Surrendering a colonial domain: Educating North India, 1854-1890

History of Education

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 45-63

  Allender, Tim ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 33845389646     PISSN: 0046760X     EISSN: 14645130     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09243450600745538     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. The Webbs in Asia, Chandan Chowki, 4 February 1912, Allahabad, 11-16 January 1912 and Poona, 8-10 April 1912, cited in Watt, C. A. "Education for National Efficiency: Constructive Nationalism in North India, 1909-1916." Modern Asian Studies 31, no. 2 (1997): 352.
2. Zastoupil, L. and M. Moir, eds. The Great Indian Education Debate. Surrey: Curzon Press, 1999: 31-54.
3. Basu, A. Reports on the State of Education in Bengal, 1835 and 1838. Calcutta: Calcutta University Press, 1944: xix-xxiii.
4. "Despatch from the Court of Directors of the East India Company to the Governor General of India in Council 19th July, 1854", no. 49, para. 14. In H. Sharp, Selections from Educational Records. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1920, pt. ii: p. 368.
5. Shahidullah, K. Pathshalas into Schools. Calcutta: Open University Press, 1987: 15, 25, 29, 33.
6. Arnold had been previously employed in the army and was only persuaded to stay in India by the Chief Commissioner, John Lawrence, by the offer of the job of director of public instruction for the Punjab. His semi-autobiographical novel Oakfield (Surrey: Unwin Brothers, reprinted 1974) gives some indication of his concern regarding the cultural insensitivities of British rule in India.
7. The Settlement Reports were broad surveys the British carried out after annexing the province in 1849. Principally these documented agricultural revenue in each village for taxation purposes and, amongst other things, the schools already in existence in each district.
8. "Table C: Abstract Statement of Indigenous Village Schools Existing in the Punjab in the Year 1857-8." Included in "Education [Report]", 31 July 1858, no. 131-58, Punjab Secretariat Archives, Anarkali's Tomb, Lahore.
9. "Table C: Abstract Statement of Indigenous Village Schools Existing in the Punjab in the Year 1857-8." 1858, no. 131 Ibid.
10. Sec. to the Board of Administration to Sec. to the Government of India 20 November 1850, no. 113, 'series B', National Archives of India.
11. Fuller, A. R. "Report on Popular Education in the Provinces under the Punjab ... Year 1859/ 60." Oriental and India Office Collection (OIOC) L/P&J/3/1157, p. 6.
12. "Report of the Provincial Committee for the Punjab of the [Hunter] Education Commission", SOAS Library (1884): 8.
13. "Appendix no. 1 Proposed Schedule of Education Established for the Punjab." Included in D. F. McLeod to Sec. to the Chief Commissioner of the Punjab, 4 April 1856, OIOC P/201/53, no. 236;
14. D. McLeod to J. Lawrence, 11 April 1856, no. 237, OIOC P/201/53.
15. Reid, H. S. "Report on Indigenous Education and Vernacular Schools in Agra, Bareilly, Etawah, Farruckabad, Mynpoory, Muttta, Shahjahanpur for 1852-3" (1853): 36-7, OIOC V/24/ 927.
16. Hurt, J. S. Elementary Schooling and the Working Classes. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979: 10-15.
17. Arnold's wife died in March 1858 and he was to die on the voyage back to England off the coast of Gibraltar, leaving his four young children to be raised by his sister Jane and her husband, William Forster (author of the Education Act of 1870). Midwinter, E. State Educator: The Life and Enduring Influence of W. E. Forster. Coventry: Community Education Development Centre, 1995: 46.
18. I have calculated these percentages using the tabularized information contained in "Report on the Census on the Population of the Punjab Territories, January 1, 1855." In "Selections from the Records of the Government of India", no. 11, p. 31, OIOC V/23/2.
19. Wace, E.B. and F. C. Bourne. "Montgomery District, part A." Punjab District Gazetteers. Lahore: Govt. Printing, 1935 [1933 revised edition], vol. xviii: 107. The community contained the lineal descendants of Nanak, the putative first Sikh guru, and they commanded notable loyalty amongst Sikhs in this and adjacent districts.
20. Sec. of the Chief Commissioner to R. Montgomery, 19 September 1853, no. 263, "Minute on Infanticide in the Punjab." Lahore: Chronicle Press, 1853, no. xvi: 404, OIOC V/23/335.
21. H. Edwardes to D. McLeod, 30 June 1852, no. 134, 'series B', National Archives of India.
22. D. McLeod to R. Montgomery, 15 April 1854, no. 99;
23. R. Montgomery, "Selections of the Records...", OIOC V/23/335.
24. A brief and inaccurate account of provincial attempts to deal with female infanticide can be found in Trotter, L. J. Lord Lawrence: A Sketch of His Public Career. London: Allen &Co., 1880: 35-37.
25. Sec. of the Chief Commissioner to R. Montgomery, 19 September 1853, no. 263, "Minute on Infanticide...", 402-04.
26. "Minute of the Hon'ble the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab." Included in Director to the Sec. to the Government of the Punjab, 18 April 1864, no. 181, OIOC P/239/38.
27. W. Arnold to Inspectors of Schools, 9 September 1858, no. 59/60. Included in W. Arnold to Financial Commissioner, 9 September 1858, no. 122, Punjab Secretariat Archives, Anarkali's Tomb.
28. W. Arnold to Inspectors of Schools, 9 September 1858, no. 59/60. Included in W. Arnold to Financial Commissioner, 9 September 1858, no. 122, Punjab Secretariat Archives, Anarkali's Tomb.
29. Commissioner Lahore Division to P. Melville, sec. Board of Administration, 8 November 1850, no. 567, National Archives of India.
30. Arnold, W. "Abstract Statement of Female Schools Established in the Punjab in the Year 1857/ 8." Included in "Education [Report]." 31 July 1858, no. 131-58, Punjab Secretariat Archives, Anarkali's Tomb.
31. Director to the Sec. to the Government of the Punjab, 31 July 1865, no. 20, OIOC P/239/39.
32. Fuller, A. R. "Education Report for the Punjab ... 1863/4" (1864), V/24/929, p. 35.
33. "Minute of the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab", 3 May 1864. Included in, Sec. to the Government of India (Home Department) to the Secretary of State, 31 October 1864, no. 14, OIOC I/P&J/3/1158, f. 21.
34. rd May, 1864", OIOC L/PJ/3/1158, f. 22.
35. Sec. to the Government of India to Sec. to the Government of the Punjabj 4 August 1865, no. 697, OIOC I/PJ/3/1159, f. 13.
36. In the month the Lieutenant Governor retired, the paymaster general could not approve any more funding from the fund for female schools for this reason. Director to Sec. to the Government of the Punjab, 23 January 1865, no. 14 OIOC P/239/39. By June 1865 even recurrent expenditure was proving a problem for the overburdened fund, with outgoings for female and town schools jumping to three times normal incoming revenue. In this month outgoings had leapt to Rs 60,059 whilst monthly incoming revenue was just Rs 21,382. "General Journal and Ledger (Punjab)", OIOC P/442/56.
37. W. Arnold to D. McLeod, 26 May 1858, no. 127, OIOC P/202/11.
38. Medieval religious works of Hinduism, mostly in verses, which contain legendary and mythological versions of creation, history and the destruction of the universe with its divine, human and subhuman inhabitants, sometimes in great detail and dramatic narration.
39. Bayly, C. Empire and Information. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 1999: 262.
40. The Bostan and the Gulistan are two critically important texts written by Sheikh Sa'adn in the twelfth century. Together they constitute the primary textbooks for any child learning Persian from the age of five years of age upwards. They also are the primary textbooks for training in ethics and morals with sections on a great variety of protocols such as how rulers should behave, how gardens should be tended and how to speak and act towards others.
41. W. Arnold to Financial Commissioner, 16 March 1858, no. 16, Punjab Secretariat Archives, Anarkali's Tomb.
42. E. Paske to offg. Financial Commissioner, 1 August 1859, no 148, Punjab Secretariat Archives, Anarkali's Tomb.
43. The Punjab Educational Magazine. Lahore: Chronicle Press 1865, first edition for 1865: 22 & 29, British Library (BL).
44. One useful and early critique of the curriculum offered by India's schools and colleges up to 1917 is that given by Michael Sadler. Sadler, M. "Analysis of Present Conditions." Calcutta University Commission Report. Calcutta: Superintendant of Government Printing, 1919, vol. 1, ch. 8: 397-406.
45. Allender, T. "Anglican Evangelism in North India and the Punjabi Missionary Classroom." History of Education 32, no. 3 (May 2003): 280-81.
46. Commissioners of the Jullundur Division and of the Lahore Division to the Sec. to the Government of the Punjab, 7 & 10 March 1864, no. 14, OIOC L/P/239/38.
47. Urdu, was also known as 'Rekhta' meaning 'scattered'.
48. Ranjit Singh was the pre-British ruler of most of the Punjab and Kashmir territories.
49. Commissioner of the Lahore Division to the Sec. to the Government of the Punjab, 18 February 1865, no. 8, OIOC P/239/39.
50. "Extract from the Proceedings of the Governor General In Council", 16 January 1864, no. 422, included in Sec. to the Government of the Punjah to the Sec. to the Government of India, 19 January 1863, no. 44; 25 March 1864, no. 131, OIOC P/239/38;
51. Holroyd, W. R. M. "Report on Popular Education in the Panjab [we]... 1868/9", p. 7, OIOC V/24/930;
52. Holroyd's report as Inspector of the Ambala Circle in Fuller, A. R. "Report on Popular Education in the Punjab...1867/8", pp. 13-4, OIOC V/24/930.
53. Sec. to the Government of the Punjab to the President of the Committee considering the Question of Educational Texts", 6 March 1865, no. 9, OIOC P/239/39.
54. In 1869 fees collected from Punjabi government schools were Rs 14,402 whilst their counterparts in the NWP accounted for Rs 38,967; Administration Report for the Punjab and the North West Provinces, 1869/70, p. 42, OIOC V/10/34;
55. Holroyd, W. R. M. "Report on Popular Education in the Punjab ... 1868/9", OIOC V/24/930, paras 126-29.
56. "Table B, Form 2, p. 1" in Holroyd, W. R. M. "Report on Popular Education for the Punjab, 1873/4", OIOC V/24/932.
57. "Support of Schools from Municipal and Local Funds." Holroyd to Sec. to the Government of the Punjab, 7 February 1877, no. 18, OIOC P/858.
58. Holroyd, W. R. M. "Report on Popular Education in the Punjab ... 1879/80", OIOC V/24/933, p. 11;
59. Report on the Administration of the Punjab 1875/6. Lahore: Government Civil Secretariat Press, 1876: 67, OIOC;
60. "Review of the District Committees. Reports for 1875-6." Included in "Proceedings of the Lieutenant-Governor (Finance Department)." 28 February 1877, no. 511, OIOC P/857.
61. Holroyd, W. R. M. "Report on Popular Education in the Punjab ... 1869/70", p. 21, OIOC V/ 24/930; Fuller to the Lieutenant Governor, 16 May 1866, no. 162, OIOC L/PJ/3/1160;
62. "Working of the Act XV of 1867 in the Punjab." Included in offg. Sec. to the Government of the Punjab to Sec. to the Government of India, 24 July 1872, no. 1048, OIOC P/697;
63. Holroyd, W. R. M. "Report on Popular Education in the Punjab ... 1875/6", p. 8, OIOC V/24/932;
64. Holroyd, W. R. M. "Report on Popular Education in the Punjab ... 1876/7", OIOC V/24/933, p. 10.
65. Holroyd, W. R. M. "Report on Popular Education in the Punjab ... 1869/70", OIOC V/24/ 930, p. 9.
66. "Proceedings of the Lieutenant Governor (Home Department)", 23 February 1877, no. 702,
67. preface to Holroyd, W. R. M. "Report on Popular Education in the Punjab ... 1875/76", OIOC V/ 24/932.
68. Director to Sec. to the Government of the Punjab, 22 January 18727, no. 34, OIOC P/136.
69. Offg. Sec. to the Government of the Punjab to Director, 23 March 1878, no. 1231, OIOCP/1148.
70. Holroyd, W. R. M. "Report on Popular Education in the Punjab ... 1869/70", p. 21, OIOC V/ 24/930.
71. Holroyd, W. R. M. "Report on Popular Education in the Punjab ... 1869/70", ii, bkx: 32, OIOC V/24/930j Sir George Clerk to Northbrook, 24 December 1873, Northbrook Correspondence OIOC MSS Eur.C.144, vol. 21, pt. ii: 22.
72. Kempson, M. "Report in the Progress of Education in the North Western Provinces for 1869-70", p. 23, OIOC V/24/911, p. 9;
73. "General Report on Public Instruction in the Lower Provinces of Bengal for 1870/1 with Appendices", p. 68, OIOC V/24/975;
74. "General Report on Public Instruction in Bengal... 1875/6", p. 55, OIOC V/24/977.
75. Monk, F. F. A History of St Stephen's College, Delhi. Calcutta: YMCA Publishing House, 1935: 13, OIOC.
76. Hunter, W. W. Report of the Provincial Committee for the Punjab of the Hunter Education Commission, pt. 1 ch. 1: 1.
77. th April 1848" (Agra, 1849): 2 & 55, OIOC V/24/906.
78. Fuller, A. R. "Report on Popular Education in the Punjab ... 1863/4", pp. 11-13, OIOC V/24/ 929; Director to Sec. to the Government of the Punjab, 15 September 1880, no. 13, OIOC P/1617.
79. "Education Form 4." In Holroyd, W. R. M. "Report on Popular Education in the Punjab ... 1878/79", p. vii, OIOC V/24/933.
80. Montgomery to P. Melville, Sec. to the Board of Administration, 8 November 1850, no. 567, National Archives of India (NAI), New Delhi.
81. "Resolution." Extract of Proceedings of the Government of India (Home, Education Department), 3 February 1882 [no procs. no.], OIOC L/PJ/3/151.
82. Oberoi, H. The Construction of Religious Boundaries. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994: 6-35. The five Ks are kes (unshorn hair), kangha (wooden comb), kirpan (sword), kara (steel bracelet), and kachh (undershorts).
83. Leyveld, D. Aligarh 's First Generation: Muslim Solidarity in British India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978: passim.
84. Basu, A. University Education in India: Past and Present. Calcutta: Book Emporium, 1944:44.
85. Jones, K. Arya Dharm Hindu Consciousness in Nineteenth Century Punjab. Delhi: Manohar, 1989: 40. See also pp. 15, 17-8, 24, 30, 36, 38.
86. The number of Punjabi newspapers monitored in the period was considerable. These included the Koh-i-Nur, Vrita Dhara, Vakil-a-Hindustan, Aftabi Punjab, Nitr-i-Afshan, Safir-i-Hind, Koh-i-Nur, Punjabee Ukhbar, Kaleid Ummed. "Selections from the Vernacular Newspapers Published in the Punjab, NWP, Oudh & Central Provinces (confidential)", "up to April 27, 1878", L/R/5/55: 311, 387, 423, 426, 515, 578; "up to August 19, 1882", L/R/5/55: 516-526.
87. W. W. Hunter to Primrose (Sec. to Ripon), 28 September 1882, AddMSS 43,617, f. 117.
88. "Evidence of Babu Hari Singh, Assistant Inspector of Schools, Lahore Circle." In Hunter, W. W. Report of the Provincial Committee for the Punjab of the Hunter Education Commission, 240;
89. "Evidence of Sodhi Hukum Singh, Extra Assistant Commissioner and Mir Munshi, Punjab." In Hunter, W. W. Report of the Provincial Committee for the Punjab of the Hunter Education Commission, 280.
90. "Answers to the Questions of the Commission by the Anjuman Hamdardi Islamiya." In Hunter, W. W. Report of the Provincial Committee for the Punjab of the Hunter Education Commission, 133. The primary membership of the organization was Muslim teachers both inside and outside the government departments of the Punjab and the NWP;
91. Report of the Provincial Committee for the Punjab of the Hunter Education Commission, ibid., 132.
92. "Evidence of Lai Mulraj M.A." (offg. Extra Assistant Commissioner, Gujrat). In W. W. Hunter, Report of the Provincial Committee for the Punjab of the Hunter Education Commission, 316.
93. "Answer of the Lahore Arya Samaj to the questions suggested by the Educational Commission." In Hunter, W. W. Report of the Provincial Committee for the Punjab of the Hunter Education Commission, 469
94. W. W. Hunter to Primose (Sec. to Ripon), 28 September 1882, 17 April 1884 AddMSS 43,617, ff. 117 & 149.
95. "Appendix to Home Department Proceedings (Education)", August [n.d.], 1889, no. 7, OIOC P/3388.
96. Bagal, J. C. Radha Kanta Dev, 1784-1867. Calcutta: 1957: 47.