Guidelines: The management of basal cell carcinoma

European Journal of Dermatology

Volumn 16, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 467-475

  Sterry, Wolfram ^a  

^a HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CISPLATIN; DOXORUBICIN; FLUOROURACIL; IMIQUIMOD; RETINOID;

ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; BASAL CELL CARCINOMA; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER RISK; CANCER SURGERY; CARBON DIOXIDE LASER; CAUTERIZATION; CRYOTHERAPY; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; MORBIDITY; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TUMOR VOLUME;

CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; HUMANS; SKIN NEOPLASMS;

EID: 33845235986     PISSN: 11671122     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1684/ejd.2006.0035     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Albright SD. Treatment of skin cancer using multiple modalities. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982; 197: 143-71.
2. Breuninger H, Dietz K. Prediction of subclinical tumor infiltration in basal cell carcinoma. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1991; 17: 574-8.
3. Lo JS, Snow SN, Reizner GT, et al. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma report of twelve cases with a review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 24: 715-9.
4. Borel DM. Arch Pathol 1973; 95: 293-7.
5. Schuller, et al. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg 1979; 87: 420-6.
6. Gilbody JS, Aitken J, Green A. What causes basal cell carcinoma to be the commonest cancer? Aust J Public Health 1994; 18: 218-21.
7. Holmes SA, Malinovsky K, Roberts DL. Changing trends in non-melanoma skin cancer cancer in South Wales 1988-1998. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143: 1224-9.
8. De Pinho RA. The age of cancer. Nature 2000; 408: 248-54.
9. Corona R, Dogliotti E, D'Errico M, Sera F, Ivarone I, Baliva G, et al. Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma in a Mediterranean population. Arch Dermatol 2002; 137: 1162-8.
10. Roenigk RK, Ratz JL, Bailin PL, Wheeland RG. Trends in the presentation and treatment of basal cell carcinomas. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1986; 12: 860-5.
11. Ramachandran S, Fryer AA, Smith AG, Lear JT, Bowers B, Jones PW, et al. Cutaneous basal cell carcinomas; distinct host factors are associated with the development of tumours on the trunk and on the head and neck. Cancer 2001; 92: 354-8.
12. Diepgen TL, Mahler VM. The epidemiology of skin cancer. Br J Dermatol 2002; 146(suppl 61): 1-6.
13. Dlugosz A, Merlino G, Yuspa S. Progress in cutaneous cancer research. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 7: 17-26; (Symposium Proceedings).
14. Karagas MR, Stukel TA, Greenberg ER, et al. Risk of subsequent basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin among patients with prior skin cancer. Skin cancer prevention study group. JAMA 1992; 267: 3305.
15. Robinson JK. Risk of developing another basal cell carcinoma. Cancer 1987; 60: 118-20.
16. Staples M, Marks R, Giles G. Trends in the incidence of non-melanotic skin cancer (NMSC) treated in Australia 1985-1995: are primary prevention programs starting to have an effect? Int J Cancer 1998; 76(2): 144-8.
17. Parizel PM, Dirix L, Van den Weyngaert D, et al. Deep cerebral invasion by basal cell carcinoma of the scalp. Neuroradiology 1996; 38: 575-7.
18. Dubin N, Kopf AW. Multivariate risk score for recurrence of cutaneous basal cell carcinomas. Arch Dermatol 1983; 119: 373-7.
19. Marchac D, Papadopoulos O, Duport G. Curative and aesthetic results of surgical treatment of 138 basal cell carcinomas. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1982; 8: 379-87.
20. Cataldo PA, Stoddard PB, Reed WP. Use of frozen section analysis in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Am J Surg 1990; 159: 561-3.
21. Chalfin J, Putterman AM. Frozen section control in the surgery of basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid. Am J Ophthalmol 1979; 87: 802-9.
22. Johnson TM, Tromovitch TA, Swanson NA. Combined curettage and excision: a treatment method for primary basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 24: 613-7.
23. Wolf DJ, Zitelli JA. Surgical margins for basal cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol 1987; 123: 340-4.
24. Nagore E, Grau C, Molinero J, Fortea JM. Positive margins in Basal cell carcinoma: relationship to clinical features and recurrence risk. A retrospective study of 248 patients. J Eur Acad Venereol 2003; 17(2): 167-70.
25. Zimmermann AC, Klauss V. [Predictors of recurrent Basal cell carcinoma of the eyelids and periorbital region] Pradikatoren fur Basaliomrezidive der Augenlider und der periorbitalen Region. Ophthalmologe 2001; 98(6): 555-9.
26. Rowe DE, Carroll RJ, Day CL. Mohs surgery is the treatment of choice for recurrent (previously treated) basal cell carcinoma. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1989; 15: 424-33.
27. Burg G, Hirsch RD, Konz B, Braun-Falco O. Histographic surgery: accuracy of visual assessment of the margins of basal-cell epithelioma. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1975; 1: 21-4.
28. Sarma DP, Griffing CC, Weilbaecher TG. Observations on the inadequately excised basal cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 1984; 25: 79-80.
29. Bieley HC, Kirsner RS, Reyes BA, Garland LD. The use of Mohs micrographic surgery for determination of residual tumour in incompletely excised basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 26: 754-6.
30. Berlin J, Katz KH, Helm KF, Maloney ME. The significance of tumor persistence after incomplete excision of basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46(4): 639.
31. Gooding CA, White G, Yatsuhashi M. Significance of marginal extension in excised basal cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1965; 273: 923-4.
32. DeSilva SP, Dellon AL. Recurrence rate of positive margin basal cell carcinoma results of a five-year prospective study. J Surg Oncol 1985; 28: 72-4.
33. Richmond JD, Davie RM. The significance of incomplete excision in patients with basal cell carcinoma. Br J Plast Surg 1987; 40: 63-7.
34. Liu FF, Maki R, Warde P, Payne D, Fitzpatrick P. A management approach to incompletely excised basal cell carcinomas of skin. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991; 20: 423-8.
35. Hauben DJ, Zirkin H, Mahler D, Sacks M. The biologic behavior of basal cell carcinoma: Part I. Plast Reconstr Surg 1982; 69: 103-9.
36. Koplin L, Zarem HA. Recurrent basal cell carcinoma: a review concerning the incidence, behavior, and management of recurrent basal cell carcinoma, with emphasis on the incompletely excised lesion. Plast Reconstr Surg 1980; 65: 656-64.
37. Robins P, Reyes BA. Cure rates of skin cancer treated by Mohs micrographic surgery. In: Roenigk RK, Roenigk Jr. HH, eds. Dermatologic Surgery: Principles and Practice. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1989: 853-8.
38. Woerle B, Heckmann M, Konz B. Micrographic surgery of basal cell carcinoma of the head. Rec Res Can Res 2002; 160: 219-24.
39. Mohs FE. Chemosurgery: a microscopically controlled method of cancer excision. Arch Surg 1941; 42: 279-95.
40. Dzubow LM. Mohs surgery. Lancet 1994; 343: 433-4.
41. Rowe DE, Carroll RJ, Day CL. Long-term recurrence rates in previously untreated (primary) basal cell carcinoma: implications for patient follow-up. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1989; 15: 315-28.
42. Kopf AW, Bart RS, Schrager D, Lazar M, Popkin GL. Curettage- electrodesiccation treatment of basal cell carcinomas. Arch Dermatol 1977; 113: 439-43.
43. Spiller WF, Spiller RF. Treatment of basal cell epithelioma by curettage and electrodesiccation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984; 11: 808-14.
44. Salasche SJ. Status of curettage and desiccation in the treatment of primary basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984; 10: 285-7.
45. Silverman MK, Kopf AW, Grin CM, Bart RS, Levenstein MJ. Recurrence rates of treated basal cell carcinomas. Part 2: Curettage-electrodesiccation. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1991; 17: 720-6.
46. Sughe-d'aubermont PC, Bennett RG. Failure of curettage and electrodesiccation for removal of basal cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol 1984; 120: 1456-60.
47. Salasche SJ. Curettage and electrodesiccation in the treatment of midfacial basal cell epithelioma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983; 8: 496-503.
48. Nordin P, Larko O, Stenquist B. Five-year results of curettage- cryosurgery of selected large primary basal cell carcinomas on the nose: an alternative treatment in a geographical area underserved by Mohs surgery. Br J Dermatol 1997; 136: 180-3.
49. Graham G. Statistical data on malignant tumors in cryosurgery: 1982. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1983; 9: 238-9.
50. Zacarian SA. Cryosurgery of cutaneous carcinomas. An 18 year study of 3022 patients with 4228 carcinomas. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983; 9: 947-56.
51. Holt PJ. Cryotherapy for skin cancer: results over a 5 year period using liquid nitrogen spray cryosurgery. Br J Dermatol 1988; 119: 231-40.
52. Hall VL, Leppard BJ, McGill J, et al. Treatment of basal cell carcinoma: comparison of radiotherapy and cryotherapy. Clin Radiol 1986; 37: 33-4.
53. Fraunfelder FT, Zacarian SA, Limmer BL, Wingfield D. Cryosurgery for malignancies of the eyelid. Ophthalmology 1980; 87: 461-5.
54. Gunnarson G, Larko O, Hersle K. Cryosurgery of eyelid basal cell carcinomas. Acta Opthalmol Copenh 1990; 68: 241-5.
55. Spiller WF, Spiller RF. Treatment of basal cell carcinomas by a combination of curettage and cryosurgery. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1997; 3: 443-7.
56. McIntosh GS, Osborne DR, Li AK, Hobbs KE. Basal cell carcinoma: a review of treatment results with special reference to cryotherapy. Postgrad Med J 1983; 59: 698-701.
57. Wheeland RG, Bailin PL, Ratz JL, Roenigk RK. Carbon dioxide laser vaporization and curettage in the treatment of large or multiple superficial basal cell carcinomas. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1987; 13: 119-25.
58. Bandieramonte G, Lepera P, Moglia D, Bono A, De-Vecchi C, Milani F. Laser microsurgery for superficial T1-T2 basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid margins. Ophthalmology 1997; 104: 1179-84.
59. Silverman MK, Kopf AW, Gladstein AH, Bart RS, Grin CM, Levenstein MJ. Recurrence rates of treated basal cell carcinomas. Part 4: X-ray therapy. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992; 18: 549-54.
60. Silverman MK, Kopf AW, Bart RS, Grin CM, Levenstein MJ. Recurrence rates of treated basal cell carcinomas. Part 3: Surgical excision. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992; 18: 471-6.
61. Avril MF, Auperin A, Margulis A, Gerbaulet A, Duvillard P, Benhan E, Guillaume JC, Chalon R, Petit JY, Sancho-Garnier H, Prade M, Bouzy J, Chassagne D. Basal cell carcinoma of the face: surgery or radiotherapy? Results of a randomized study. Br J Cancer 1997; 76(1): 100-6.
62. Cooper JS. Radiotherapy in the treatment of skin cancers. In: Friedman RJ, Rigel DS, Kopf AW, Harris MN, Baker D, eds. Cancer of the Skin. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1991: 553-68.
63. Orton CI. The treatment of basal cell carcinoma by radiotherapy. Clin Oncol 1978; 4: 317-22.
64. Smith SP, Grande DJ. Basal cell carcinoma recurring after radiotherapy: a unique difficult treatment subclass of recurrent basal cell carcinoma. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1991; 17: 26-30.
65. Smith SP, Foley EH, Grande DJ. Use of Mohs micrographic surgery to establish quantitative proof of heightened tumor spread in basal cell carcinoma recurrent following radiotherapy. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1990; 16: 1012-6.
66. Goette DK. Tropical chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil. A review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981; 4: 633-6.
67. Garland SM. Imiquimod. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003; 16: 85-9.
68. Marks R, Gebauer K, Shumack S, et al. Imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma: results for a mulitcenter 6-week dose-response trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44: 807-13.
69. Geisse JK, Rich P, Pandya A, et al. Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma: a double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 47: 390-8.
70. Sterry W, Ruzicka T, Herrera E, Takwale A, Bichel J, Andres K, Ding L, Thissen MRTM. Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of superficial and nodular basal cell carcinoma: randomized studies comparing low-frequency dosing with and without occlusion. Br J Dermatol 2002; 147: 1227-36.
71. Geisse J, Caro I, Lindholm J, et al. Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma: results from two phase III, randomized, vehicle controlled studies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 50: 722-33.
72. Shumack S, Robinson J, Kossard S, et al. Efficiacy of topical 5% imiquimod cream for the treatment of nodular basal cell carcinoma: comparison of dosing regimens. Arch Dermatol 2002; 138: 1165-71.
73. Stockfleth E, Ulrich C, Hausschild A, et al. Successful treatment of basal cell carcinoma in a naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome with topical 5% imiquimod. Eur J Dermatol 2002; 12: 569-72.
74. Wilson BD, Mang TS, Stoll H, et al. Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol 1992; 128: 1597-601.
75. Morton CA, MacKie RM, Whitehurst C, Moore JV, McColl JH. Photodynamic therapy for basal cell carcinoma: effect of tumor thickness and duration of photosensitizer application on response. Arch Dermatol 1998; 134: 248-9.
76. Peng Q, Warloe T, Berg K, et al. 5-Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy. Clinical research and future challenges. Cancer 1997; 79: 2282-308.
77. Morton CA, Brown SB, Collins S, et al. Guidelines for topical photodynamic therapy: report of a workshop of the British Photodermatolgy Group. Br J Dermatol 2002; 146: 552-67.
78. Guthrie Jr. TH, Porubsky ES, Luxenberg MN, et al. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin: results in 28 patients including 13 patients receiving multimodality therapy. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8: 342-6.
79. Drake L, Ceilley RI, Cornelison RL, et al. Guidelines of care for basal cell carcinoma. The American Academy of Dermatology Committee on Guidelines of Care. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 26: 117-20.
80. Bower CP, Lear JT, Bygrave S, Etherington D, Harvey I, Archer C. Basal cell carcinoma and risk of subsequent malignancies: a cancer registry based study in Southwest England. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42: 988-91.
81. George R, Weightman W, Russ GR, Bannister KM, Mathew TH. Acetretin for chemoprevention of non-melanoma skin cancers in renal transplant recipients. Australas J Dermatol 2002; 43(4): 269-73.
82. Hauben DJ, Zirkin H, Mahler D, Sacks M. The biologic behavior of basal cell carcinoma: analysis of recurrence in excised basal cell carcinoma: Part II. Plast Reconstr Surg 1982; 69: 110-6.
83. Marghoob A, Kopf AW, Bart RS, et al. Risk of another basal cell carcinoma developing after treatment of a basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 28: 22-8.
84. Telfer NR, Colver GB, Bowers PW. Guidelines for the management of basal cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141: 415-23.
85. Tromovitch TA, Beirne G, Beirne C. Mohs technique (cancer chemosurgery) treatment of recurrent cutaneous carcinomas. Cancer 1966; 19: 867-8.
86. Tromovitch TA, Stegman SJ. Microscope-controlled excision of cutaneous tumors: chemosurgery, fresh tissue technique. Cancer 1978; 41: 653-8.
87. Sloane JP. The value of typing basal cell carcinomas in predicting recurrence after surgical excision. Br J Dermatol 1977; 96: 127-32.
88. Mohs FE. Carcinoma of the skin: a summary of therapeutic results. In: Chemosurgery: Micocopically Controlled Surgery for Skin Cancer. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1978: 153-64.
89. Martinez JC, Otley CC. The management of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer: a review for the primary care physician. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76: 1253-65.
90. Lang Jr. PG, Maize JC. Histologic evolution of reccurrent basal cell carcinomas and treatment implications. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986; 14: 186-96.
91. Mohs FE. Micrographic surgery for the microscopically controlled excision of eyelid cancers. Arch Opthalmol 1986; 104: 901-9.
92. Leshin B, Yeatts P, Anscher M, et al. Management of periocular basal cell carcinoma: Mohs micrographic surgery versis radiotherapy. Surv Opthalmol 1993; 38: 193-212.
93. Riefkohl T, Pollack S, Georgiade GS. A rationale for the treatment of difficult basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. Ann Plast Surg 1985; 15: 99-104.
94. Ceilly RI, Anderson RL. Microscopically controlled excision of malignant neoplasms around eyelids followed by immediate surgical reconstruction. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1978; 4: 55-62.
95. Swanson NA, Grekin RC, Baker SR. Mohs surgery: techniques, indications, and applications in head and neck surgery. Head Neck Surg 1983; 6: 683-92.
96. Baker SR, Swanson NA. Management of nasal cutaneous malignant neoplasms: an interdisciplinary approach. Arch Otolaryngol 1983; 109: 473-9.
97. Peters CR, Dinner MI, Dolsky RL, Bailin PL, Hardy RW. The combined multidisciplinary approach to invasive basal cell tumours of the scalp. Ann Plast Surg 1980; 4: 199-204.
98. Hanke CW, Wolf RL, Hochmann S, et al. Perineural spread of basal cell carcinoma. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1983; 9: 742-5.
99. Minimum Data Set for the Histopathological reporting of Common Skin Cancers Royal College of Pathologists, London. 2002.