Global security and legal restraint: Reconsidering war powers after September 11

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 119, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 115-142

  Schonberg, Karl K ^a  

^a ST LAWRENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 3142739513     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/20202307     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. James Madison in Gaillard Hunt, ed., The Writing of James Madison, Vol. 6 (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1906), 174.
2. P.L. 107-140; 115 Stat. 224 (2001).
3. For example, see Robert J. Delahunty and John C. Yoo, "The President's Constitutional Authority to Conduct Military Operations against Terrorist Organizations and the Nations that Harbor or Support Them," Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 25 (Spring 2002): 489-490.
4. Robert Turner, "The War on Terrorism and the Modern Relevance of the Congressional Power to 'Declare War,'" Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 25 (Spring 2002): 519.
5. David Abramowitz, "The President, the Congress, and Use of Force: Legal and Political Considerations in Authorizing Use of Force against International Terrorism," Harvard International Law Journal 43 (Winter 2002): 72.
6. Ibid., 74-75.
7. Ibid., 73-75.
8. Congressional Record, 107th Cong., 1st sess., 14 September 2001, 147, H5638; S. J. Res. 23.
9. Congressional Record, 107th Cong., 1st sess., 14 September 2001, 147, H5638; S. J. Res. 23.
10. Congressional Record, 107th Cong., 1st sess., 14 September 2001, 147, H5643.
11. Abramowitz, "The President, the Congress, and Use of Force," 75.
12. Eric Schmitt, "U.S. Combat Force of 1,700 Is Headed to the Philippines," New York Times, 21 February 2003.
13. Richard A. Oppel and Julia Preston, "Administration Seeking to Build Support in Congress on Iraq Issue," New York Times, 20 August 2002.
14. Neil A. Lewis and David E. Sanger, "Bush May Request Congress's Backing on Iraq, Aides Say," New York Times, 29 August 2002.
15. I b i d.
16. Quoted in Mike Allen and Juliet Eilperin, "Bush Aides Say Iraq War Needs No Hill Vote; Some See Such Support as Politically Helpful," Washington Post, 26 August 2002.
17. Douglas Turner, "Congress Backs Bush on Iraq; Sweeping War Powers Bill Passes in Bipartisan Vote," The Buffalo News, 11 October 2002.
18. 116 Stat. 1498 (2002).
19. I b i d.
20. I b i d.
21. Robert C. Byrd, "Congress Must Resist the Rush to War," New York Times, 10 October 2002.
22. "Authorization for War: What the White House Would Like Congress to Say," New York Times, 27 September 2002.
23. Congressional Record, 107th Cong., 2nd sess., 10 October 2002, 148, H7766.
24. Ibid., H7779.
25. Ibid., S10241.
26. Congressional Record, 107th Cong., 2nd sess., 9 October 2002, 148, S10233.
27. Congressional Record, 107th Cong., 2nd sess., 10 October 2002, 148, S10237, S10265.
28. Ibid., H7739, H7751, H7796.
29. Congressional Record, 107th Cong., 2nd sess., 9 October 2002, 148, S10194.
30. I b i d.
31. Ibid., S10176.
32. Ibid., S10147.
33. Congressional Record, 107th Cong., 2nd sess., 10 October 2002, 148, S10290.
34. Ibid., H7739.
35. Congressional Record, 107th Cong., 2nd sess., 8 October 2002, 148, S10074.
36. Congressional Record, 107th Cong., 2nd sess., 10 October 2002, 148, S10276.
37. Byrd, "Congress Must Resist the Rush to War."
38. 18 Op. Off. Legal Counsel 173 (1994).
39. Pub L. No. 103-423 (section) 1,108 Stat. 4358 (1994) (expressing the sense of the Congress).
40. 107 Stat. 1475-77, sec. 8151 (1993); see Lori Fisler Damrosch,"The Clinton Administration and War Powers," Law and Contemporary Problems 63 (Winter/Spring 2000): 125-141.
41. 107 Stat. 1475-77, sec. 8151 (1993); see Lori Fisler Damrosch,"The Clinton Administration and War Powers," Law and Contemporary Problems 63 (Winter/Spring 2000): 125-141.
42. "Letter to Congressional Leaders Reporting on NATO Action in Bosnia, March 1, 1994," Public Papers of the Presidents, William J. Clinton, 1994, I, 355.
43. Damrosch, "The Clinton Administration and War Powers," 126.
44. H.R.J. Res. 302, 141 Cong. Rec. H14849, 13 December 1995.
45. William C. Banks and Jeffrey D. Straussman, "A New Imperial Presidency? Insights from U.S. Involvement in Bosnia," Political Science Quarterly 114 (Summer 1999): 212.
46. Ibid., 209.
47. Congressional Record, 104th Cong., 1st sess., 1, December 1995, S. Hrg. 104-286, 35.
48. Robert Previdi, "War Powers," review of War Powers: The President, the Congress, and the Question of War, by Donald L. Westerfield, Praeger, 1996, Presidential Studies Quarterly 27 (Fall 1997): 844.
49. Pub. L. No. 102-1, 105 Stat. 4 (1991).
50. Louis Fisher, "Military Action Against Iraq," Presidential Studies Quarterly 28 (Fall 1998): 795.
51. Ibid., 796.
52. Congressional Record, 105 Cong., 2nd sess., 24 June 1998, 144, H5217.
53. Fisher, "Military Action Against Iraq," 795.
54. "Letter to Congressional Leaders Reporting on Military Action Against Terrorist Sites in Afghanistan and Sudan; August 21, 1998," Public Papers of the Presidents, William J. Clinton, 1998, II, 1464.
55. Delahunty and Yoo, "The President's Constitutional Authority," 501.
56. Congressional Record, 106th Cong., 1st sess., 28 April 1999, 145, H 2427; see also Eliza Newlin Carney, "At Last, Congress Enters the War Zone," National Journal 31 (1 May 1999): 1174.
57. Congressional Record, 106th Cong., 1st sess., 28 April 1999, 145, H 2427; see also Eliza Newlin Carney, "At Last, Congress Enters the War Zone," National Journal 31 (1 May 1999): 1174.
58. Bob Hohler, "House Votes for a Say on Ground War; A Bid to Pull US Forces from Balkans Loses," Boston Globe, 29 April 1999.
59. Congressional Record, 106th Cong., 1st sess., 28 April 1999, 145, H2376, H2414, H2427.
60. Alison Mitchell, "Deadlocked House Denies Support for Air Campaign," New York Times, 29 April 1999.
61. Guy Gugliotta, "A Balkanized Congress: Lawmakers All over the Map as They Grapple With How They Should Run the War in Kosovo," Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 17 May 1999.
62. 16 Op. Off. Legal Counsel 9 (1993).
63. Edward S. Corwin, The President: Office and Powers (New York: New York University Press, 1957), 171.
64. Harold Hongju Koh, The National Security Constitution: Sharing Power after the Iran-Contra Affair (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 75; author's emphasis.
65. Alexander Hamilton quoted in Benjamin Fletcher Wright, ed., The Federalist (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961), no. 69.
66. Leonard W. Levy, "Foreign Policy and War Powers: The Presidency and the Framers," The American Scholar 66 (Spring 1997): 273.
67. Ibid., 271.
68. Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. 1, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1937), 65.
69. Ibid., 318.
70. I b i d.
71. I b i d.
72. Robert Turner, "The War on Terrorism," 520.
73. Farrand, The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. 2, 320-321.
74. Levy, "Foreign Policy and War Powers," 273.
75. Louis Fisher and David Gray Adler, "The War Powers Resolution: Time to Say Goodbye," Political Science Quarterly 113 (Spring 1998): 5.
76. Levy, "Foreign Policy and War Powers," 273.
77. James Madison in Hunt, The Writings of James Madison, vol. 6, 174.
78. Ibid., 312.
79. David Gray Adler, "Virtues of the War Clause," Presidential Studies Quarterly 30 (Dec. 2000): 779.
80. James Madison in Hunt, The Writings of James Madison, vol. 6, 148.
81. Robert Turner, "The War on Terrorism," 522-523.
82. Thomas Jefferson in Paul L. Ford, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 5, (1895), 161.
83. Delahunty and Yoo, "The President's Constitutional Authority," 494.
84. Levy, "Foreign Policy and War Powers," 273.
85. George Washington, "August 28, 1793 Letter to Governor William Moultrie" in John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of George Washington, vol. 33 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1940), 73.
86. David S. Friedman, "Waging War Against Checks and Balances: The Claim of an Unlimited Presidential War Power," St John's Law Review 57 (Winter 1983): 228.
87. Koh, The National Security Constitution, 90.
88. Ibid., 92.
89. Corwin, The President: Office and Powers, 246.
90. Louis Fisher, Presidential War Power (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995), 92-97, 188-189.
91. Banks and Straussman, "A New Imperial Presidency?" 205.
92. Louis Fisher, "Congressional Checks on Military Initiatives," Political Science Quarterly 109 (Winter 1994-95): 742.
93. Ibid., 743.
94. "Remarks at the Texas State Republican Convention in Dallas, Texas, June 20, 1992," Public Papers of the Presidents, George H. W. Bush, 1992, I, 995.
95. United Nations Participation Act, 59 Stat. 621, sec. 6 (1945).
96. David P. Forsythe and Ryan C. Hendrickson, "U.S. Use of Force Abroad: What Law for the President," Presidential Studies Quarterly 26 (Fall 1996): 55.
97. Banks and Straussman, "A New Imperial Presidency," 204.
98. Louis Fisher, "War Powers: The Need for Collective Judgment" in James Thurber, ed. Divided Democracy (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1991), 210.
99. Fisher and Adler, "The War Powers Resolution."
100. Damrosch, "The Clinton Administration and War Powers."
101. Fisher and Adler, "The War Powers Resolution."
102. Eric Gartzke, "Congress and Back Seat Driving: An Information Theory of the War Powers Resolution," Policy Studies Journal 24 (Summer 1996): 261.
103. Fisher and Adler, "The War Powers Resolution," 2.
104. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Imperial Presidency (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), 434-435.
105. Fisher and Alder, "The War Powers Resolution," 3.
106. Ibid., 13.
107. Ibid., 14.
108. Bas v. Tingy, 4 U.S. 37, 43 (1800).
109. Talbot v. Seeman, 1 Cr. (5 U.S.), 1, 28 (1801).
110. United States v. Smith, 27 Fed. Cases 1192, 1230, C.C. N.Y. (1806).
111. Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579, 654 (1952).
112. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 U.S. 304 (1936).
113. Corwin, The President: Office and Powers, 216.
114. Goldwater v. Carter, 444 U.S. 996 (1979).
115. Crockett v. Reagan, 558 F. Supp. 893 (D.D.C. 1982), aff'd, Crockett v. Reagan, 720, F. 2d 1355 (D.C. Cir. 1983).
116. Conyers v. Reagan, 578 F. Supp 324 (D.D.C. 1984).
117. Sanchez-Espinoza v. Reagan, 568 F. Supp. 596, 600 (D.D.C 1983); Sanchez-Espinoza v. Reagan, 770 F. Supp. 2d 202, 211 (D.C. Cir. 1985).
118. Sanchez-Espinoza v. Reagan, 568 F. Supp. 596, 600 (D.D.C 1983); Sanchez-Espinoza v. Reagan, 770 F. Supp. 2d 202, 211 (D.C. Cir. 1985).
119. Dellums v. Bush, 752 F. Supp. 1141, 1145 (D.C. Cir. 1990).
120. I b i d.
121. Campbell v. Clinton, 52 F. Supp. 2nd 34, 45 (D.D.C. 1999).
122. Geoffrey S. Corn, "Campbell v. Clinton (203 F. Supp. 3d 19 (D.C. Cir. 2000)): The 'Implied Consent' Theory of Presidential War Power Is Again Validated," Military Law Review 161 (September 1999): 207.
123. Fisher, "The War Powers Resolution," 741.
124. Ibid., 743.
125. Ibid., 744.
126. Koh, The National Security Constitution, 180.
127. Jacob J. Javits, "The War Powers Resolution and the Constitution: A Special Introduction" in Demetrios Caraley, ed., The President's War Powers: From the Federalists to Reagan (New York: Academy of Political Science, 1984), 3.
128. Fisher, "The War Powers Resolution," 751.
129. James Madison in Benjamin Fletcher Wright, ed., The Federalist (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961), 356.
130. I b i d.
131. Youngstown Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579, 654 (1952).