Stroke: Causes and classification;Schlaganfall: Ursachen und klassifikation

Hamostaseologie

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 298-308

  Eschenfelder, Christoph Cyrill ^a   Zeller, J A ^a   Stingele, R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL SCHLESWIG HOLSTEIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Aetiology; Cerebrovascular disease; Classification; Stroke

Indexed keywords

BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN VEIN; CEREBRAL SINUS THROMBOSIS; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; HUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; STROKE; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

EID: 33751334604     PISSN: 07209355     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1616975     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. Lancet 1997; 349: 1569-81.
2. Statistisches Jahrbuch. Wiesbaden: Statistisches Bundesamt 2003.
3. Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Rappelle LJ et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke 1993; 24: 35-41.
4. Adams HP Jr, Gordon DL. Epidemiology of and stroke-preventive strategies for atherothromboembolic brain infarction in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 1991; 7: 401-16.
5. Ameri A, Bousser MG. Cerebral venous thromboses. Clinical diagnosis. Ann Radiol (Paris) 1994; 37: 101-7.
6. Ameri A, Bousser MG. Cerebral venous thrombosis. Neurol Clin 1992; 10: 87-111.
7. Bamford JM. Lacunar syndromes - are they still worth diagnosing? In: Donnan GA, Norrving B, Bamford JM et al. (eds). Lacunar and other subcortical infarctions. Oxford: University Press 1995; 32-46.
8. Bogousslavsky J, Cachin C, Regli F et al. Cardiac sources of embolism and cerebral infarction - clinical consequences and vascular concomitants: the Lausanne Stroke Registry. Neurology 1991; 41: 855-9.
9. Boulanger JM, Courts SB, Hill MD et al. Use of magnetic resonance imaging in predicting further vascular events among patients with transient ischemic attacks. Stroke 2005; 36: 526-8.
10. Bousser MG. Cerebral venous thrombosis: diagnosis and management. J Neurol 2000; 247: 252-8.
11. Broderick JP, Brott TG, Duldner JE et al. Volume of intracerebral hemorrhage. A powerful and easy-to-use predictor of 30-day mortality. Stroke 1993; 24: 987-93.
12. Brott T, Broderick J, Kothari R et al. Early hemorrhage growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1997; 28: 1-5.
13. Busse O. Einteilung und Skalen. In: Hamann GF, Siebler M, von Scheldt M (eds). Schlaganfall. Klinik, Diagnostik, Therapie. Landsberg: ecomed 2002; 268-75.
14. Cantu C, Barinagarrementeria F. Cerebral venous thrombosis associated with pregnancy and puerperium. Review of 67 cases. Stroke 1993; 24: 1880-4.
15. Caplan LR, Goodwin JA. Lateral tegmental brainstem hemorrhages. Neurology 1982; 32: 252-60.
16. Chong JY, Mohr JP. Anticoagulation and platelet antiaggregation therapy in stroke prevention. Curr Opin Neurol 2005; 18: 53-7.
17. Coull AJ, Lovett JK, Rothwell PM. Population based study of early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke: implications for public education and organisation of services. Br Med J 2004; 328: 326.
18. Coutts SB, Hill MD, Simon JE et al. Silent ischemia in minor stroke and TIA patients identified on MR imaging. Neurology 2005; 65: 513-7.
19. Daffertshofer M, Mielke O, Pullwitt A et al. Transient ischemic attacks are more than "ministrokes". Stroke 2004; 35: 2453-8.
20. Davalos A, Toni D, Iweins F et al. Neurological deterioration in acute ischemic stroke: potential predictors and associated factors in the European cooperative acute stroke study (ECASS) I. Stroke 1999; 30: 2631-6.
21. Diener HC, Hacke W, Busch E. Zerebrale Ischämie. In: Brandt T, Dichgans J, Diener C (eds). Therapie und Verlauf neurologischer Erkrankungen. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 2003; 345-76.
22. Einhäupl KM, Masuhr F. Cerebral sinus and venous thrombosis. Ther Umsch 1996; 53: 552-8.
23. Einhäupl KM, Villringer A, Meister W et al. Heparin treatment in sinus venous thrombosis. Lancet 1991; 338: 597-600.
24. Fisher CM. Hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage. Demonstration of the source of bleeding. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2003; 62: 104-7.
25. Fisher CM. A lacunar stroke. The dysarthria-clumsy hand syndrome. Neurology 1967; 17: 614-7.
26. Fisher CM. Lacunar strokes and infarcts: a review. Neurology 1982; 32: 871-6.
27. Fisher CM. The pathologic and clinical aspects of thalamic hemorrhage. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1959; 84: 56-9.
28. Fisher CM. Pathological observations in hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1971; 30: 536-50.
29. Fisher CM. Thalamic pure sensory stroke: a pathologic study. Neurology 1978; 28: 1141-4.
30. Fisher CM, Curry HB. Pure motor hemiplegia. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1964; 89: 94-7.
31. Gomez C. Time is brain. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 1993; 3: 12.
32. Grau AJ, Weimar C, Buggle F et al. Risk factors, outcome, and treatment in subtypes of ischemic stroke: the German stroke data bank. Stroke 2001; 32: 2559-66.
33. Hill MD, Yiannakoulias N, Jeerakathil T et al. The high risk of stroke immediately after transient ischemic attack: a population-based study. Neurology 2004; 62: 2015-20.
34. Hunt WE, Hess RM. Surgical risk as related to time of intervention in the repair of intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg 1968; 28: 14-20.
35. Johnston SC, Gress DR, Browner WS et al. Short-term prognosis after emergency department diagnosis of TIA. JAMA 2000; 284: 2901-6.
36. Johnston SC, Selvin S, Gress DR. The burden, trends, and demographics of mortality from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 1998; 50: 1413-8.
37. Jorgensen HS, Nakayama H, Reith J et al. Stroke recurrence: predictors, severity, and prognosis. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Neurology 1997;48:891-5.
38. Khaw KT. Epidemiology of stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 61: 333-8.
39. Kolominsky-Rabas PL, Heuschmann PU. Incidence, etiology and long-term prognosis of stroke. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2002; 70: 657-62.
40. Kolominsky-Rabas PL, Sarti C, Heuschmann PU et al. A prospective community-based study of stroke in Germany-the Erlangen Stroke Project (ESPro): incidence and case fatality at 1, 3, and 12 months. Stroke 1998; 29: 2501-6.
41. Kolominsky-Rabas PL, Weber M, Gefeller O et al. Epidemiology of ischemic stroke subtypes according to TOAST criteria: incidence, recurrence, and long-term survival in ischemic stroke subtypes: a population-based study. Stroke 2001; 32: 2735-40.
42. Levine SR. The time man has cometh to brain: tick.death.tick.death. Stroke 2006; 37: 10.
43. Lipton P. Ischemic cell death in brain neurons. Physiol Rev 1999; 79: 1431-568.
44. Lovett JK, Dennis MS, Sandercock PA et al. Very early risk of stroke after a first transient ischemic attack. Stroke 2003; 34: e138-40.
45. Mohr JP, Kase CS, Meckler RJ et al. Sensorimotor stroke due to thalamocapsular ischemia. Arch Neurol 1977; 34: 739-41.
46. Mohr JP, Thompson JL, Lazar RM et al. A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1444-51.
47. Preter M, Tzourio C, Ameri A et al. Long-term prognosis in cerebral venous thrombosis. Follow-up of 77 patients. Stroke 1996; 27: 243-6.
48. Rieke K, Schwab S, Krieger D et al. Decompressive surgery in space-occupying hemispheric infarction: results of an open, prospective trial. Crit Care Med 1995; 23: 1576-87.
49. Rother J, Waggie K, van Bruggen N et al. Experimental cerebral venous thrombosis: evaluation using magnetic resonance imaging. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16: 1353-61.
50. Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Flossmann E et al. A simple score (ABCD) to identify individuals at high early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2005; 366: 29-36.
51. Rothwell PM, Johnston SC. Transient ischemic attacks: stratifying risk. Stroke 2006; 37: 320-2.
52. Saver JL. Time is brain-quantified. Stroke 2006; 37: 263-6.
53. Strupp M, Covi M, Seelos K et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis: correlation between recanalization and clinical outcome - a long-term follow-up of 40 patients. J Neurol 2002; 249: 1123-4.
54. Sudlow CL, Warlow CP. Comparable studies of the incidence of stroke and its pathological types: results from an international collaboration. International Stroke Incidence Collaboration. Stroke 1997; 28: 491-9.
55. Wolfe CD, Giroud M, Kolominsky-Rabas P et al. Variations in stroke incidence and survival in 3 areas of Europe. European Registries of Stroke (EROS) Collaboration. Stroke 2000; 31: 2074-9.