The Neanderthals: A social synthesis

Cambridge Archaeological Journal

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 145-164

  Davies, Robert ^b   Underdown, Simon ^a  

^a OXFORD BROOKES UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33751536117     PISSN: 09597743     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0959774306000096     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Aiello, L.C. & R.I.M. Dunbar, 1993. Neocortex size, group size, and the evolution of language. Current Anthropology 34(2), 184-93
2. Alesan, A., A. Malgosa & C. Simo, 1999. Looking into the demography of an Iron Age population in the western Mediterranean. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 110, 285-301
3. Arensburg, B., 1989. New skeletal evidence concerning the anatomy of Middle Palaeolithic populations in the Middle East: the Kebara skeleton, in The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Human, eds. C.B. Stringer & P. Mellars. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 165-71
4. Arsuga, J.-L. de, 2003. The Neanderthal Necklace: in Search of the First Thinkers. Chichester: Wiley
5. Bahn, P.G. & J. Vertut, 1997. Journey Through the Ice Age. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson
6. Bar-Yosef, O., 2002. The Upper Palaeolithic revolution. Annual Review of Anthropology 31, 363-93
7. Bar-Yosef, O., 2004. Eat what is there: hunting and gathering in the world of Neanderthals and their neighbors. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 14, 333-42
8. Berger, T.D. & E. Trinkaus. 1995. Patterns of trauma among the Neanderthals. Journal of Archaeological Science 22, 841-52
9. Binford, L., 1992. Subsistence - a key to the past, in The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Human Evolution, eds. S. Jones, R. Martin & D. Pilbeam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 68-9
10. Blades, B., 1999. Aurignacian settlement patterns. Current Anthropology 40, 712-18
11. Boëda, E., J.M. Geneste, C. Griggo, N. Mercier, S. Muhesen, J.L. Reyss, A. Taha & H. Valladas, 1999. A Levallois point embedded in the vertebrae of a wild ass (Equus africanus): hafting, projectiles and Mousterian hunting weapons. Antiquity 73, 394-402
12. Boyle, K.V., 2000. Reconstructing Middle Palaeolithic subsistence strategies in the south of France. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 10, 336-56
13. Bunn, H., 2001. Hunting, power scavenging, and butchering by Hazda foragers and by Plio-Pleistocene Homo, in Meat Eating & Human Evolution, eds. C. Stanford & H.T. Bunn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 199-217
14. Burke, A., 2004. The ecology of Neanderthals: preface. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 14, 155-61
15. Caramelli, D., C. Lalueza-Fox, C. Vernesi, M. Lari, A. Casoli, F. Mallegni, B. Chiarelli, I. Dupanloup, J. Bertranpetit, G. Barbujani & G. Bertorelle, 2003. Evidence for genetic discontinuity between Neanderthals and 24,000-year-old anatomically modern humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 100(11), 6593-7
16. Chase, P.G., 1989. How different was Middle Palaeolithic subsistence? A zooarchaeological perspective on the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition, in The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, eds. C.B. Stringer & P. Mellars. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 321-37
17. Chase, P.G. & A. Nowell, 1998. Taphonomy of a suggested Middle Paleolithic bone flute from Slovenia. Current Anthropology 39(4), 549-53
18. Churchill, S.E. & F.H. Smith, 2000. Makers of the early Aurignacian of Europe. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 43, 61-115
19. Churchill, S.E. & F. Vincenzo, 1997. A case of marked bilateral asymmetry in the upper limbs of an Upper Palaeolithic male from Barma Grande (Liguria, Italy). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 7, 18-38
20. Conard, N.J., 1994. On the prospects for ethnography of extinct hominids. Current Anthropology 35, 281-2
21. Cosgrove, R. & A. Pike-Tay, 2004. The Middle Palaeolithic and Late Pleistocene Tasmania hunting behaviour: a reconsideration of the attributes of modern human behaviour. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 14, 321-32
22. de Waal, F., 1988. Chimpanzee politics, in Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes, and Humans, eds. R.W. Byrne & A. Whiten. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 122-31
23. Dean, C. & M.G. Leakey, 2001. Growth processes in teeth distinguish modern humans from Homo erectus and earlier hominins. Nature 414, 628-32
24. Defleur, A., T. White, L.S. Valensi & E. Cregut-Bonnoure, 1999. Neanderthal cannibalism at Moula-Guppercy, Ardeche, France. Science 286, 128-31
25. d'Errico, F., J. Zilhão, M. Julien, D. Baffier & J. Pelegrin, 1998. Neanderthal acculturation in western Europe? Current Anthropology 39, 31-44
26. Dettwyler, K.A., 1991. Can paleopathology provide evidence for 'compassion'? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 84, 375-84
27. Dibble, H.L., 1989. The implications of stone tool type for the presence of language during the Lower Middle Palaeolithic, in The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, eds. C.B. Stringer & C. Gamble. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 415-32
28. Dibble, H.L. & P.G. Chase, 1993. On Mousterian and Natufian burials in the Levant. Current Anthropology 34(2), 170-75
29. Drell, J.R., 2000. Neanderthals: a history of interpretation. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 19(1), 1-24
30. Drucker, D. & H. Bocherens, 2004. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes as tracers of change in diet breadth during Middle and Upper Palaeolithic in Europe. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 14, 162-77
31. Farizy, C., 1994. Spatial patterning of Middle Paleolithic sites. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 13, 153-60
32. Feblot-Augustins, J., 1993. Mobility strategies in the Late Middle Palaeolithic of central and western Europe: elements of stability and variability. Journal of Archaeology 12, 211-65
33. Finlayson, C., 2004. Neanderthals and Modern Humans: an Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
34. Foley, R.A., 1987. Another Unique Species: Patterns of Human Evolutionary Ecology. Harlow: Longman
35. Foley, R.A., 1999. Pattern and process in hominid evolution, in Structure and Contingency: Evolutionary Processes in Life and Human Society, ed. J. Bintliff. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 31-42
36. Foley, R.A., 2002. Adaptive radiations and dispersals in hominin evolutionary ecology. Evolutionary Anthropology 11(s1), 32-7
37. Gallup, G.G., D.J. Povinelli, S.D. Suarez, J.R. Anderson, J. Lethmate & E.W. Menzel, 1995. Further reflections on self-recognition in primates. Animal Behaviour 60(6), 1525-31
38. Gambier, D., 1989. Fossil hominids from the early Upper Palaeolithic Aurignacian of France, in The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, eds. C.B. Stringer & P. Mellars. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 194-211
39. Gamble, C., 1993. Timewalkers: the Prehistory of Global Colonization. Stroud: Sutton
40. Gamble, C., 1999. The Palaeolithic Societies of Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
41. Gargett, R.H., 1989. Grave shortcomings: the evidence for Neanderthal burial. Current Anthropology 30(2), 157-90
42. Gaudzinski, S. & W. Roebroeks, 2000. Adults only: reindeer hunting at the Middle Palaeolithic site Salzgitter Lebenstedt, northern Germany. Journal of Human Evolution 38, 497-521
43. Geertz, C., 1993. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. London: Fontana Press
44. Guatelli-Steinberg, D., C.S. Larsen & D.L. Hutchinson, 2004. Prevalence and the duration of linear enamel hypoplasia: a comparative study of Neanderthals and Inuit foragers. Journal of Human Evolution 47, 65-84
45. Harrold, F.B., 1980. A comparative analysis of Eurasian Paleolithic burials. World Archaeology 12(3), 195-211
46. Harvati, K., 2003. The Neanderthal taxonomic position: models of intra- and inter-specific craniofacial variation. Journal of Human Evolution 44, 107-32
47. Harvati, K., S.R. Frost & K.P. McNulty, 2004. Neanderthal taxonomy reconsidered: implications of 3D primate models of intra- and interspecific differences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101(5), 1147-52
48. Hayden, B., 1993. The cultural capacities of Neanderthals: a review and re-evaluation. Journal of Human Evolution 24, 113-46
49. Holloway, R.L., 1985. The poor brain of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis; see what you please, in Ancestors: the Hard Evidence, ed. E. Delson. New York (NY): Alan R. Liss, 319-24
50. Hothersall, D., 1995. History of Psychology. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill
51. Houghton, P., 1993. Neanderthal supralaryngeal vocal tract. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 90, 139-46
52. Ingold, T., 1993. Technology, language, intelligence: a reconsideration of basic concepts, in Tools, Language and Cognition, eds. S. Gibson & T. Ingold. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 449-72
53. Ingold, T., 1996. The optimal forager & economic man, in Nature & Society: Anthropological Perspectives, eds. P. Descola & G. Palsson. London: Routledge, 22-40
54. Ishinda, H. & O. Kondo, 2003. Ontogenetic variation in the Dederych Neanderthal infants: postcranial evidence, in Patterns of Growth and Development in the Genus Homo, eds. J.L. Thompson, G.E. Krovitz & A.J. Nelson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 386-410
55. Johanson, D. & B. Edgar, 2001. From Lucy To Language. London: Cassell & Co
56. Kay, R.F., M. Cartmill & M. Balow, 1998. The hypoglossal canal and the origin of human vocal behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 95, 5417-19
57. Kennedy, K., 2004. Slings and arrows of predaceous fortune: Asian evidence of Prehistoric spear use. Evolutionary Anthropology 13, 127-31
58. Key, C.A., 2000. The evolution of human life history. World Archaeology 31(3), 329-50
59. Klein, R.G., 1999. The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins. 2nd edition. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press
60. Klein, R.G., 2002. The Dawn of Human Culture. New York (NY): Wiley
61. Klein, R.G., 2003. Whither the Neanderthals? Science 299, 1525-7
62. Kochetkova, V.I. (ed.), 1978. Paleoneurology. Washington (DC): V.H. Winston
63. Lahr, M.M. & R.A. Foley, 1998. Towards a theory of modern human origins: geography, demography and diversity in recent human evolution. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 41, 137-76
64. Laitman, J.T., R.C. Heimbuch & E.S. Crelin, 1979. The basicranium of fossil hominids as an indicator of their upper respiratory systems. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 51, 15-34
65. Lazenby, R. & A. Smashnuk, 1999. Osteometric variation in the Inuit second metacarpal: a test of Allens rule. International Journal of Osteoarchaeoogy 9, 182-8
66. Lev, E., M.E. Kislev & O. Bar-Yosef, 2005. Mousterian vegetal food in Kebara cave, Mt Carmel. Journal of Archaeological Science 32(3), 475-84
67. Lewin, R. & R.A. Foley, 2003. Principles of Human Evolution. Oxford: Blackwells
68. Lieberman, D.E. & J.J. Shea, 1994. Behavioural differences between archaic and modern humans in the Levantine Mousterian. American Anthropologist 96(2), 300-332
69. Lieberman, P., 1992. On Neanderthal speech and Neanderthal extinction. Current Anthropology 33(4), 409-10
70. Lumley, H., 1969. A Paleolithic camp at Nice. Scientific American 220, 42-50
71. MacLarnon, A.M. & G.P. Hewitt, 1999. The evolution of human speech: the role of enhanced breathing control. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 109, 341-63
72. MacLarnon, A.M. & G.P. Hewitt, 2004. Increased breathing control: another factor in the evolution of human language. Evolutionary Anthropology 13, 181-97
73. Madella, M., M.K. Jones, P. Goldberg, Y. Goren & E. Hovers, 2002. The exploitation of plant resources by Neanderthals in Amud Cave (Israel): the evidence from phytolith studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 29, 703-19
74. Majo, T. & A.M. Tillier, 2003. A new approach to the quantitative analysis of postcranial growth in Neanderthals and modern humans: evidence from the hipbone, in Patterns of Growth and Development in the Genus Homo, eds. J.L. Thompson, G.E. Krovitz & A.J. Nelson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 286-97
75. Mann, A.E., J. Monge & M. Lampi, 1991. Investigation into the relationship between perikymata counts and crown formation times. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86, 175-88
76. Marean, C.W. & Z. Assesta, 1999. Zooarchaeological evidence for the faunal exploitation behaviour of Neanderthals and early modern humans. Evolutionary Anthropology 8(1), 22-37
77. Marsh, I. (ed.), 2000. Sociology: Making Sense of Society. 2nd edition. Harlow: Prentice Hall
78. Marshack, A., 1990. The early hominid symbol and evolution of the human capacity, in Emergence of Modern Humans: an Archaeological Perspective, ed. P. Mellars. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 457-98
79. Martin, R.D., 2002. Primatology as an essential basis for biological anthropology. Evolutionary Anthropology 1 (Supplement), 3-6
80. McBrearty, S. & A.S. Brooks, 2000. The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 39, 453-63
81. Mellars, P., 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy: an Archaeological Perspective from Western Europe. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press
82. Mellars, P., 2005. The impossible coincidence: a single-species model for the origins of modern human behaviour in Europe. Evolutionary Anthropology 14, 12-27
83. Milton, K., 1999. A hypothesis to explain the role of meat-eating in human evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology 8, 11-21
84. Mithen, S., 1996. The Prehistory of the Mind: a Search for the Origins of Art, Religion and Science. London: Thames & Hudson
85. Munson, P.J. & C.W. Marean, 2003. Adults only? A reconsideration of Middle Paleolithic prime-dominated reindeer hunting at Salzgitter Lebenstedt. Journal of Human Evolution 44, 263-73
86. Munzel, S.C. & N.J. Conard, 2004. Change and continuity in subsistence during the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic in the Ach Valley of Swabia (South-west Germany). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 14, 225-43
87. Niewoehner, W.A., 2001. Behavioural inferences from the Skhul/Qafzeh early modern human hand remains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 98(6), 2979-84
88. Niewoehner, W.A., A. Bergstrom, D. Eichele, M. Zuroff & J.T. Clark, 2003. Manual dexterity in Neanderthals. Nature 22, 395
89. Ogilvie, M.D., B.K. Curran & E. Trinkaus, 1989. Incidence and patterning of dental enamel hypoplasia among the Neanderthals. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 79(1), 25-41
90. Otte, M., 2000. On the suggested bone flute from Slovenia. Current Anthropology 41(2), 271-2
91. Paton, R., 1994. Speaking through stones: a study from northern Australia. World Archaeology 26(2), 172-84
92. Patou-Mathis, M., 2000. Neanderthal subsistence behaviours in Europe. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 10, 379-95
93. Patou-Mathis, M., 2004. Subsistence behaviours in a Middle Palaeolithic site in Poland: the Raj Cave. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 14, 244-55
94. Pearson, O.M., 2000. Activity, climate, and postcranial robusticity and scenarios of adaptive change. Current Anthropology 41(4), 569-607
95. Pettitt, P.B., 1997. High resolution Neanderthals? Interpreting Middle Palaeolithic intra-site spatial data. World Archaeology 29(2), 208-24
96. Pettitt, P.B., 1999. Disappearing from the world: an archaeological perspective on Neanderthal extinction. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 18(3), 217-40
97. Pettitt, P.B., 2000. Neanderthal lifecycles: development and social phases in the lives of the last archaics. World Archaeology 31(3), 351-66
98. Poole, J., 1996. Coming of Age with Elephants. London: Hodder & Stoughton
99. Ramirez Rozzi, F.V. & A.M. Bermudez de Castro, 2004. Surprisingly rapid growth in Neanderthals. Nature 428, 936-9
100. Richards, M.P., P.B. Pettitt, E. Trinkaus, F.H. Smith, M. Paunovic & I. Karavanic, 2000. Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: the evidence from stable isotopes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 97(13), 7663-6
101. Richards, M.P., P.B. Pettitt, M.C. Stiner & E. Trinkaus, 2001. Stable isotope evidence for increasing dietary breadth in the European mid-Upper Paleolithic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 98(11), 6528-32
102. Schepartz, L.A., 1993. Language and modern human origins. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 36, 91-126
103. Schurr, T.G., 2004. The peopling of the new world: perspectives from molecular anthropology. Annual Review Anthropology 33, 551-83
104. Scott, K., 1980. Two hunting episodes of Middle Palaeolithic age at La Cotte de Saint-Brelade, Jersey (Channel Islands). World Archaeology 12(2), 137-52
105. Sere, D., A. Langaney, M. Chech, M. Teschler-Nicola, M. Paunovic, P. Mennecier, M. Hofreiter, G. Possnert & S. Paabo, 2004. No evidence of Neanderthal mtDNA contribution to early modern humans. PLoS Biology 2(3), 313-17
106. Shackelford, L.L. & E. Trinkaus, 2002. Late Pleistocene human femoral diaphyseal curvature. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 118, 859-70
107. Shears, R., 2005. I've found the Hobbits. Daily Mail 7 May, 34
108. Smith, F.H., 1991. The Neanderthals: evolutionary dead ends or ancestors of modern people? Journal of Anthropological Research 47(2) 219-38
109. Solecki, R.S., 1973. Shanidar: Humanity of Neanderthal Man. London: A. Lane
110. Sørenson, M. & W. Leonard, 2001. Neanderthal energetics and foraging efficiency. Journal of Human Evolution 40, 483-95
111. Speth, J.D., 2004. News flash: negative evidence convicts Neanderthals of gross mental incompetence. World Archaeology 36(4), 519-26
112. Speth, J.D. & E. Tchernov, 1998. The role of hunting and scavenging in Neandertal procurement strategies: new evidence from Kebara Cave (Israel), in Neanderthals and Modern Humans in Western Asia, eds. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki & O. Bar-Yosef. New York (NY): Plenum Press, 223-39
113. Speth, J.D. & E. Tchernov, 2001. Neanderthal hunting and meat-processing in the Near East: evidence from Kebara Cave (Israel), in Meat Eating and Human Evolution, eds. C.B. Stanford & H.T. Bunn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 52-72
114. Stewart, J.R., 2005. The ecology and adaptation of Neanderthals during the non-analogue environment of Oxygen Isotope Stage 3. Quaternary International 137(1), 35-46
115. Stiner, C. & N. Munro, 2000. The tortoise and the hare: small-game use, the broad spectrum revolution, and paleolithic demography. Current Anthropology 41, 39-73
116. Stiner, M.C., N.D. Munro, T.A. Surovell, E. Tchernov, O. Bar-Yosef, 1999. Paleolithic population growth pulses evidenced by small animal exploitation. Science 283(8 Jan 1999), 190-94
117. Stock, J.T. & S.K. Pfeiffer, 2004. Long bone robusticity and subsistence behaviour among Later Stone Age foragers of the forest and fynbos biomes of South Africa. Journal of Archeological Science 31(7), 999-1013
118. Strehlow, T.G.H., 1993. Central Australian Religion. Alice Springs: Government Printer of the Northern Territory
119. Strier, K., 2003. Primate Behavioural Ecology. Boston (MA): Allyn & Bacon
120. Stringer, C.B., 2002. New perspectives on the Neanderthals. Evolutionary Anthropology Supplement 1, 58-9
121. Stringer, C.B. & C. Gamble, 1993. In Search of the Neanderthals: Solving the Puzzle of Human Origins. London: Thames & Hudson
122. Stringer, C.B., C. Dean & R.D. Martin, 1990. A comparative study of cranial and dental development within a recent British sample and among Neanderthals, in Primate Life History and Evolution, ed. C.J. De Rousseau. Chichester: Wiley-Liss, 115-52
123. Tattersall, I., 2004. What happened in the origin of human consciousness. The Anatomical Record (Part B): New Anat. 276B, 19-26
124. Thieme, H., 1997. Late Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature 385, 807-10
125. Thompson, J.L., G.E. Krovitz. & A.J. Nelson (eds.), 2003. Patterns of Growth and Development in the Genus Homo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
126. Tillier, A.-M., 1989. The evolution of modern humans: evidence from Young Mousterian individuals, in The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, eds. C. Stringer & P. Mellars. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 286-97
127. Trinkaus, E., 1993. Femoral neck-shaft angles of the Qafzeh-Skhul early modern humans, and activity levels among immature Near Eastern Middle Paleolithic hominids. Journal of Human Evolution 25, 393-416
128. Trinkaus, E. & P. Shipman, 1994. The Neandertals: Changing the Image of Mankind. London: Cape
129. Trinkaus, E. & D.D. Thompson, 1987. Femoral diaphyseal histomorphometric age determinations for the Shanidar 3, 4, 5, 6 Neanderthals and Neanderthal longevity. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 72, 123-9
130. Trinkaus, E. & R.L. Tompkins, 1990. The Neanderthal life cycle: the possibility, probability, and perceptibility of contrasts with recent humans, in Primate Life History and Evolution, eds. C.J. De Rousseau. Chichester: Wiley-Liss, 153-80
131. Trinkaus, E., C.B. Ruff & S.E. Churchill, 1998. Upper limb versus lower loading patterns among Near Eastern Middle Paleolithic hominids, in Neanderthals and Modern Humans in Western Asia, eds. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki & O. Bar-Yosef. New York (NY): Plenum Press, 391-404
132. Trinkaus, M., 1984. Mortuary ritual and mortuary remains. Current Anthropology 25(5), 674-9
133. Underdown, S., 2004. Freezing, fighting and falling: an exploration of trauma causality in the Neanderthals, Fuegians, Eskimo and Aleut. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 123, 198
134. Weiner, J. (ed.), 1994. Aesthetics is a Cross Cultural Category. London: Language & Publishing Solutions
135. Williams, F.L., L.R. Godfrey & M.R. Sutherland, 2003. Diagnosing heterochronic perturbations in the craniofacial evolution of the Homo (Neanderthals and modern humans and Pan (P. troglodytes and P. paniscus)), in Patterns of Growth and Development in the Genus Homo, eds. J.L. Thompson, G.E. Krovitz & A.J. Nelson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
136. Wolpoff, M. & R. Caspari, 1997. Race & Human Evolution. New York (NY): Simon & Schuster
137. Wynn, T. & F.L. Coolidge, 2004. The expert Neanderthal Mind. Journal of Human Evolution 46, 467-87