Analytical methods for PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in environmental monitoring and surveillance: A critical appraisal

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

Volumn 386, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 769-789

  Muir, Derek ^a   Sverko, Ed ^a  

^a ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Analysis; Extraction; GC ECD; GC MS; Organochlorines; PCBs; Pesticides; POPs; Review; Sample preparation and QA QC

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING; EXTRACTION; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; SAMPLING;

BIOANALYTICAL METHODS; ORGANOCHLORINES; SAMPLE PREPARATION;

PESTICIDES;

EID: 33845306120     PISSN: 16182642     EISSN: 16182650     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0765-y     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. UNEP (2001) Final act of the conference of plenipotentiaries on the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants. United Nations Environment Programme, Geneva, Switzerland, p 44
2. Tanabe S, Subramanian A (2005) Bioindicators suitable for POPs monitoring in developing countries. Kyoto University Press, Kyoto, Japan
3. Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) (1994) Integrated atmospheric deposition network, quality assurance program, plan. US Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, IL, p 143
4. RAIPON/AMAP/GEF Project (2001) Persistent toxic substances (PTS), Food security and indigenous peoples of the Russian north. In: Kimstach V (ed) Arctic monitoring and assessment program. Olso, Norway
5. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) (2000) AMAP trends and effects programme, section B, trend monitoring programme, Table B2. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo, Norway
6. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) (2003) Proceedings of the UNEP workshop to develop a global POPs monitoring programme to support the effectiveness evaluation of the Stockholm convention, 24-27 March 2003. UNEP Chemicals, Geneva, Switzerland, p 260
7. QUASIMEME (Quality Assurance of Information for Marine Environmental Monitoring in Europe) (2002) Laboratory performance studies. Round 30 exercise protocols FRS marine laboratory, Aberdeen, UK, p 24
8. de Boer J, Oehme M, Smith K, Wells DE (2000) Chemosphere 41:493-497
9. Dearth MA, Hites RA (1991) Environ Sci Technol 25:245-254
10. Muir DCG, Norstrom RJ, Simon. M (1988) Environ Sci Technol 22:1071-1079
11. Muir DC, Jones PD, Karlsson H, Koczansky K, Stern GA, Kannan K, Ludwig JP, Reid H, Robertson. CJ, Giesy JP (2002) Environ Toxicol Chem 21:413-423
12. Li YF, Macdonald RW (2005) Sci Total. Environ 342:87-106
13. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) (2004) Technical review report on Lindane. Reports on substances scheduled for re-assessments under the UNECE POPs protocol. UNECE, Geneva, Switzerland, p 38
14. Reiner EJ, Clement RE, Okey AB, Marvin CH (2006) Anal Bioanal Chem DOI 10.1007/s00216-006-0479-1
15. Wells DE, Maier EA, Griepink B (1992) Int J Environ Anal Chem 46:255-264
16. Wells DE, de Boer J (1994) Mar Poll Bull 29:174-184
17. Swackhamer DL (1988) Quality assurance plan: green bay mass balance study, I. PCBs and Dieldrin. US EPA Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, IL
18. Frame GM (1999) J High Res Chromatogr 22:533-540
19. Sather PJ, Newman JW, Ikonomou MG (2003) Environ Sci Technol 24:5678-5686
20. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (1998) Sampling and analytical methods of the national status and trend program, Mussel watch projects: 1993-1996 update. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD
21. US FDA (1999) Pesticide analytical manual volume I (PAM) (1.994, updated October 1999), 3rd. edn. US Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC
22. International Council for Exploration of the Sea (ICES) (2003) Guidelines for monitoring programmes. ICES, Copenhagen, Denmark
23. Oslo-Paris Commission (OSPAR) (2000) JAMP guidelines for monitoring contaminants in sediments. OSPAR Secretariat, London, UK
24. Keith LH (1996) Compilation of EPA's sampling and analysis methods, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
25. Wells DE, Hess P (2000) Separation, clean-up and recoveries of persistant trace organic contaminants from soils, sediment and biological matrices. In: Barceló E (ed) Sample handling and trace analysis of pollutants, techniques, applications and quality assurance. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 73-116
26. Wells DE, Hess P (2000) Determination, and evaluation of chlorinated biphenyls. In: Barceló E (ed) Sample handling and trace analysis of pollutants, techniques, applications and quality assurance. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 239-285
27. de Boer J, Law RJ (2003) J Chromatogr A 1000:223-251
28. US EPA (1997) Performance-based measurement system. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, pp 52098-52100
29. Ferrario J, Byrne C, Dupuy AEJ (1997) Chemosphere 34: 2451-2465
30. Kohler M, Tremp J, Zennegg M, Seiler C, Minder-.Kohler S, Beck M, Lienemann P, Wegmann L, Schmid P (2005) Environ Sci Technol 39:1.967-1973
31. Azcue JM, Mudroch A (1995) Manual of aquatic sediment sampling. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
32. Fellin P, Barrie LA, Dougherty D, Toom D, Muir D, Grift N, Lockhart L, Billeck B (1996) Environ Toxicol Chem 15:253-261.
33. Wells DE (1994) Trends Anal Chem 13:339-343
34. US Environmental Protection Agency (1.995) Method 508.1, Rev 2.0. methods for the determination of organic compounds in drinking water-supplement III (EPA/600/R-95-131). US EPA, Washington, DC
35. US Environmental Protection Agency (1999) Method 1668, revision A. Chlorinated biphenyl congeners in water, soil, sediment and tissue by HRGC/HR.MS. US EPA, Office of Water, Washington, DC
36. Zuagg SD, Sandstrom MW, Smith SG, Fehlberg KM. (1.995) Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological. Survey national water quality laboratory - determination of pesticides in water by C-18 solid - phase extraction, and capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring. US Geological Survey, Denver, CO
37. Achman DR, Hornbuckle KC, Eisenreich SJ (1993) Environ Sci Technol 27:75-87
38. Leister DL, Baker JE (1994) Atmos Environ 28:1499-1520
39. Sun R Backus S, Blanchard P, Hites RA (2006) Environ Sci Technol 40:2135-2141.
40. Neilson MA, Stevens RJJ, Biberhofer J, Goulden PD, Anthony DHJ (1988) A Large-sample extractor for determining organic contaminants in the great lakes. Technical Bulletin No. 157. Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
41. Petrick G, Schultz-Bull DE, Martens V, Scholz K, Duinker JC (1996) Mar Chem 54:97-105
42. Sobek A, Gustafsson Ö (2004) Environ Sci Technol 38: 2751-2846
43. Lu YB, Wang ZJ, Huckins J (2002) Aquat Toxicol 60:139-153
44. Shen L, Wania F, Lei YD, Teixeira C, Muir DC, Bidleman TF (2004) Environ Sci Technol. 38:965-975
45. Huckins JN, Petty JD, Lebo JA, Almeida FV, Booij K, Alvarez DA, Cranor LW, Clark RC, Mogensen BB (2002) Environ Sci Technol 36:85-91
46. Ockenden WA, Corrigan BP, Howsam M, Jones KC (2001) Environ Sci Technol 35:4536-4543
47. Shoeib M, Harner T (2002) Environ Sci Technol 36:4142-4151
48. Wania F, Shen L, Lei YD, Teixeira C, Muir DCG (2003) Environ Sci Technol 37:1352-1359
49. Meijer SN, Ockenden WA, Steinnes E, Corrigan BP, Jones KC (2003) Environ Sci Technol 37:454-461.
50. Kiriluk RM, Hyatt WH, Keir MJ, Whittle DM (1996) Fluctuations in levels of total PCB, organochlorine residues, lipid, and moisture in whole lake trout homogenate samples during four years of frozen storage. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON, p 32
51. Norstrom RJ, Won HT (1985) J Assoc Offic Anal Chem. 68:129-135
52. de Boer J, Smedes F (1997) Mar Poll Bull 35:93-108
53. Wells DE, Chiffoleau J-F, Klungsoyr J (1997) Mar Poll Bull 35:109-124
54. Söderström M, Nylund K, Jamberg U, Alsberg T, Asplund L (2005) Chemosphere 58:355-366
55. Gevao B (2000) PhD thesis. Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
56. Karl H (2000) Inf Fischwirtsch Fischereiforsch 1:52-57
57. Wallace JC, Brzuzy LP, Simonich. SL, Visscher SM, Hites RA (1996) Environ Sci Technol 30:2730-2734
58. Koester CJ, Simonich SL, Esser BK (2003) Anal. Chem 75:2813-2829
59. Björklund E, Nilsson T, Bewadt S (2000) Trends Anal Chem 19:434-445
60. Schantz MM (2006) Anal Bioanal Chem DOI 10.1007/s00216-006-0648-2
61. US Environmental Protection Agency (1995) EPA Method 3545, pressurised fluid extraction, test methods for evaluating solid waste, 3rd edn. Update. III, EPA SW-846. US EPA, Washington, DC
62. Lopez-Avila V, Young R, Beckert WF (1994) Anal Chem 66:1097-1106
63. de Boer J (1.988) Chemosphere 17:1803-1810
64. Lopez-Avila V (1.999) Crit Rev Anal Chem 29:195-230
65. US Environmental Protection. Agency (2000) SW-846, test methods for evaluating solid waste, 3rd edn. Update IVB. Chapter 4, organic analytes. US EPA, Washington, DC
66. Specht W, Pelz S, Gilsbach W (1995) Fresen J Anal Chem 353:183-190
67. Ribick MA, Dubay GR, Petty JD, Stalling DL, Schmitt CJ (1.982) Environ Sci Technol 16:310-318
68. Guerin TF (1999) J Environ Monitor 1:63-67
69. Lou X, Janssen H-G, Cramers CA (1997) Anal Chem 69: 1598-1603
70. Ramos L, Kristenson EM, Brinkman UAT (2002) J Chromatogr A 975:3-29
71. Bjerregaard P, Dewailly E, Ayotte P, Pars T, Ferron L, Mulvad G (2001) J Toxicol Environ Health A 62:69-81
72. Ayotte P, Dewailly É, Ryan JJ, Bruneau S, Lebel G (1997) Chemosphere 34:1459-1.468
73. Sandau CD, Sjodin A, Davis MD, Barr JR, Maggio VL, Waterman AL, Preston KE, Preau JLJ, Barr DB, Needham LL, Patterson DGJ (2003) Anal Chem 75:71-77
74. Needham LL, Ryan JJ, Fürst P (2002) J Toxicol Environ Health A65:1893-1908
75. Burke ER, Holden AJ, Shaw IC (2003) Chemosphere 50:529-535
76. AOAC International (2003) Official methods of analysis of AOAC International, 17th edition current through 2nd revision, vol. 1, Agricultural chemicals, contaminants, drugs. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD
77. Focant J-F, Pirard C, Massart A-C, De Pauw E (2003) Chemosphere 52:725-733
78. Usenko S, Hageman KJ, Schmedding DW, Wilson GR, Simonich SL (2005) Environ Sci Technol 39:6006-6015
79. Sauret-Szczepanski N, Mirabel P, Wortham H (2006) Environ Poll 139:133-142
80. Zhang Z, Yang MJ, Pawliszyn J (1994) Anal Chem 66:844-853
81. Baily SK, Wells DE, de Boer J, Delbeke K (1994) The measurement of lipids as a co-factor for organic contaminants in biota. FRS Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK
82. Bligh EG, Dyer WJ (1959) Can J Biochem Physiol. 37:911-917
83. Lee CM, Trevino B, Chaiyawat M (1996) J Assoc Offic Anal Chem Int 79:487-492
84. Smedes F (1999) Analyst 124:1.711-1718
85. Frings CS, Fendley TW, Dunn RT, Queen CA (1972) Clin Chem 18:673-674
86. International Organization for Standardization (2002) Soil quality, determination of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. Gas-chromatographic method with electron capture detection. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland, p 22
87. Tanabe S, Kannan N, Wakimoto T, Tatsukawa R (1987) Int J Environ Anal Chem 29:199-213
88. US Environmental. Protection Agency (1995) Method 525.2, Rev 2.0. Methods for the determination of organic compounds in drinking water-supplement iii (EPA/600/R-95-1.31). US EPA, Washington, DC
89. van der Valk F, Wester PG (1991.) Chemosphere 22:57-66
90. Chan HM, Zhu J, Yeoboa F (1998) Chemosphere 36:2135-2148
91. Rimkus GG, Rummler M, Nausch I (1996) J Chromatogr 737:9-14
92. Jansson. B, Wideqvist U (1983) Int J Environ Anal Chem 13:309-321
93. Jansson B, Andersson R, Asplund L, Litzen K, Nylund K, Seilstrom U, Uvemo U-B, Wahlberg C, Wideqvist U (1993) Environ Toxicol. Chem 12:1163-1174
94. Giesy JP, Hilscherova K, Jones PD, Kannan K, Machala M (2002) Mar Pollut Bull 45:3-16
95. Jensen S, Renberg L, Reutergardh L (1977) Anal Chem 49:31.6-318
96. Environment Canada (1997) Manual for analytical methods, vol 3. National Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Burlington, ON, Canada
97. Cochran JW, Frame GM. (1999) J Chromatogr A 843:323-368
98. Tuinstra LGMT, Roos AH, Griepink B, Wells DE (1985) J High Res Chromatogr 8:475-480
99. Lang V (1992) J Chromatogr 595:1-43
100. Mullins MD, Pochini CM, McCrindle S, Romkes M, Safe SH, Safe LM (1984) Environ Sci Technol 18:468-476
101. Frame GM (1997) Anal Chem 69:468A-475A
102. Alaee M, Backus S, Cannon C (2001) J Sep Sci 24:465-469
103. Vetter W, Schurig V (1997) J Chromatogr A 774:143-175
104. Schurig V (2002) Trends Anal Chem 21:647-661
105. Jantunen LMM, Bidleman TF, Harner T, Parkhurst WJ (2000) Environ Sci Technol 34:5097-5105
106. Leone AD, Amato S, Falconer RL (2001) Environ Sci Technol 35:4592-4596
107. Wong CS, Mabury SA, Whittle DM, Backus SM, Teixeira C, DeVault DS, Bronte CR, Muir DCG (2004) Environ Sci Technol 38:84-92
108. Klee MS, Williams MB, Chang I (1999) J High Res Chromatogr 22:24-28
109. Richardson SD (200.1) Chem Rev 101:21.1-254
110. Leonards PEG, Brinkman UAT, Cofino WP (1996) Chemosphere 32:2381-2387
111. Carlson DL, Hites RA (2005) Environ Sci Technol. 39:7389-7395
112. Chu S, Hong CS, Rattner BA, McGowan PC (2003) Anal Chem 75:1058-1066
113. Behnisch PA, Hosoea K, Sakai S (2001) Environ Int 27:413-439
114. Sherry J (1997) Chemosphere 34:1011-1025
115. 11.5. Meulenberg EP, Mulder WH, Stoks PG (1995) Environ Sci Technol 29:554-560
116. Beasley HL, Pasha A, Guihot SL, Skerritt JH (2000) Food Agric Immunol 12:203-215
117. Beasley HL, Phongkham T, Daunt MH, Guihot SL, Skerritt JH (1.998) J Agric Food Chem. 46:3339-3352
118. Shivaramaiah HM, Odeh IOA, Kennedy IR, Skerritt JH (2002) J Agrie Food Chem 50:5360-5367
119. Galloway TS, Sanger RC, Smith KL, Fillmann G, Readman JW, Ford TE, Dep ledge MH (2002) Environ Sci Technol 36:2219-2226
120. Skerritt JH, Hill AS, Sashidhar Rao RB, Beasley HL, Rani BEA, Udaya Kumari CG, Vijayashankar YN, Venugopal NBRK, Karanth NGK (2003) Food Agrie Immunol 15:17-34
121. de Boer J (2003) Quality assurance/quality control and data treatment. Discussion paper No.4 for UNEP POP Workshop. In: Proceedings of the UNEP workshop to develop a global POPs monitoring programme to support the effectiveness evaluation of the Stockholm convention, UNEP Chemicals, Geneva, Switzerland
122. Gomez-Taylor M, Kahn HD, Telliard WA, Ditthavong K, Kopylev L, McCarty H, Riddick L, Miller K, Cuddeback J, Rushneck D, Dedah S, Stralka K (2003) Technical support document for the assessment of detection and quantitation approaches. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, p 124
123. Currie LA (1995) Pure Appl Chem 67:1699-1722
124. MacDougall D, Crummett WB et al. (1980) Anal Chem 52:2242-2249
125. Keith LH, Crummett W, Deegan J, Libby RA, Taylor JK, Wentler G (1983) Anal Chem. 55:2210-2218
126. Keith LH (1991) Environmental sampling and analysis: a practical guide. Lewis, Boca Raton, FL
127. Liem AKD (1999) Trends Anal Chem 18:429-439
128. de Boer J, McGovern E (2001) Trends Anal Chem 20:1.40-159
129. Poster DL, Schantz MM, Kucklick JR, de Alda MJL, Porter BJ, Pugh R, Wise SA (2004) Anal Bioanal Chem 378:1213-1231
130. Wise SA, Poster DL, Schantz MM, Kucklick JR, Sander LC, de Alda ML, Schubert P, Parris RM, Porter BJ (2004) Anal Bioanal Chem 378:1251-1264
131. Kucklick JR, Tuerk KJS, Vander Pol SS, Schantz MM, Wise SA (2004) Anal Bioanal Chem 378:1147-1151.
132. Thompson M, Ellison SLR, Wood R (2002) Pure Appl Chem 74:835-856
133. Weigert P, Gilbert J, Patey AL, Key PE, Wood R, Baryiko-Pikielna N (1997) Food Addit Contam 14:399-410
134. Weber J-P (2001.) Report on the AMAP ringtest, round 2. Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Foy, Canada
135. Nicholson. MD (1989) Mar Pollut Bull 20:33-40
136. EC (2002) Commission decision implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results. Doc. 2002/657/EC. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium
137. Koester CJ, Moulik A (2005) Anal Chem 77:3737-3754
138. Clement RE, Yang PW, Koester CJ (2001) Anal Chem 73: 2761-2790
139. Björklund. E, Mülla A, von Holst C (2001) Anal Chem 73:4050-4053
140. Frysinger GS, Gaines RB, Reddy CM (2002) Environ. Forens 3:27-34
141. Korytar R Leonards PEG, de Boer J, Brinkman UAT (2002) J Chromatogr A 958:203-218
142. Covaci A, Schepens P (2001) J Chromatogr A 923:287-293
143. Mackay D, Shui WY, Ma KC, Lee SC (2006) Physical-chemical properties and environmental handbook, 2nd edn (CD ROM version). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p 5664
144. Fisk AT, Cymbalisry CD, Tomy GT, Stern GA, Muir DCG (1.999) Chemosphere 39:2549-2562
145. de Wit CA, Fisk AT, Hobbs KE, Muir DCG, Gabrielsen GW, Kallenborn R, Krahn MM, Norstrom RJ, Skaare JU (2004) AMAP assessment 2002: persistent organic pollutants in the Arctic. AMAP, Oslo, Norway
146. US Food and Drug Administration (2001) Fish and fisheries products hazards and controls guidance, 3rd. edn. US FDA, Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, Washington, DC
147. IJC (1986) Great lakes water quality agreement. Annex 1 -objectives for protection of aquatic life and wildlife. International Joint Commission, Windsor, ON Canada
148. Environment Canada (2002) Canadian tissue residue guidelines for the protection of wildlife consumers of aquatic biota. Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
149. US Environmental Protection Agency (1995) Great lakes water quality initiative criteria documents for the protection of wildlife, E.PA-820-B-95-008. US EPA, Office of Science and Technology, Washington, DC
150. OME (1993) Guidelines for the protection and management of aquatic sediment quality in Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Environment, Toronto, ON, Canada, p 27
151. Long ER, Macdonald DD, Smith SL, Calder FD (1995) Environ Manag 19:81-97
152. Van den Berg M, Birnbaum L, Bosveld BTC, Brunström B, Cook P, Feeley M, Giesy J, Hanberg A, Hasegawa R, Kennedy SW, Kubiak T, Larsen JC, van Leeuwen FXR, Liem AKD, Nolt C, Peterson RE, Poellinger L, Safe S, Schrenk D, Tillitt D, Tysklind M, Younes M, Wsem F, Zacharewski R (1998) Environ Health Perspect 106:775-792