Presidents and the congressional war resolutions of 1991 and 2002

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 121, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 93-118

  Hess, Gary R ^a  

^a BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845381962     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/j.1538-165X.2006.tb00566.x     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Louis Fisher, Presidential War Power (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004), 107-127.
2. Edward S. Corwin, The President: Office and Powers, 1787-1957 (New York: New York University Press, 1957), 171.
3. Harold Hongju Koh, "Why The President Almost Always Wins in Foreign Affairs" in The Constitution and the Conduct of American Foreign Policy, David Gray Adler and Larry N. George, eds. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), 158-180.
4. The literature on presidential-congressional relations on war making is extensive; for overviews, see: Fisher, Presidential War Power, Michael J. Glennon, Constitutional Diplomacy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990);
5. Gary M. Stern and Morton H. Halperin, eds., The U.S. Constitution and the Power to Go To War: Historical and Current Perspectives (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1994);
6. Donald L. Westerfield, War Power: The President, the Congress, and the Question of War (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996).
7. On the Formosa and Middle Eastern resolutions, see: William Conrad Gibbons, The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War: Executive and Legislative Roles and Relationships, vol. 1 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 343-349;
8. Philip J. Briggs "Congress and the Middle East: The Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957" in Joann P. Krieg, ed., Dwight D. Eisenhower: Soldier, President, Statesman (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1987), 249-269.
9. Gibbons, The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, vol. 2, 402-407
10. Gibbons, The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, and vol. 4, 213-259, 306-313, 546-592.
11. On the constitutional issues raised by the Vietnam war, see also: John Hart Ely, War and Responsibility: Constitutional Lessons of Vietnam and Its Aftermath (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993);
12. Randall B. Woods, ed., Vietnam and the American Political Tradition (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003);
13. Francis D. Wormuth, The Vietnam War: The President versus the Constitution (Santa Barbara, CA: Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, 1968).
14. Fisher, Presidential War Power, 128-174.
15. George Gallup, Jr. and Frank Newport, "The Persian Gulf Crisis: American Opinion Throughout the Month of August," Gallup Poll Monthly (August 1990): 7-9, 14-19;
16. John Mueller, Policy and Opinion in the Gulf War (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 17-36.
17. George H.W. Bush and Brent Scowcroft, A World Transformed (New York: Knopf, 1998), 371-372.
18. Gary R. Hess, Presidential Decisions for War: Korea, Vietnam, the Persian Gulf (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 153-184.
19. Robert J. Spitzer, "The Conflict Between Congress and the President over War," in Marcia Whicker et al., eds., The Presidency and the Persian Gulf War (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993), 29.
20. Fisher, Presidential War Power, 148-153;
21. David Gray Adler, "Court, Constitution, and Foreign Affairs," in David Gray Adler and Larry N. George, eds., The Constitution and the Conduct of American Foreign Policy (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), 19-56.
22. Carroll J. Doherty, "Congress Faces Grave Choices As Clock Ticks Toward War," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Review (hereafter CQWR) 49 (5 January 1991): 10.
23. Public Papers of the President (hereafter PPP): Bush 1990 (Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991), 1721-1727.
24. Public Papers of the President (hereafter PPP): Bush 1990, Ibid., 1808.
25. Public Papers of the President (hereafter PPP): Bush 1990, Ibid., 1818.
26. PPP: Bush 1991 (1992), 13-14.
27. PPP: Bush 1991, Ibid., 19-20.
28. Joan Biskupic, "Constitutional Questions Remain," CQWR 49 (12 January 1991): 70.
29. George Gallup, Jr. and Frank Newport, "American Opinion on Events in the Persian Gulf," Gallup Poll Monthly (January 1991): 1-3;
30. Doherty, "Congress Faces Grave Choices," 7-10.
31. PPP: Bush 1991, 17-18.
32. Congressional Record 1991, vol. 137, 102d Cong., 1st sess., S.J. Res. 2, 984-1031.
33. P. Fessler, "Members Solemn Over Crucial Choice with Uncertain Outcome," CQWR 49 (12 January 1991): 2-3.
34. Bob Woodward, The Commanders (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 350-351;
35. Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 443-446.
36. Carroll J. Doherty, "Bush Is Given Authorization to Use Force Against Iraq," CQWR 49 (12 January 1991): 65-69;
37. Congress Faces Grave Choices, 10.
38. Doherty, "Bush is Given Authorization to Use Force," 68-69;
39. Rhodes Cook, Ronald D. Elving, and C.A. Staff, "Even Votes of Conscience Follow Party Lines," CQWR 49 (19 January 1991): 190-195.
40. Carroll J. Doherty, "Congress Applauds President From Sidelines of War," CQWR 49 (19 January 1991): 176-179.
41. PPP: Bush 1991, 40.
42. [Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents] 2002 Presidential Documents Online via GPO access, accessed at frwais.access.gpo.gov, 1 March 2004, 135;
43. Elisabeth Bumiller, "Surer Voice, Bigger Vision," New York Times, 30 January 2002;
44. Michael R. Gordon, "Broadening of 'Doctrine,'" New York Times, 30 January 2002;
45. James Mann, The Rise of the Vulcans; The History of Bush's War Cabinet (New York: Viking, 2004), 317-323;
46. Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 87-95;
47. Ivo H. Daalder and James M. Lindsay, America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy (Washington DC: Brookings Institution), 1-61.
48. Woodward, Plan of Attack, 131-133.
49. Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 488-492;
50. Daalder and Lindsay, America Unbound, 129-144.
51. Thom Shanker and Eric Schmitt, "Military Would be Stressed by New War, Study Finds," New York Times, 24 May 2002;
52. James Dao, "Call in Congress for Full Airing of Iraq Policy," New York Times, 18 July 2002;
53. Michael Kinsley, "Who Wants This War," Washington Post, 12 July 2002;
54. Thomas E. Ricks, "Some Top Military Brass Favor Status Quo in Iraq," Washington Post, 28 July 2002.
55. Todd S. Purdun and Patrick E. Tyler, "Top Republicans Break with Bush on Iraq Strategy," New York Times, 16 August 2005;
56. "Pre-Emptive Policy Has Congress Fretting Over Loss of Influence," CQWR 60 (15 June 2002): 1605-1606.
57. Purdun and Tyler, "Top Republicans Break."
58. Mike Allen and Juliet Eilperin, "Bush Aides Say Iraq War Needs No Hill Vote," Washington Post, 26 August 2002;
59. Bob Dole, "The Path to Unity," Washington Post, 1 September 2002;
60. Elisabeth Bumiller and James Dao, "Cheney Says Peril of a Nuclear Iraq Justifies Attack," New York Times, 27 August 2002;
61. Richard A. Oppel, Jr. and Julia Preston, "Administration Seeking to Build Support in Congress on Iraq Issue, New York Times, 30 August 2002;
62. "Bush Hopes to Avoid Battle with Congress over Iraq," CQWR 60 (31 August 2002): 2251-2255;
63. Mann, Rise of the Vulcans, 340-342.
64. Elisabeth Bumiller, "Bush Aides Set Strategy to Sell Policy on Iraq," New York Times, 7 September 2002;
65. Francine Kiefer, "Bush to Lay Out Iraq War Case, " Christian Science Monitor, 9 September 2002;
66. Woodward, Plan of Attack, 167-172.
67. 2002 Presidential Documents Online, 1481-1482.
68. 2002 Presidential Documents Online, Ibid., 1529-1533;
69. Alison Mitchell, "Democrats, Wary of War in Iraq, Also Worry About Battling Bush," New York Times, 14 September 2002;
70. Woodward, Plan of Attack, 180-185.
71. Jim VandeHei, "Iraq Briefings: Don't Ask, Don't Tell," Washington Post, 15 September 2002;
72. Jim VandeHei and Karen DeYoung, "Bush to Seek Broad Power on Iraq," Washington Post, 19 September 2002;
73. Jim VandeHei, "Louder War Talk and Muffled Dissent," Washington Post, 25 September 2002;
74. Carl Hulse, "Focus on Iraq Criticized," New York Times, 10 September 2002.
75. On congressional-executive interaction on the war power during the Clinton presidency, see: Ryan C. Hendrickson, The Clinton Wars: The Constitution, Congress, and War Powers (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2002);
76. Louis Fisher, "The War Power: No Checks, No Balance" in Colton C. Cambell, Nicol C. Rae, and John F. Stack, Jr., eds., Congress and the Politics of Foreign Policy (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2003), 1-21;
77. Louis Fisher, "Clinton's Military Actions: No Rivals in Sight" in James A. Thurber, ed. Rivals for Power: Presidential-Congressional Relations (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002), 229-252;
78. Fisher, Presidential War Power, 175-201.
79. Mitchell, "Democrats, Wary of War in Iraq."
80. On the Democrats' national security problem, see James Traub, "The Tilings They Carry," New York Times Magazine, 4 January 2004.
81. On Bush's movement toward war, see: Fisher, Presidential War Power, 202-230;
82. Karl K. Schonberg, "Global Security and Legal Restraint: Reconsidering War Powers after September 11," Political Science Quarterly 119 (2004): 115-141;
83. Michael Genovese, "George W. Bush and Presidential Leadership: The Un-Hidden Hand Presidency of George W. Bush" in Betty Glad and Chris J. Dolan, eds. Striking First: The Preventive War Doctrine and the Reshaping of U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 141-148.
84. Jim VandeHei, "GOP Nominees Make Iraq a Political Weapon," Washington Post, 18 September 2002.
85. "President Bush Calls on Congress to Act on Nation's Priorities," accessed at 2002 Presidential Documents Online, 1 March 2004, 1604.
86. 2002 Presidential Documents Online, 1547-1554, 1579.
87. Fredrik Logevall, Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 193-218.
88. 2002 Presidential Documents Online, 1573-1574.
89. Dana Milbank, "Persistence on Iraq Pays Off for Bush," Washington Post, 20 September 2002;
90. Todd S. Purdum and Elisabeth Bumiller, "Bush Seeks Power To Use 'All Means' to Oust Hussein," New York Times, 20 September 2002.
91. 2002 Presidential Documents Online, 1579-1580.
92. David E. Sanger, "Bush to Outline Doctrine of Striking First," New York Times, 20 September 2002.
93. Christopher Marquis, "Democrats Play the Loyal Opposition," New York Times, 22 September 2002:
94. Peter Grier and Liz Mariantes, "A Fuller Iraq Debate Rises-But Late," Christian Science Monitor, 23 September 2002;
95. Michael Kelly, "Look Who's Playing Politics," Washington Post, 25 September 2002.
96. Jim VandeHei, "Louder War Talk."
97. "Spinning on Iraq," Washington Post, 26 September 2002.
98. David E. Sanger and Carl Hulse, "Bush Appears to Soften Tone on Iraq Action," New York Times, 2 October 2002;
99. Elisabeth Bumiller and Alison Mitchell, "Bush Strikes Deal for House Backing on Action in Iraq," New York Times, 3 October 2002;
100. Carl Hulse, "Endorsement by Gephardt Helps Propel Resolution," New York Times, 3 October 2002;
101. 2002 Presidential Documents Online, 1661-1662, 1669-1671;
102. Miles A. Pomper, "Senate Democrats in Disarray After Gephardt's Deal on Iraq," CQWR 60 (5 October 2002): 2606-2608.
103. Alison Mitchell, "Lawmakers Begin Push to Give Authority on Iraq," New York Times, 4 October 2002;
104. David E. Rosenbaum, "United Voice Eludes Majority Leader, New York Times, 4 October 2002;
105. Congressional Record, 8 October 2002, S 10063-10067, 10104
106. Congressional Record, and 10 October 2002, H 7779.
107. David E. Sanger, "Bush Sees 'Urgent Duty' to Pre-Empt Attack by Iraq," New York Times, 8 October 2002;
108. Todd S. Purdum, "Taking Case to the Public," New York Times, 8 October 2002;
109. Woodward, Plan of Attack, 201-202.
110. Robert Byrd, "The Rush to War," New York Times, 10 October 2002.
111. See also: Robert C. Byrd, Losing America (New York: Norton, 2004).
112. Congressional Record, vol. 148, 102d Cong., 2d sess., S. J. Res. 46 (8 October 2002): S 10077-10088;
113. H. J. Res. 114 (9 October 2002): S 10191-10194.
114. Congressional Record, vol. 148, 102d Cong., 2d sess., S. J. Res. 46 (8 October 2002): S 10077-10078;
115. H. J. Res. 114 (10 October 2002): H 7751-7769.
116. Congressional Record, vol. 148, 102d Cong., 2d sess., H. J. Res. 114 (10 October 2002): H 7751-7769;
117. S. J. Res. 46 (10 October 2002): S 10250-10264.
118. Congressional Record, vol. 148, 102d Cong., 2d sess., S. J. Res. 46 (8 October 2002): S 10005-10131;
119. Congressional Record, vol. (9 October 2002): S 10164-10195;
120. Congressional Record, vol. (10 October 2002): S 10234-10346;
121. Gebe Martinez, "Concerns Linger for Lawmakers Following Difficult Vote for War, CQWR 60 (12 October 2002): 2671-2674.
122. Alison Mitchell and Carl Hulse, "House, in 296-233 Vote, Backs Bush on Using Force in Iraq," New York Times, 11 October 2002;
123. Martinez, "Concerns Linger for Lawmakers," 2671-2674.
124. 2002 Presidential Documents Online, 1777-1779.
125. 2002 Presidential Documents Online, 1779.