Parabens as urinary biomarkers of exposure in humans

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 114, Issue 12, 2006, Pages 1843-1846

  Ye, Xiaoyun ^a   Bishop, Amber M ^a   Reidy, John A ^a   Needham, Larry L ^a   Calafat, Antonia M ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomonitoring; Butylparaben; Conjugate; Ethylparaben; Metabolism; Methylparaben; n propylparaben; p hydroxybenzoic acid esters; Urine

Indexed keywords

4 HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID; 4 HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID ESTER; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BENZYL PARABEN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BUTYL PARABEN; COSMETIC; DRUG PRESERVATIVE; ETHYL PARABEN; FOOD PRESERVATIVE; METHYL PARABEN; PROPYL PARABEN;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BEVERAGE; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG INDUSTRY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ESTROGEN ACTIVITY; FOOD PROCESSING; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; HYDROLYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; URINALYSIS;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMANS; HYDROXYBENZOIC ACIDS; PARABENS; PRESERVATIVES, PHARMACEUTICAL;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 33845334831     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: 15529924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9413     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Bando H, Mohri S, Yamashita F, Takakura Y, Hashida M. 1997. Effects of skin metabolism on percutaneous penetration of lipophilic drugs. J Pharm Sci 86:759-761.
2. Bergfeld WE, Belsito DV, Marks JG, Andersen FA. 2005. Safety of ingredients used in cosmetics. J Am Acad Dermatol 52:125-132.
3. Byford JR, Shaw LE, Drew MGB, Pope GS, Sauer MJ, Darbre PD. 2002. Oestrogenic activity of parabons in MCF7 human breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem 80:49-60.
4. Cashman AL, Warshaw EM. 2005. Parabens: A review of epidemiology, structure, allergenicity, and hormonal properties. Dermatitis 16:57-66.
5. Darbre PD. 2001. Underarm cosmetics are a cause of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 10:389-393.
6. Darbre PD. 2004. Underarm cosmetics and breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 13:153.
7. Darbre PD. 2006. Environmental oestrogens, cosmetics and breast cancer. Best Practice Res Clin Endocrinol Metabol 20:121-143.
8. Darbre PD, Aljarrah A, Miller WR, Coldham NG, Sauer MJ, Pope GS. 2004. Concentrations of parabens in human breast tumours. J Appl Toxicol 24:5-13.
9. Darbre PD, Byford JR, Shaw LE, Hall S, Coldham NG, Pope GS, et al. 2003. Oestrogenic activity of benzylparaben. J Appl Toxicol 23:43-51.
10. Darbre PD, Byford JR, Shaw LE, Horton RA, Pope GS, Sauer MJ. 2002. Oestrogenic activity of isobutylparaben in vitro and in vivo. J Appl Toxicol 22:219-226.
11. Daston GP. 2005. Reply: Comment on developmental toxicity evaluation of butylparaben in Sprague-Dawley rats [Letter]. Birth Defects Res Part B-Develop Reprod Toxicol 74:116-117.
12. de Wildt SN, Kearns GL, Leeder JS, van den Anker JN. 1999. Glucuronidation in humans - pharmacogenetic and developmental aspects. Clin Pharm 36:439-452.
13. Elder RL. 1984. Final report on the safety assessment of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben and butylparaben. J Am Coll Toxicol 3:147-209.
14. Golden R, Gandy J, Vollmer G. 2005. A review of the endocrine activity of parabens and implications for potential risks to human health. Crit Rev Toxicol 35:435-458.
15. Harvey PW. 2003. Parabens, oestrogenicity, underarm cosmetics and breast cancer: A perspective on a hypothesis. J Appl Toxicol 23:285-288.
16. Harvey PW. 2004. Discussion of concentrations of parabens in human breast tumours. J Appl Toxicol 24:307-310
17. Harvey PW. 2005. Comment on developmental toxicity evaluation of butylparaben in Sprague-Dawley rats [Letter]. Birth Defects Res Part B-Develop Reprod Toxicol 74:114-115.
18. Harvey PW, Darbre P. 2004. Endocrine disrupters and human health: Could oestrogenic chemicals in body care cosmetics adversely affect breast cancer incidence in women? A review of evidence and call for further research. J Appl Toxicol 24:167-176.
19. Harvey PW, Everett DJ. 2004. Significance of the detection of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens) in human breast tumours. J Appl Toxicol 24:1-4.
20. Hindmarsh KW, John E, Asali LA, French JN, Williams GL, Mcbride WG. 1983. Urinary-excretion of methylparaben and its metabolites in preterm infants. J Pharm Sci 72:1039-1041.
21. Hornung RW, Reed LD. 1990. Estimation of average concentration in the presence of nondetectable values. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 5:46-51.
22. Jackson EM. 1992. Moisturizers of today. J Toxicol-Cutan Ocul Toxicol 11:173-184.
23. Kiwada H, Awazu S, Hanano M. 1979 Study on the biological fate of paraben at the dose of practical usage in rat.1. Metabolism and excretion of ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate (ethyl paraben) and para-hydroxybenzoic acid. J Pharmacobio-Dynam 2:356-364.
24. Kiwada H, Awazu S, Hanano M. 1980. Study on the biological fate of paraben at the dose of practical usage in rat. 2. The pharmacokinetic study on the blood-concentration after the administration of ethyl paraben or para-hydroxybenzoic acid. J Pharmacobio-Dynam 3:353-363
25. Lobemeier C, Tschoetschel C, Westie S, Heymann E. 1996. Hydrolysis of parabenes by extracts from differing layers of human skin. Biol Chem 377:647-651.
26. Makino T. 2003. Female reproductive tract and mammary disorders caused by endocrine disruptor. Jpn Med Assoc J 46:93-96.
27. Miller D, Wheals BB, Beresford N, Sumpter JP. 2001. Estrogenic activity of phenolic additives determined by an in vitro yeast bioassay. Environ Health Perspect 109:133-138.
28. National Toxicology Program. 2004. Butylparaben [CAS No. 94-26-8]. Final Review of Toxicological Literature. Research Triangle Park, NC:National Toxicology Program.
29. Nishihara T, Nishikawa J, Kanayama T, Dakeyama F, Saito K, Imagawa M, et al. 2000. Estrogenic activities of 517 chemicals by yeast two-hybrid assay. J Health Sci 46:282-298.
30. Oishi S. 2001. Effects of butylparaben on the male reproductive system in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 17:31-39.
31. Oishi S. 2002a. Effects of butyl paraben on the male reproductive system in mice. Arch Toxicol 76:423-429.
32. Oishi S. 2002b. Effects of propyl paraben on the male reproductive system. Food Chem Toxicol 40:1807-1813.
33. Oishi S. 2004. Lack of spermatotoxic effects of methyl and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 42:1845-1849.
34. Okubo T, Yokoyama Y, Kano K, Kano I. 2001. ER-dependent estrogenic activity of parabens assessed by proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and expression of ER alpha and PR. Food Chem Toxicol 39:1225-1232.
35. Orth DS. 1980. Use of parabens as cosmetic preservatives. Int J Dermatol 19:504-505.
36. Pedersen KL, Pedersen SN, Christiansen LB, Korsgaard B, Bjerregaard P. 2000. The preservatives ethyl-, propyl- and butylparaben are oestrogenic in an in vivo fish assay. Pharmacol Toxicol 86:110-113.
37. Routledge EJ, Parker J, Odum J, Ashby J, Sumpter JP. 1998. Some alkyl hydroxy benzoate preservatives (parabens) are estrogenic. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 153:12-19.
38. Sabalitschka T. 1954. Behavior of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in human body. Arzneimittel-Forsch 4:575-579.
39. Silva MJ, Reidy A, Preau JL, Samandar E, Needham LL, Calafat AM. 2006. Measurement of eight urinary metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate as biomarkers for human exposure assessment. Biomarkers 11:1-13.
40. Somi MG, Carabin IG, Burdock GA. 2005. Safety assessment of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens). Food Chem Toxicol 43:985-1015.
41. Taylor JK. 1987. Duality Assurance of Chemical Measurements. Chelsea, MI:LEwis Publishers.
42. Tsukamoto H, Terade S. 1960. Metabolism of drugs. XXIII. Metabolic fate of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and its derivatives in rabbits. Chem Pham Bull (Tokyo) 8:1066-1070.
43. Tsukamoto H, Terade S. 1962. Metabolism of drugs. XXVI. Metabolic fate of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and its derivatives in rabbits. Chem Pham Bull 10:86-90.
44. Tsukamoto H, Terade S. 1964. Metabolism of drugs. XLVII. Metabolic fate of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and its derivatives in rabbits. Chem Pham Bull 12:765-769.
45. van den Berg M, Sanderson T, Kurihara N, Katayama A. 2003. Role of metabolism in the endocrine-disrupting effects of chemicals in aquatic and terrestrial systems. Pure Appl Chem 75:1917-1932.
46. Vinggaard AM, Korner W, Lund KH, Bolz U, Petersen JH. 2000. Identification and quantification of estrogenic compounds in recycled and virgin paper for household use as determined by an in vitro yeast estrogen screen and chemical analysis. Chem Res Toxicol 13:1214-1222.
47. Wang LQ, James MO. 2006. Inhibition of sulfotransferases by xenobiotics. Curr Drug Metab 7:83-104.
48. Weber RW. 1993. Food-additives and allergy. Ann Allergy 70:183-190.
49. Ye X, Kuklenyik Z, Bishop AM, Needham LL, Calafat AM. 2006. Quantification of the urinary concentrations of parabens in humans by on-line solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B; doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.06.037 [Online 7 August 2006].
50. Ye X, Kuklenyik Z, Needham LL, Calafat AM. 2005a. Automated on-line column-switching HPLC-MS/MS method with peak focusing for the determination of nine environmental phenols in urine. Anal Chem 77:5407-5413.
51. Ye X, Kuklenyik Z, Needham LL, Calafat AM. 2005b. Quantification of urinary conjugates of bisphenol A, 2,5-dichlorophenol, and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone in humans by online solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 383:638-644.