliaments: An Inventory of Democracy Assistance Programmes', Geneva Center for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (2002).
32. C.J. LaCivita and John Christiansen, 'Enhancing International Education Support to Security Cooperation', Volumes I-III, Naval Postgraduate School, 16 April 2003.
33. Born (note 26), p. 12 and pp. 15-16.
34. Mission statement for the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, available at http://www.marshallcenter.org/ site-graphic/lang-en/page-mc-about-1/xdocs/mc/factsheets-about/ 02-missionstatement.htm
35. Diamond, 'Promoting Democracy in the 1990s' (note 22).
36. The Partnership for Peace was created in 1994 as a way to bring the newly independent states of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union into a cooperative alliance with NATO short of full membership. There are 20 current members, including Ireland, Switzerland, and Sweden. For a list, see http://www.nato.int/pfp/sig-cntr.htm (accessed 7 March 2006).
37. Partnership Action Plan on Defence Institution Building, NATO, 7 June 2004. See the NATO On-line Library of Basic Texts: http://www.nato.int/ docu/basics.htm#II-D (accessed 7 March 2006).
38. Harold Trinkunas, Crafting Civilian Control of the Military in Venezuela: A Comparative Perspective (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2005). An exception to the general point was Ecuador, where a long-standing dispute with Peru erupted into fighting in 1981, necessitating the maintenance of military forces.
39. David Pion-Berlin, Through Corridors of Power (University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 1997).
40. Richard Goetze and Thomas Bruneau, 'Project Report Colombia', Center for Civil-Military Relations, Monterey, CA, July 2005. Alfredo Rangel (ed.),'Fuerzas Militares para la Guerra: La agenda pendiente de la reforma militar' (Colombia: Fundacion Seguridad & Democracia, 2003), http://www.seguridadydemocracia.org/docs/pdf/ensayos/ FFMMparalaguerra(resumen).pdf
41. Wendy Hunter, Eroding Military Influence in Brazil: Politicians Against Soldiers (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1999).
42. Barletta et al. (note 9).
43. Patrice Franko, 'Budget-Driven Downsizing in Latin America', Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Spring 1994), pp. 37-74.
44. James H. Lebovic, 'Spending Priorities and Democratic Rule in Latin America', Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 45, No. 4 (2001), pp. 427-52.
45. Jeanne Giraldo, 'Defense Budgets, Democratic Civilian Control, and Effective Governance', in Thomas Bruneau and Scott Tollefson, Who Guards the Guardians and How: Democratic Civil-Military Relations (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2006), pp. 178-207.