On misattributing good remembering to a happy past: An investigation into the cognitive roots of nostalgia

Emotion

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 596-610

  Leboe, Jason P ^a   Ansons, Tamara L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Affective response; Attribution; Nostalgia; Remembering

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMOTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; RECALL; RECOGNITION;

ADULT; AFFECT; COGNITION; FEMALE; HAPPINESS; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; MALE; MEMORY; QUESTIONNAIRES; TIME PERCEPTION;

EID: 33845492637     PISSN: 15283542     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.4.596     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Allen, S. W., & Jacoby, L. L. (1990). Reinstating study context produces unconscious influences of memory. Memory & Cognition, 18, 270-278.
2. Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A studying experimental and social psychology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
3. Bornstein, R. F. (1989). Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968-1987. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 265-289.
4. Bower, G. H., Gilligan, S. G., & Monteiro, K. P. (1981). Selectivity of learning caused by affective states. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 4, 451-473.
5. Bruck, M., & Ceci, S. J. (1999). The suggestibility of children's memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 419-439.
6. Crawford, H. C., & Allen, S. N. (1996). Paired-associate learning and recall of high and low imagery words: Moderating effects of hypnosis, hypnotic susceptibility level, and visualization abilities. American Journal of Psychology, 109, 353-372.
7. Davis, F. (1979). Yearning for yesterday: A sociology of nostalgia. New York: Free Press.
8. Day, J. C., & Bellezza, F. S. (1983). The relation between visual imagery and mediator and recall. Memory & Cognition, 11, 251-257.
9. Hyman, I. E., & Pentland, J. (1996). The role of mental imagery in the creation of false memories. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 101-117.
10. Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process-dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513-541.
11. Jacoby, L. L. (1999). Ironic effects of repetition: Measuring age-related differences in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 3-22.
12. Jacoby, L. L., & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110, 306-340.
13. Jacoby, L. L., & Hollingshead, A. (1990). Toward a generate/recognize model of performance on direct and indirect tests of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 433-454.
14. Jacoby, L. L., Kelley, C. M., Brown, J., & Jasechko, J. (1989). Becoming famous overnight: Limits on the ability to avoid unconscious influences of the past. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 326-338.
15. Jacoby, L. L., Kelley, C. M., & Dywan, J. (1989). Memory attributions. In H. L. Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness (pp. 391-422). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
16. Jacoby, L. L., & Whitehouse, K. (1989). An illusion of memory: False recognition influenced by unconscious perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 126-135.
17. Jacoby, L. L., Woloshyn, V., & Kelley, C. M. (1989). Becoming famous without being recognized: Unconscious influences of memory produced by dividing attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 115-125.
18. Johnson, M. K., Foley, M. A., Suengas, A. G., & Raye, C. L. (1988). Phenomenal characteristics of memory for perceived and imagined autobiographical events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, 371-376.
19. Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., & Lindsay, D. S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 3-28.
20. Kaplan, H. A. (1987). The psychopathology of nostalgia. Psychoanalytic Review, 74, 465-486.
21. Kunda, Z., Fong, G. T., Sanitioso, R., & Reber, E. (1993). Directional questions direct self-conceptions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 63-86.
22. Kunst-Wilson, W. R., & Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Affective discrimination of stimuli that cannot be recognized. Science, 207, 557-558.
23. Leboe, J. P., & Whittlesea, B. W. A. (2002). The inferential basis of familiarity and recall: Evidence for a common underlying process. Journal of Memory & Language, 46, 804-829.
24. Loftus, E. F. (1993). The reality of repressed memories. American Psychologist, 48, 518-537.
25. Loftus, E. F., & Pickrell, J. E. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25, 720-725.
26. Lutz, K. A., & Lutz, R. J. (1977). Effects of interactive imagery on learning: Applications to advertising. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 493-498.
27. Mandler, G. (1980). Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence. Psychological Review, 87, 252-271.
28. Norman, K. A., & Schacter, D. L. (1997). False recognition in younger and older adults: Exploring the characteristics of illusory memories. Memory & Cognition, 25, 838-848.
29. Paivio, A., Yuille, J. C., & Smythe, P. C. (1966). Stimulus and response abstractness, imagery and meaningfulness, and reported mediators in paired-associated learning. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 20, 362-377.
30. Palladino, P., & De Beni, R. (2003). When mental images are very detailed: Image generation and memory performance as a function of age. Acta Psychologica, 113, 297-314.
31. Reber, R., Winkielman, P., & Schwarz, N. (1998). Effects of perceptual fluency on affective judgements. Psychological Science, 9, 45-48.
32. Roediger, H. L. (1996). Memory illusions. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 76-100.
33. Ross, M. (1989). Relation of implicit theories to the construction of personal histories. Psychological Review, 96, 341-357.
34. Schachter, S., & Singer, J. E. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69, 379-399.
35. Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Strack, F., Klumpp, G., Rittenauer-Schatka, H., & Simons, A. (1991). Ease of retrieval as information: Another look at the availability heuristic. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 61, 195-202.
36. Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Baden, D. (2004). Nostalgia: Conceptual issues and existential functions. In J. Greenberg (Ed.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology. New York, NY: Guildford Press.
37. Tversky, B., & Marsh, E. J. (2000). Biased retellings of events yield biased memories. Cognitive Psychology, 40, 1-38.
38. United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (2004). Criminal victimization. Retrieved January 5, 2005, from http://www.ojp.usdoj. gov/bjs/cvictgen.htm.
39. Van den Bergh, O., &, Vrana, S. R. (1998). Repetition and boredom in a perceptual fluency/attributional model of affective judgements. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 533-553.
40. Walker, W. R., Skowronski, J. J., Gibbons, J. A., Vogl, R. J., & Thompson, C. P. (2003). Life is pleasant - and memory helps to keep it that way! Review of General Psychology, 7, 203-210.
41. Whittlesea, B. W. A. (1993). Illusions of familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 1235-1253.
42. Whittlesea, B. W. A. (1997). Production, evaluation, and preservation of experiences: Constructive processing in remembering and performance tasks. In D. L. Medin (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory, Vol. 37 (pp. 211-264). New York, NY: Academic Press.
43. Whittlesea, B. W. A., & Leboe, J. P. (2000). The heuristic basis of remembering and classification: Fluency, generation, resemblance, and coherence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 84-106.
44. Whittlesea, B. W. A., & Leboe, J. P. (2003). Two fluency heuristics (and how to tell them apart). Journal of Memory and Language, 49, 62-79.
45. Whittlesea, B. W. A., & Price, J. R. (2001). Implicit/explicit memory versus analytic/nonanalytic processing: Rethinking the mere exposure effect. Memory & Cognition, 29, 234-246.
46. Whittlesea, B. W. A., & Williams, L. D. (1998). Why do strangers feel familiar, but friends don't? A discrepancy-attribution account of feelings of familiarity. Acta Psychologica, 98, 141-165.
47. Whittlesea, B. W. A., & Williams, L. D. (2001a). The discrepancy-attribution hypothesis: I. The heuristic basis of feelings and familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 3-13.
48. Whittlesea, B. W. A., & Williams, L. D. (2001b). The discrepancy-attribution hypothesis: II. Expectation, uncertainty, surprise, and feelings of familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 14-33.
49. Winkielman, P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2001). Mind at ease puts a smile on the face: Psychophysiological evidence that processing facilitation elicits positive affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 989-1000.
50. Winkielman, P., & Schwarz, N. (2001). How pleasant was your childhood? Beliefs about memory shape inferences from experienced difficulty of recall. Psychological Science, 12, 176-179.
51. Winkielman, P., Schwarz, N., & Belli, R. F. (1998). The role of ease of retrieval and attribution in memory judgments: Judging your memory as worse despite recalling more events. Psychological Science, 9, 124-126.
52. Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Monograph Supplement, 9, 1-27.