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1
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33751573035
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An update of (18) posted at http://cires.colorado.edu/science/groups/ steffen/greenland/melt2005 shows a 31% increase in mean melt area between 1979 and 2005.
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6
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27744555680
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published online 20 October 2005 (10.1126/science.1115356)
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O. M. Johannessen, K. Khvorostovsky, M. W. Miles, L. P. Bobylev, Science 310, 1013 (2005); published online 20 October 2005 (10.1126/science.1115356).
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Science
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Johannessen, O.M.1
Khvorostovsky, K.2
Miles, M.W.3
Bobylev, L.P.4
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7
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33751558083
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note
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For mass balance within the 1992-2002 time period, the following estimates have been published: +11 ± 3 Gton/year for 1992-2002 (3), -46 Gton/year for 1993/4 - 1998/9 (21), -72 ± 11 Gton/year for 1997-2003 (2), and -83 ± 29 and -127 ± 29 Gton/year for 1996 and 2000, respectively (5). If the correction for firn compaction used in the radar altimeter analysis (3) is applied to the airborne altimeter estimates (2, 4, 21), the difference between the two approaches is reduced by about 23 Gton/year, as reflected by revised airborne values of -4 to -50 Gton/year for 1993 to 1999 (4).
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8
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3242800338
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B. D. Tapley, S. Bettadpur, J. C. Ries, P. F. Thompson, M. M. Watkins, Science 305, 503 (2004).
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(2004)
Science
, vol.305
, pp. 503
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Tapley, B.D.1
Bettadpur, S.2
Ries, J.C.3
Thompson, P.F.4
Watkins, M.M.5
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9
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33645215957
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published online 1 March 2006 (10.1126/science.112378S)
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I. Velicogna, J. Wahr, Science 311, 1754 (2006); published online 1 March 2006 (10.1126/science.112378S).
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(2006)
Science
, vol.311
, pp. 1754
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Velicogna, I.1
Wahr, J.2
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11
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33749332496
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published online 10 August 2006 (10.1126/science.1129007)
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J. L. Chen, C. R. Wilson, B. D. Tapley, Science 313, 1958 (2006); published online 10 August 2006 (10.1126/science.1129007).
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(2006)
Science
, vol.313
, pp. 1958
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Chen, J.L.1
Wilson, C.R.2
Tapley, B.D.3
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14
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33751571013
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Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online
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Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online.
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17
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33748629920
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10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.06.003
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G. Ramillien et al., J. Global Planet. Change 53, 10.1016/j.gloplacha. 2006.06.003 (2006).
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(2006)
J. Global Planet. Change
, vol.53
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Ramillien, G.1
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19
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33745869502
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J. E. Box et al., J. Clim. 19, 2783 (2006).
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(2006)
J. Clim.
, vol.19
, pp. 2783
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Box, J.E.1
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21
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0034698208
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W. Krabill et al., Science 289, 428 (2000).
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(2000)
Science
, vol.289
, pp. 428
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Krabill, W.1
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23
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10344261969
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10.1029/2003RG000139 An update is posted at
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A. Cazenave, R. S. Nerem, Rev. Geophys. 42, 10.1029/2003RG000139 (2004). An update is posted at http://sealevel.colorado.edu.
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(2004)
Rev. Geophys.
, vol.42
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Cazenave, A.1
Nerem, R.S.2
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24
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33751561395
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note
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For the 1990s, we used the small 11 Gton/year mass gain from (3) and noted that the negative balances discussed in (7) either would give significantly less negative changes than 113 Gton/year or would give positive changes, in contradiction to the evidence for increases in melt and glacier accelerations. Also, our 113 ± 17 Gton/year is in good agreement with the change in mass flux of 117 Gton/year from 1996 to 2005 from radar interferometry (5).
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25
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33751558948
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note
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We acknowledge NA5A's Solid Earth and Natural Hazards Program, NASA's Cryospheric Sciences Program, and NASA's Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite and GRACE missions for their support of this research and the quality of the GRACE Level 1B products produced by our colleagues at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. We thank 5. Klosko, T. Williams, and D. Pavilis for their many contributions and the reviewers for their astute commentary.
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