Development of ophiolitic perspectives on models of oceanic magma chambers beneath active spreading centers

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 373, Issue , 2003, Pages 187-226

  Thy, Peter ^a   Dilek, Yildirim ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b MIAMI UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Abyssal substratum; Active spreading centers; Conceptual models; Crustal accretion; History of ocean floor; Ideas of magma chambers; Magma differentiation; Oceanic crust; Ophiolite studies; Ophiolites; Plate tectonics; Steady state magma chambers

Indexed keywords

PLATES (STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS);

ABYSSAL SUBSTRATUM; ACTIVE SPREADING CENTERS; CONCEPTUAL MODEL; CRUSTAL ACCRETION; MAGMA CHAMBER; MAGMA DIFFERENTIATION; OCEAN FLOOR; OCEANIC CRUST; OPHIOLITE STUDIES; OPHIOLITES;

TECTONICS;

LAVA FLOW; MAGMA; MAGMA CHAMBER; OCEANIC CRUST; OPHIOLITE; PLATE TECTONICS; SPREADING CENTER; TECTONIC EVOLUTION;

EID: 33845413595     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/0-8137-2373-6.187     Document Type: Article

References (194)

1. Allemann, F., and Peters, T., 1972, The ophiolite-radiolarite belt of North-Oman Mountains. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, v. 65, p. 657-697.
2. Allen, C.R., 1975, The Petrology of a portion of the Troodos plutonic complex, Cyprus [Ph.D. Thesis]: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University, 161 p.
3. Aubouin, J., 1965, Geosynclines: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 335 p.
4. Barth, T.F.W., 1962, Theoretical Petrology, second edition: New York, John Wiley, 416 p.
5. Bartlett, R.W., 1969, Magma convention, temperature distribution, and differentiation: American Journal of Science, v. 267, p. 1067-1082.
6. Batanova, V.G., Sobolev, A.V., and Schmincke, H.-U., 1995, Parental melts of the intrusive cumulates of the Troodos massif, Cyprus: A study of clinopyroxenes and melt inclusions in plagioclase: Petrology, v. 4, p. 255-264.
7. Batiza, R., 1996, Magmatic segmentation of mid-ocean ridges: A review, in MacLeod, C.J., Tyler, P.A., and Walker, C.L., eds., Tectonic, Magmatic, Hydrothermal and Biological Segmentation of Mid-Ocean Ridges: London, Geological Society of London Special Publication 118, p. 103-130.
8. Bear, L.M., 1960, The Geology and Mineral Resources of the Akaki-Lythrodhouda Area: Nicosia, Cyprus, Geological Survey of Cyprus, Memoir 3, 208 p.
9. Bédard, J.H., 1991, Cumulate recycling and crustal evolution in the Bay of Islands ophiolite: Journal of Geology, v. 99, p. 225-249.
10. Bédard, J.H., 1993, Oceanic crust as a reactive filter: synkinematic intrusion, hybridization, and assimilation in an ophiolitic magma chamber, western Newfoundland: Geology, v. 21, p. 77-80.
11. Bédard, J.H., and Hébert, R., 1996, The lower crust of the Bay of Islands ophiolite, Canada: petrology, mineralogy, and the importance of syntexis in magmatic differentiation in ophiolites and at ocean ridges: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 101, p. 25,105-25,124.
12. Bédard, J.H., Hébert, R., Berclaz, A., and Varfalvy, V., 2000, Synthexis and the genesis of lower oceanic crust, in Dilek, Y., Moores, E.M., Elthon, D., and Nicolas, A., eds., Ophiolites and oceanic crust: New insights from field studies and the Ocean Drilling Program: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 349, p. 105-119.
13. Benn, K., and Laurent, R., 1987, Intrusive suite documented in the Troodos ophiolite plutonic complex, Cyprus: Geology, v. 15, p. 821-824.
14. Benn, K., Nicolas, A., and Reuber, I., 1988, Mantle-crust transition zone and origin of wehrlitic magmas: Evidence from the Oman ophiolite: Tectonophysics, v. 151, p. 75-85.
15. Best, M.G., 1982, Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology: New York, W.H. Freeman, 630 p.
16. Bishopp, D.W., 1952, The Troödos massif, Cyprus: Nature, v. 169, p. 489-490.
17. Bishopp, D.W., 1954, Some new features of the geology of Cyprus: Congrès Géologique International, 19th, Alger, Proceedings, v. 17, p. 13-18.
18. Bloomer, S.H., Meyer, P.S., Dick, H.J.B., Ozawa, K., and Natland, J.H., 1991, Textural and mineralogical variations in gabbroic rocks from Hole 735B, in Von Herzen, R.P., Robinson, P.T., eds., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results: College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, v. 118, p. 21-39.
19. Bott, M.H.P., 1982. The Interior of the Earth: Its Structure, Constitution and Evolution, second edition: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 402 p.
20. Boudier, F., Nicolas, A., and Ildefonse, B., 1996, Magma chambers in the Oman ophiolite: Fed from the top and the bottom: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 144, p. 239-250.
21. Bowen, N.L., 1928, The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks: Princeton, Princeton University Press, 332.
22. Brown, G.C., and Mussett, A.E., 1981, The Inaccessible Earth: London, George Allen & Unwin, 235 p.
23. Browning, P., 1984, Cryptic variation within the cumulate sequence of the Oman ophiolite: Magma chamber depth and petrological implications, in Gass, I.G., Lippard, S.J., and Shelton, A.W., eds., Ophiolites and Oceanic Lithosphere: Geological Society London, Special Publication 13, p. 71-82.
24. Browning, P., Roberts, S., and Alabaster, T. 1989, Fine-scale modal layering and cyclic units in ultramafic cumulates from the CY-4 borehole, Troodos ophiolite: evidence for open system magma chamber, in Gibson, I.L., Malpas, J., Robinson, P.T., and Xenophontos, C., eds., Cyprus Crustal Study Project, Hole CY-4, Geological Survey Canada Paper, v. 88-89, p. 193-220.
25. Brunn, J.H., 1960, Mise en place et differenciation pluto-volcanique de cortège ophiolitique: Revue de Geologie Dynamique et de Geographie Physique, v. 3, p. 115-132.
26. Bryan, M.P., 1993, Neutral buoyancy and the structure of mid-ocean ridge magma reservoirs: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 98, p. 22,321-22,338.
27. Bryan, W.B., and Moore, J.G., 1977, Compositional variations of young basalts in the mid-Atlantic ridge rift valley near lat 36° 49' N: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 88, p. 556-570.
28. Cann, J.R., 1968, Geological processes at mid-ocean ridge crests: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 15, p. 331-341.
29. Cann, J.R., 1970, New model for the structure of the ocean crust: Nature, v. 226, p. 928-930.
30. Cann, J.R., 1974, A model for oceanic crustal structure developed: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 39, p. 169-187.
31. Cann, J.R., 1991, Onions and leaks: magma at mid-ocean ridges. A very personal view: Oceanus, v. 34 (4), p. 6-41.
32. Casey, J.F., and Karson, J.A., 1981, Magma chamber profiles from the Bay of Islands ophiolite complex: Nature, v. 292, p. 295-301.
33. Casey, J.F., Dewey, J.F., Fox, P.J., Karson, J.A., and Rosencrantz, E., 1981, Heterogeneous nature of oceanic crust and upper mantle: a perspective from the Bay of Islands ophiolitic complex, in Emiliani, C., ed., The Oceanic Lithosphere, The Sea, Volume 7: New York, John Wiley, p. 305-338.
34. Casey, J.F., Karson, J.A., Elthon, D., Rosencrantz, E., and Titus, M., 1983, Reconstruction of the geometry of accretion during formation of the Bay of Islands ophiolite complex: Tectonics, v. 2, p. 509-528.
35. Cawthorn, R.G., ed., 1996, Layered Intrusions: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 531 p.
36. Chenevez, J., Machetel, P., and Nicolas, A., 1998, Numerical models of magma chambers in the Oman ophiolite: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 103, p. 15,443-15,455.
37. Christensen, N.I., and Salisbury. M.H., 1975, Structure and constitution of the lower oceanic crust: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, v. 13, p. 57-86.
38. Church, W.R., 1972, Ophiolite: its definition, origin as oceanic crust, and mode of emplacement in orogenic belts, with special reference to the Appalachians: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources Publications 42, p. 71-85.
39. Church, W.R., and Riccio, L., 1977, Fractionation trends in the Bay of Islands ophiolite of Newfoundland: polycyclic cumulate sequences in ophiolites and their classification: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 14, p. 1156-1165.
40. Church, W.R., and Stevens, R.K., 1971, Early Paleozoic ophiolite complexes of the Newfoundland Appalachians as mantle-oceanic crust sequences: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 76, p. 1460-1466.
41. Coleman, R.G., 1977, Ophiolites. Ancient Oceanic Lithosphere?: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 229 p.
42. Coleman, R.G., 1981,Tectonic setting for ophiolite obduction in Oman: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, p. 2497-2508.
43. Coleman, R.G., and Hopson, C.A., eds., 1981, Oman Ophiolite: Journal Geophysical Research, v. 86, p. 2497-2782.
44. Cooper, J.R., 1937, Geology of the Southern Half of the Bay of Islands Igneous Complex: St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada, Newfoundland Department of Natural Resources Bulletin, v. 4, 35 p.
45. Daly, R.A., 1914, Igneous Rocks and Their Origin: New York, McGraw-Hill, 563 p.
46. Daly, R.A., 1933, Igneous Rocks and the Depth of the Earth: New York, McGraw-Hill, 598 p.
47. Daly, R.A., 1942, The Floor of the Ocean. New Light on Old Mysteries: Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 177 p.
48. Detrick, R.S., Buhl, P., Vera, E., Mutter, J, Orcutt, J.A., Madsen, J., and Brocher, T., 1987, Multichannel seismic imaging of an axial magma chamber along the East Pacific Rise between 9°N and 13°N: Nature, v. 326, p. 35-47.
49. Dewey, J.F., and Bird, J.M., 1971, Origin and emplacement of the ophiolitic suite: Appalachian ophiolites in Newfoundland: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 76, p. 3179-3206.
50. Dewey, J.F., and Kidd, W.S.F., 1977, Geometry of plate accretion: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 88, p. 960-968.
51. Dick, H.J.B., Meyer, P.S., Bloomer, S., Kirby, S., Stakes, D., and Mawer, C., 1991b, Lithostratigraphic evolution of an in-situ section of oceanic layer 3, in Von Herzen, R.P., and Robinson, P.T., eds., Proceedings Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 118, College Station, Texas, p. 439-538.
52. Dick, H.J.B., Natland, J.H., Alt, J.C., Bach, W., Bideau, D., Gee, J.S., Haggas, S., Hertogen, J.G.H., Hirth, G., Holm, P.M., Ildefonse, B., Iturrino, G.J., John, B.E., Kelley, D.S., Kikawa, E., Kingdon, A., LeRoux, P.J., Maeda, J., Meyer, P.S., Miller, D.J., Naslund, H.R., Niu, Y.-L., Robinson, P.T., Snow, J., Stephen, R.A., Trimby, P.W., Worm, H.-U., and Yoshinoby, A., 2000, A long in situ section of the lower ocean crust: Results of ODP Leg 176 drilling at the Southwest Indian Ridge: Earth Planetary Science Letters, v. 179, p. 31-51.
53. Dietz, R.S., 1961, Continent and ocean basin evolution by spreading of the sea floor: Nature, v. 190, p. 854-857.
54. Dietz, R.S., 1962, Ocean-basin evolution by sea-floor spreading, in Runcorn, S.K., ed., Continental Drift, New York, Academic Press. p. 289-298.
55. Dilek, Y., and Eddy, C.A., 1992, The Troodos (Cyprus) and Kizildag (S. Turkey) Ophiolites as structural models for slow-spreading ridge segments: Journal of Geology, v. 100, p. 305-322.
56. Dilek, Y., Moores, E.M., and Furnes, H., 1998, Structure of modern oceanic crust and ophiolites and implications for faulting and magmatism at oceanic spreading centers: in Buck, W.R., Delaney, P.T., Karson, J.A., and Lagabrielle, eds., Faulting and Magmatism at mid-ocean ridges: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, Monograph 106, p. 219-265.
57. Eddy, C.A., Dilek, Y., Hurst, S., and Moores, E.M., 1998, Seamount formation and associated caldera complex and hydrothermal mineralization in ancient oceanic crust, Troodos ophiolite (Cyprus): Tectonophysics, v. 292, p. 189-210.
58. Einsele, G., 1982, Mechanism of sill intrusion into soft sediment and expulsion of pore water, in Curray, J.R., Moore, D.G., et al., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 64: Washington D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 1169-1176.
59. Elthon, D., 1991, Geochemical evidence for formation if the Bay of Islands ophiolite above a subduction zone: Nature, v. 354, p. 140-143.
60. Elthon, D., Casey, J.F., and Komor, S., 1982, Mineral chemistry of ultramafic cumulates from the North Arm Mountain massif of the Bay of Islands ophiolite: evidence for high-pressure crystal fractionation of oceanic basalts: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 87, p. 8717-8734.
61. Elthon, D., Casey, J.F., and Komor, S., 1984, Cryptic mineral-chemistry variations in a detailed traverse through the cumulate ultramafic rocks of the North Arm Mountain massif of the Bay of Islands ophiolite, Newfoundland, in Gass, I.G., Lippard, S.J., and Shelton, A.W., eds., Ophiolites and Oceanic Lithosphere: Geological Society London Special Publication 13, p. 83-97.
62. Engel, C.G., and Fisher, R.L., 1969, Lherzolite, anorthosite, gabbro and basalt dredges from the mid-Indian ocean ridge: Science, v. 166, p. 1136-1141.
63. Ernewein, M., Pflumio, C., and Whitechurch, H., 1988, The death of an accretion zone as evidenced by the magmatic history of the Sumail ophiolite (Oman): Tectonophysics, v. 151, p. 247-274.
64. Erwing, J., and Ewing, M., 1959, Seismic refraction measurements in the Atlantic Ocean basin, in the Mediterranean Sea, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and in the Norwegian Sea: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 70, p. 291-318.
65. Fox, P.J., and Stroup, J.B., 1981, The plutonic foundation of the oceanic crust, in Emiliani, C., ed., The Oceanic Lithosphere, The Sea, Volume 7: New York, John Wiley p. 119-217.
66. Gass, I.G., 1960, The Geology and Mineral Resources of the Dhali Area. Geological Survey of Cyprus, Memoir 4, 116 p.
67. Gass, I.G., 1967, The ultrabasic volcanic assemblage of the Troodos massif, Cyprus, in Wyllie, P.J., ed., Ultramafic and Related Rocks: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 121-134.
68. Gass, I.G., 1968. Is the Troodos massif of Cyprus a fragment of Mesozoic ocean floor?: Nature v. 220, p. 39-42.
69. Gass, I.G., 1980, The Troodos massif: its role in the unraveling of the ophiolite problem and its significance in the understanding of constructive plate margin processes, in Panayiotou, A., ed., Ophiolites, Proceedings, 1979 International Ophiolite Symposium, Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus Geological Survey Department, p. 23-35.
70. Gass, I.G., 1989, Magmatic processes at and near constructive plate margins as deduced from Troodos (Cyprus) and Semail Nappe (N. Oman) ophiolites, in Saunders, A.D., and Norry, M.J., eds., Magmatism in the Ocean Basins: Geological Society London Special Publication 42, p. 1-15.
71. Gass, I.G., 1990, Ophiolites and oceanic lithosphere, in Malpas, J., Moores, E.M., Panayiotou, A., and Xenophontos, C., eds., Ophiolites: Oceanic Crustal Analogies, Proceedings, 1987 Troodos, Nicosia, Cyprus, Geological Survey Department, p. 1-10.
72. Gass, I.G., and Masson-Smith, D., 1963, The geology and gravity anomalies of the Troodos massif, Cyprus: Royal Society of London, Philosophical Transactions, ser. A, v. 255, p. 417-467.
73. Gass, I.G., and Smewing, J.D., 1981, Ophiolites: obducted oceanic lithosphere, in Emiliani, C., ed., The Oceanic Lithosphere. The Sea, Volume 7:New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 339-362.
74. Girardeau, J., and Nicolas, A., 1981, The structures of two ophiolite massifs, Bay-of-Islands, Newfoundland: A model for the oceanic crust and upper mantle: Tectonophysics, v. 77, p. 1-34.
75. Glen, W., 1982, The Road to Jaramillo. Critical Years of the Revolution in Earth Science. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 459 p.
76. Glennie, K.W., Boeuf, M.G.A., Hughes Clarke, M.W., Moody-Stuart, M., Pilaar, W.F.H., and Reinhardt, B.M., 1974, Geology of the Oman Mountains. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Nederlands: Geologisch Mijnbouwkunding Genootschap, v. 31, p. 423 p.
77. Green, D.H., 1968, Origin of Basaltic Magmas, in Hess, H.H., and Poldervaart, A., eds., Basalts: The Poldervaart Treatise on Rocks of Basaltic Composition, Volume 2: New York, Interscience Publishers, p. 835-862.
78. Greenbaum, D., 1972, Magmatic processes at ocean ridges: evidence from the Troodos massif, Cyprus: Nature, v. 238, p. 18-21.
79. Greenbaum, D., 1977, The chromitiferous rocks of the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus: Economic Geology, v. 72, p. 1175-1194.
80. Grove, T.L., Kinzler, R.J., and Bryan, W.B., 1992, Fractionation of mid-ocean ridge basalt, in Morgan, J.P., Blackman, D.K., and Sinton, J.M., eds., Mantle Flow and Melt Generation at Mid-Ocean Ridges: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union Monograph 71, p. 281-310.
81. Harding, A.J., Orcutt, J.A., Kappus, M.E., Vera, E.E., Mutter, J.C., Buhl, P., Detrick, R.S., and Brocher, T.M., 1989, Structure of young oceanic crust at 13° N on the East Pacific Rice from expanding spread profiles: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 94, p. 12,163-12,196.
82. Hébert, R., Constantin, M., and Robinson, P.T., 1991, Primary mineralogy of Leg 118 gabbroic rocks and their place in the spectrum of oceanic mafic igneous rocks, in Von Herzen, R.P., Robinson, P.T., et al., eds., Proceedings, Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 118, College Station, Texas, p. 3-20.
83. Heezen, B.C., 1962, The deep-sea floor, in Runcorn, S.K., ed., Continental Drift, New York, Academic Press, p. 235-288.
84. Henstock, T.J., Woods, A.W., and White, R.S., 1993, The accretion of oceanic crust by episodic sill intrusion: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 98, p. 4143-4161.
85. Hess, H.H., 1938, A primary peridotite magma: American Journal of Science, v. 35, p. 321-344.
86. Hess, H.H., 1955, The oceanic crust: Journal of Marine Research, v. 14, p. 423-439.
87. Hess, H.H., 1960, Stillwater Igneous Complex, Montana: a Quantitative Mineralogical Study: Geological Society of America, Memoir 80, 230 p.
88. Hess, H.H., 1962, History of ocean basins, in Engel, A.E.J., James, H.L., and Leonard, B.F., eds., Petrologic Studies: A Volume in Honor of A.F., Buddington: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Monograph, p. 599-620.
89. Holmes, A., 1965, Principles of Physical Geology, second edition: New York, Ronald Press, 1288 p.
90. Hopson, C.A., and Frano, C.J., 1977, Igneous history of the Point Sal ophiolite, southern California, in Coleman, R.G., and Irwin, W.P., eds., Northern American Ophiolites: Corvalis, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Bulletin, v. 95, p. 161-183.
91. Irvine, T.N., 1970, Heat transfer during solidification of layered intrusions. 1. Sheets and sills: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 7, p. 1031-1061.
92. Irvine, T.N., Keith, D.W., and Todd, S.G., 1983, The J-M platinum-palladium reef of the Stillwater complex, Montana: II. Origin by double-diffusive convective magma mixing and implications for the Bushveld complex: Economic Geology, v. 78, p. 1287-1334.
93. Irvine, T.N., Andersen, J.C.O. and Brooks, C.K., 1998, Included blocks (and blocks within blocks) in the Skaergaard intrusion: Geologic relations and the origins of rhythmic modally graded layers: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, p. 1398-1447.
94. Karson, J.A., 1998, Internal structure of oceanic lithosphere: a perspective from tectonic windows, in Buck, W.R., Delaney, P.T., Karson, J.A., and Lagabrielle, Y., eds., Faulting and Magmatism at mid-ocean ridges: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union Monograph 106, p. 177-218.
95. Karson, J.A., 2002, Geological structure of the uppermost oceanic crust created at fast-to intermediate-rate spreading centers: Annual Reviews of Earth Sciences v. 30, p. 347-348.
96. Kay, M., 1951, North American Geosynclines: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 48, 143 p.
97. Kelemen, P.B., and Aharonov, E., 1998, Periodic formation of magma fractures and generation of layered gabbros in the lower crust beneath oceanic spreading ridges, in Buck, W.R., Delaney, P.T., Karson, J.A., and Lagabrielle, Y., eds., Faulting and Magmatism at mid-ocean ridges: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union Monograph 106, p. 267-289.
98. Kelemen, P.B., Koga, K., and Shimizu, N., 1997, Geochemistry of gabbro sills in the crust-mantle transition zone of the Oman ophiolite: implications for the origin of the oceanic lower crust: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 146, p. 475-488.
99. Kent, G.M., Harding, A.J., and Orcutt, F., 1990, Evidence for a smaller magma chamber beneath the East Pacific Rise at 9° 20' N: Nature, v. 344, p. 650-653.
100. Kent, G.M., Harding, A.J., and Orcutt, F., 1993, Distribution of magma beneath the East Pacific Rise near the 9° 03' N overlapping spreading center from forward modeling of CDP data: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 98, p. 13,971-13,998.
101. Kidd, R.G.W., 1977, A model for the process of formation of the upper oceanic crust: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 50, p. 149-183.
102. Klein, E.M., and Langmuir, C.H., 1987, Global correlation of ocean ridge basalt chemistry with axial depth and crystal thickness: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 92, p. 8089-8115.
103. Komor, S.C., and Elthon, D., 1990, Formation of anorthosite-gabbro rhythmic phase layering: an example at North Arm Mountain, Bay of Islands ophiolite: Journal of Petrology, v. 31, p. 1-50.
104. Komor, S.C., Elthon, D., and Casey, J.F., 1985, Mineralogic variation in a layered ultramafic cumulate sequence at the North Arm Mountain massif, Bay of Islands ophiolite, Newfoundland: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, p. 7705-7736.
105. Komor, S.C., Elthon, D., and Casey, J.F., 1987, Petrology of a leucogabbroic interval within basal layered gabbros at North Arm Mountain massif, Bay of Islands ophiolite: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 95, p. 278-300.
106. Korenaga, J., and Kelemen, P.B., 1997, Origin of gabbro sills in the Moho transition zone of the Oman ophiolite: implications for magma transport in the oceanic lower crust: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, p. 27,729-27,749.
107. Korenaga, J., and Kelemen, P.B., 1998, Melt migration through the oceanic lower crust: a constraint from melt percolation modeling with finite solid diffusion: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 156, p. 1-11.
108. Kusznir, N.J., and Bott, M.H.P., 1976, A thermal study of the formation of oceanic crust: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 47, p. 83-95.
109. Langmuir, C.H., Klein, E.Y., and Plank, T., 1992, Petrological systematics of mid-ocean ridge basalts: constraints on melt generation beneath ocean ridges, in Morgan, J.P., Blackman, D.K., and Sinton, J.M., eds., Mantle Flow and Melt Generation at Mid-Ocean Ridges: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union Monograph 71, p. 183-280.
110. Lees, G.M., 1928, The geology and tectonics of Oman and of parts of south-eastern Arabia: Quaternary Journal of the Geological Society, v. 84, p. 585-670.
111. Lewis, B.T.R., 1983, The process of formation of ocean crust: Science, v. 220, p. 151-157.
112. Lippard, S.J., Shelton, A.W., and Gass, I.G., 1986, The Ophiolites of Northern Oman: Geological Society of London, Memoir 11, 178 p.
113. Lister, C.R.B., 1977, Qualitative models of spreading center processes, including hydrothermal penetration: Tectonophysics v. 37, p. 203-218.
114. Lister, C.R.B., 1983, On the intermittency and crystallization mechanisms of sub-seafloor magma chambers: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 73, p. 351-365.
115. Maaløe, S., 2002, Physical behavior of the plume source during intermittent eruptions of Hawaiian basalts: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology v. 142, p. 653-665.
116. Macdonald, K.C., 1982, Mid-ocean ridges: fine scale tectonics, volcanic and hydrothermal processes within the plate boundary zone: Annual Review of Earth Sciences, v. 10, p. 155-190.
117. Macdonald, K.C., 1989, Anatomy of the magma reservoir: Nature, v. 339, p. 178-190.
118. MacGregor, I., 1967, Mineralogy and model mantle compositions, in Wyllie, P.J., ed., Ultramafic and Related Rocks: New York, John Wiley, p. 381-392.
119. MacLeod, C.J., and Yaouancq, G., 2000, A fossil melt lens in the Oman ophiolite: implications for magma chamber processes at fast spreading ridges: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 176, p. 357-373.
120. Malpas, J., 1990, Crustal accretionary processes in the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus: evidence from field mapping and deep crustal drilling, in Malpas, J., Moores, E.M., Panayiotou, A., and Xenophontos, C., eds., Ophiolites: Oceanic Crustal Analogues, Proceedings, 1987 Troodos, Nicosia, Cyprus, Geological Survey Department, p. 65-74.
121. Malpas, J., Brace, T., and Dunsworth, S.M., 1989, Structural and petrological relationships of the CY-4 drill hole of the Cyprus Crustal Study Project, in Gibson, I.L., Malpas, J., Robinson, P.T., and Xenophontos, C., eds., Cyprus Crustal Study Project, Hole CY-4: Geological Survey Canada Paper, v. 88-9, p. 39-67.
122. Marsh, B.D., 1996, Solidification fronts and magmatic evolution: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 60, p. 5-10.
123. Marsh, B.D., 2000, Magma chambers, in Sigurdsson, H., ed., Encyclopedia of Volcanoes: San Diego, Academic Press, p. 191-206.
124. McBirney, A.R., 1993, Igneous Petrology, second edition: Boston, Jones and Bartlett, 520 p.
125. McBirney, A.R., 1995, Mechanisms of differentiation in the Skaergaard intrusion: Journal of Geological Society of London, v. 152, p. 421-435.
126. McBirney, A., and Noyes, R.M., 1979, Crystallization and layering of the Skaergaard intrusion: Journal of Petrology, v. 20, p. 487-554.
127. McBirney, A.R., and Nicolas, A., 1997, The Skaergaard layered series. Part II. Magmatic flow and dynamic layering: Journal of Petrology, v. 38, p. 569-580.
128. McKenzie, D. and Bickle, M.J., 1988, The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere: Journal of Petrology, v. 29, p. 625-679.
129. Moore, J.G., Fleming, H.S., Phillips, J.D., 1974, Preliminary model for extrusion and rifting at the axis of the mid-Atlantic ridge, 36° 48' N: Geology, v. 2, p. 437-440.
130. Moores, E.M., 1969, Petrology and Structure of the Vourinos Ophiolite Complex of Northern Greece: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 118, 74 p.
131. Moores, E.M., and Vine, F.J., 1971, The Troodos massif, Cyprus and other ophiolites as oceanic crust: evaluation and implications: Royal Society of London, Philosophical Transactions, ser. A, v. 268, p. 443-466.
132. Moores, E.M., Varga, R.J., Verosub, K.L., and Ramsden, T.W., 1990, Regional structure of the Troodos dyke complex, in Malpas, J., Moores, E.M., Panayiotou, A., and Xenophontos, C., eds., Ophiolites: Oceanic crustal analogues: Proceedings, 1987 Troodos, Nicosia, Cyprus, Geological Survey Department, p. 27-35.
133. Morgan, J.P., 1987, Melt migration beneath mid-ocean spreading centers: Journal of Geophysical Research Letters, v. 14, p. 1238-1241.
134. Muir, I.D., and Tilley, C.E., 1964, Basalts from the northern part of the rift zone of the mid-Atlantic ridge: Journal of Petrology, v. 5, p. 409-434.
135. Natland, J.H., and Dick, H.J.B., 2001, Formation of the lower ocean crust and the crystallization of gabbroic cumulates at a very slowly spreading ridge: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 110, p. 191-233.
136. Natland, J.H., Meyer, P.S., Dick, H.J.B., and Bloomer, S.H., 1991, Magmatic oxides and sulfides in gabbroic rocks from Hole 735B and the later development of the liquid line of descent, in Von Herzen, R.P., Robinson, P.T., et al., eds., Proceedings, Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 118, College Station, Texas, p. 75-111.
137. Nicolas, A., 1989, Structures of Ophiolites and Dynamics of Oceanic Lithosphere: Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 367 p.
138. Nicolas, A., 1992, Kinematics in magmatic rocks with special reference to gabbro: Journal of Petrology, v. 33, p. 891-915.
139. Nicolas, A., 1994, Comment on "The genesis of oceanic crust: magma injection, hydrothermal circulation, and crustal flow" by Morgan, J.P., and Chen, Y.J.: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 12,029-12,030.
140. Nicolas, A. and Ildefonse, B., 1996, Flow mechanism and viscosity in basaltic magma chambers: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 23, p. 2013-2016.
141. Nicolas, A. and Poliakov, A., 2001, Melt migration and mechanical state in the lower crust of oceanic ridges: Terra Nova, v. 13, p. 64-69.
142. Nicolas, A., Freydier, C., Godard, M., and Vauchez, A., 1993, Magma chambers at oceanic ridges: How large?: Geology, v. 21, p. 53-56.
143. Nicolas, A., Reuber, I., and Benn, K., 1988, A new magma chamber model based on structural studies in the Oman ophiolite: Tectonophysics, v. 151, p. 87-105.
144. Nisbet, E.G., and Fowler, C.M., 1978, The Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 37° and 45° N: Some geophysical and petrological constraints: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 54, p. 631-660.
145. Niu, Y., Gilmore, T., Mackie, S., Greig, A., and Bach, W., 2002, Mineral chemistry, whole-rock compositions, and petrogenesis of Leg 176 gabbros: Data and discussion: in Natland, J.H., Dick, H.J.B., Miller, D.J., and Von Herzen, R.P., eds., Proceedings, Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 176, p. 1-60. Available from World Wide Web: http: //www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/176- SR/VOLUME/CHAPTERS/ SR176-08.PDF.
146. Orcutt, J.A., 1987, Structure of the Earth: oceanic crust and uppermost mantle: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 25, p. 1177-1196.
147. Oxburgh, E.R., and Turcotte, D.L., 1968, Mid-ocean ridges and geotherm distribution during mantle convection: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 73, p. 2643-2661.
148. Ozawa, K., Meyer, P., and Bloomer, S.H., 1991, Mineralogy and textures of iron-titanium oxide gabbros and associated olivine gabbros from Hole 735B: in Von Herzen, R.P., Robinson, P.T., et al., Proceedings, Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 118, College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, p. 41-73.
149. Pallister, J.S., and Hopson, C.A., 1981, Semail ophiolite plutonic suite: field relations, phase variation and layering and a model of a spreading ridge magma chamber: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, p. 2593-2644.
150. Pálmason, G., 1973, Kinematics and heat flow in a volcanic rift zone with application to Iceland: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 15, p. 331-341.
151. Parsons, I., 1987, Origins of Igneous Layering, NATO ASI ser. C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences v. 196: Dordrecht, D. Reidel, 666 p.
152. Phipps Morgan, J., and Chen, Y.J., 1993, The genesis of oceanic crust: magma injection, hydrothermal circulation, and crustal flow: Journal Geophysical Research, v. 98, p. 6283-6298.
153. Phipps Morgan, J., Harding, A., Orcutt, J., Kent, G., and Chen, Y.J., 1994, An observational and theoretical synthesis of magma chamber geometry and crustal genesis along a mid-ocean ridge spreading center, in Ryan, M.P., ed., Magmatic Systems: San Diego, Academic Press, p. 139-178.
154. Purdy, G.M., and Detrick, R.S., 1986, Crustal structure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 23° N from seismic refraction studies: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 91, p. 3739-3762.
155. Quick, J.E., and Denlinger, R.P., 1993, Ductile deformation and the origin of layered gabbro in ophiolites: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 98, p. 14,015-14,027.
156. Ramberg, I.B., and van Andel, T.H., 1977, Morphology and tectonic evolution of the rift valley at Lat. 36° 30' N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Geological Society America Bulletin, v. 88, p. 577-586.
157. Reinhardt, B.M., 1969, On the genesis and emplacement of ophiolites in the Oman Mountains geosyncline: Schweiz Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. v. 49, p. 1-30.
158. Robertson, A., and Xenophontos, C., 1993, Development of concepts concerning the Troodos ophiolite and adjacent units in Cyprus, in Pricard, H.M., Alabaster, T, Harris, N.B.W., and Neary, C.R., eds., Magmatic Processes and Plate Tectonics, Geological Society London Special Publication 75, p. 85-119.
159. Robson, D., and Cann, J.R., 1982, A geochemical model of mid-ocean ridge magma chambers: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 60, p. 93-104.
160. Rosencrantz, E., 1983, The structure of sheeted dykes and associated rocks in North Arm massif, Bay of Islands ophiolite complex, and the intrusive process at oceanic spreading centers: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 20, p. 787-801.
161. Rosencrantz, E., and Nelson, K.D., 1982, Floating lids on large mid-ocean spreading center magma chambers: Journal of Geology, v. 90, p. 455-458.
162. Shand, S.J., 1949, Rocks of the mid-Atlantic ridge: Journal of Geology, v. 57, p. 89-92.
163. Shipboard Scientific Party, 1999, Hammer drill site (1104 and 1106) and Site 1105, in Pettigrew, T.L., Casey, J.F., Miller, D.J., et al., Proceedings, Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, 179: College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, p. 1-183 [CD-ROM].
164. Sinton, J.M., and Detrick, R.S., 1992, Mid-ocean ridge magma chambers: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, v. 197-216.
165. Sleep, N.H., 1975, Formation of oceanic crust: some thermal constraints: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 80, p. 4037-4042.
166. Sleep, N.H., 1978, Thermal structure and kinematics of mid-oceanic ridge axis, some implications to basaltic volcanism: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 5, p. 426-428.
167. Smewing, J.D., 1981, Mixing characteristics and compositional differences in mantle-derived melts beneath spreading axes: evidence from cyclically layered rocks in the ophiolite of North Oman: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, p. 2645-2659.
168. Smewing, J.D., Simonian, K.O., and Gass, I.G., 1975, Metabasalts from the Troodos massif, Cyprus: genetic implication deduced from petrography and trace element geochemistry: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 51, p. 49-64.
169. Smith, D.K., and Cann, J.R., 1992, The role of seamount volcanism in crustal construction at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (24°-20° N): Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 1645-1658.
170. Smith, G.H., 1958, Bay of Islands Igneous Complex, Western Newfoundland: Ottawa, Ontario, Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 290, 132 p.
171. Solomon, S.C., and Toomey, D.R., 1992, The structure of mid-ocean ridges: Annual Reviews of Earth Planetary Science, v. 20, p. 329-364.
172. Steinmann, G., 1927, Die ophiolithischen Zonen in dem mediterreanen Kettengebige. International Geological Congress, 14th, Madrid, Proceedings, v. 2, p. 638-667.
173. Strong, D.F., and Malpas, J., 1975, The sheeted dike layer of the Betts Cove ophiolite complex does not represent spreading: Further discussion: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 12, p. 894-896.
174. Taylor, R.N., and Nesbitt, R.W., 1988, Light rare-earth enrichment of supra subduction-zone mantle: evidence from the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus: Geology, v. 16, p. 448-451.
175. Thayer, T.P., 1967, Chemical and structural relations of ultramafic and feldspatic rocks in alpine intrusive complexes, in Wyllie, P.J., ed., Ultramafic and Related Rocks: New York, John Wiley, p. 222-239.
176. Thy, P., 2003. Igneous petrology of gabbros from Hole 1105A: oceanic magma chamber processes, in Casey, J.F., and Miller, D.J., eds., Proceedings, Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 179: College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, p. 1-76 (online; http//www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/179-SR/ volume/chapters/SR179-02.pdf).
177. Thy, P., and Dilek, Y., 2000, Magmatic and tectonic controls on the evolution of oceanic magma chambers at slow-spreading ridges: perspectives from ophiolitic and continental layered intrusions, in Dilek, Y., Moores, E.M., Elthon, D., and Nicolas, A., eds., Ophiolite and Oceanic Crust: New insights from field studies and the Ocean Drilling Program: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 349, p. 87-104.
178. Thy, P., Schiffman, P., and Moores, E.M., 1989, Igneous mineral stratigraphy and chemistry of the Cyprus Crustal Study Project drill core in the plutonic sequences of the Troodos ophiolite, in Gibson, I.L., Malpas, J., Robinson, P.T., and Xenophontos, C., eds., Cyprus Crustal Study Project, Hole CY-4: Geol. Surv. Can. Paper, v. 88-89, p. 147-185.
179. Toomey, D.R., Purdy, G.M., Solomon, S.C., and Wilcock, W.S., 1990, The three-dimensional seismic velocity structure of the East Pacific Rise near latitude 9° 30' N: Nature, v. 347, p. 639-645.
180. Turcotte, D.L., and Morgan, J.P., 1992, The physics of magma migration and mantle flow beneath a mid-ocean ridge: in Morgan, J.P., Blackman, D.K., and Sinton, J.M., eds., Mantle Flow and Melt Generation at Mid-Ocean Ridges: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union Monograph 71, p. 155-182.
181. Turner, J.S., and Campbell, I.S., 1986, Convection and mixing in magma chambers: Earth Science Reviews, v. 23, p. 255-352.
182. Turner, J.S., and Chen, C.F., 1974, Two-dimensional effects in double-diffusive convection: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, v. 63, p. 577-592.
183. Varga, R.J., and Moores, E.M., 1985, Spreading structure of the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus: Geology, v. 13, p. 846-850.
184. Vera, E.E., Mutter, J.C., Buhl., P., Orcutt, J.A., Harding, A.J., Kappus, M.E., Detrick, R.S., and Brocher, T.M., 1990, The structure of 0 to 0.2-m.y.-old oceanic crust at 9° N on the East Pacific Rise from expanded spread profiles: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 15,529-15,556.
185. Vine, F.J., and Moores, E.M., 1972, A model for the gross structure, petrology, and magnetic properties of oceanic crust, in Shagam, R., Hargraves, R.B., Morgan, W.J., Van Houten, F.B., Burk, C.A., Holland. H.D., and Hollister, L.C., eds., Studies in Earth and Space Sciences: A Memoir in Honor of Harry Hammond Hess: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 132, p. 195-205.
186. Wager, L.R., and Brown, G.M., 1967, Layered Igneous Rocks. San Francisco, Freeman, 588 p.
187. Wager, L.R., Brown, G.M., and Wadsworth, W.J., 1960, Types of igneous cumulates: Journal of Petrology, v. 1, p. 73-85.
188. Wilson, D.S., Clague, D.A., Sleep, N.H., and Morton, J., 1988, A model for narrow, steady state magma chambers on fast spreading ridges: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, p. 11,974-11,984.
189. Wilson, H.H., 1969, Late Cretaceous eugeosynclinal sedimentation, gravity tectonics, and ophiolite emplacement in Oman Mountains, southeast Arabia: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 53, p. 626-671.
190. Wilson, J.R., and Larsen, S.B., 1985, Two-dimensional study of a layered intrusion- the Hyllingen series, Norway: Geological Magazine, v. 122, p. 97-124.
191. Wilson, R.A.M., 1957, The Geology of the Xeros-Troodos Area: Nicosia, Cyprus, Geological Survey of Cyprus, Memoir 1, 135 p.
192. Wyllie, P.J., 1967, Ultramafic and Related Rocks: New York, John Wiley and Sons, 416 p.
193. Yoder, H.S., and Tilley, C.F., 1962, Origin of basaltic magmas: An experimental study of natural and synthetic rock systems: Journal of Petrology, v. 3, p. 342-532.
194. Young, D.A., 1998, N.L., Bowen and Crystallization-Differentiation: The evolution of a theory: Washington, D.C., Mineralogical Society of America, 276 p.