Perceiving outgroup members as unresponsive: Implications for approach-related emotions, intentions, and behavior

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 91, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 1066-1079

  Butz, David A ^a   Plant, E Ashby ^a  

^a FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anger; Approach related intentions; Expectations; Intergroup emotions; Interracial interactions; Outgroup members

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANGER; ARTICLE; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; BEHAVIOR; CAUCASIAN; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEARNING; MALE; NEGRO; PERCEPTION; PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL DISTANCE; SOCIAL PROBLEM; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; ANGER; AVOIDANCE LEARNING; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEEDBACK, PSYCHOLOGICAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTENTION; MALE; PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY; PREJUDICE; RACE RELATIONS; SET (PSYCHOLOGY); SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL DISTANCE; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; STEREOTYPING;

EID: 33845269819     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.1066     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
2. Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122-147.
3. Bandura, A., Adams, N. E., Hardy, A. B., & Howells, G. N. (1980). Tests of the generality of self-efficacy theory. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 4, 39-66.
4. Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103, 5-33.
5. Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 135-149.
6. Britt, T. W., Boniecki, K. A., Vescio, T. K., Biernat, M., & Brown, L. M. (1996). Intergroup anxiety: A person X situation approach. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1177-1188.
7. Cottrell, C. A., & Neuberg, S. L. (2005). Different emotional reactions to different groups: A sociofunctional threat-based approach to "prejudice." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 770-789.
8. Darley, J. M., Fleming, J. H., Hilton, J. L., & Swann, W. B. (1988). Dispelling negative expectancies: The impact of interaction goals and target characteristics on the expectancy confirmation process. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 19-36.
9. Devine, P. G., Evett, S. R., & Vasquez-Suson, K. A. (1996). Exploring the interpersonal dynamics of interracial context. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: The interpersonal context (Vol. 3, pp. 423-464). New York: Guilford.
10. Frey, D., & Gaertner, S. L. (1986). Helping and the avoidance of inappropriate interracial behavior: A strategy which perpetuates a non-prejudiced self-image. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1083-1090.
11. Frey, F. H., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). Being seen as individuals versus as group members: Extending research on metaperception to intergroup contexts. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 265-280.
12. Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & ter Schure, E. (1989). Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 57, 212-228.
13. Gudykunst, W. B. (1993). Toward a theory of effective interpersonal and intergroup communication: An anxiety/uncertainty management perspective. In R. L. Wiseman & J. Koester (Eds.), Intercultural communication theory (pp. 8-58). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
14. Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Perceiving persons and groups. Psychological Review, 103, 336-355.
15. Harmon-Jones, E. (2003). Anger and the behavioral approach system. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 995-1005.
16. Hilton, J. L., & Darley, J. M. (1985). Constructing other persons: A limit on the effect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 1-18.
17. Hyers, L. L., & Swim, J. K. (1998). A comparison of the experiences of dominant and minority group members during an intergroup encounter. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 1(2), 143-163.
18. Kent, M. M., & Mather, M. (2002, December). What drives the U.S. population growth? Population Bulletin, 57(4), 1-44.
19. Krueger, J. (1996). Personal beliefs and cultural stereotypes about racial characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 536-548.
20. Leary, M. R., & Atherton, S. C. (1986). Self-efficacy, social anxiety, and inhibition in interpersonal encounters. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4, 256-267.
21. Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 602-616.
22. Maddux, J. E., Norton, L. W., & Leary, M. R. (1988). Cognitive components of social anxiety: An investigation of the integration of self-presentation theory and self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6, 180-190.
23. Mendoza-Denton, R., Downey, G., Purdie, V. J., Davis, A., & Pietrzak, J. (2002). Sensitivity to status-based rejection: Implications for African American students' college experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 896-918.
24. Miller, D. T., & Turnbull, W. (1986). Expectancies and interpersonal processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 37, 233-256.
25. Monteith, M. J., & Spicer, C. V. (2000). Contents and correlates of Whites' and Blacks' racial attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 125-154.
26. Plant, E. A. (2004). Responses to interracial interactions over time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1458-1471.
27. Plant, E. A., & Butz, D. A. (2006). The causes and consequences of an avoidance-focus for interracial interactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 833-846.
28. Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (2003). The antecedents and implications of interracial anxiety. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 790-801.
29. Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization and model. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 641-669.
30. Shelton, J. N. (2003). Interpersonal concerns in social encounters between majority and minority group members. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, 171-185.
31. Shelton, J. N., & Richeson, J. A. (2005). Intergroup contact and pluralistic ignorance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 91-107.
32. Smith, E. R. (1993). Social identity and social emotions: Toward new conceptualizations of prejudice. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (pp. 297-315). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
33. Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 157-175.
34. Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1989). Antecedents of intergroup anxiety in Asian-Americans and Hispanic-Americans. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13, 203-219.
35. Tropp, L. R., & Pettigrew, T. F. (2005). Differential relationships between intergroup contact and affective and cognitive dimensions of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1145-1158.
36. Twenge, J., M., Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Stucke, T. S. (2001). If you can't join them, beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 81, 1058-1069.
37. Vorauer, J. D., & Kumhyr, S. M. (2001). Is this about you or me? Self-versus other-directed judgments and feelings in response to cross-group interaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 706-719.
38. Vorauer, J. D., Main, K. J., & O'Connell, G. B. (1998). How do individuals expect to be viewed by members of low status groups? Content and implications of meta-stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 917-937.