Is bio-identical hormone replacement therapy safer than traditional hormone replacement therapy? A critical appraisal of cardiovascular risks in menopausal women

Treatments in Endocrinology

Volumn 5, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 367-374

  Curcio, Jessica J ^a   Wollner, Debra A ^a   Schmidt, John W ^a   Kim, Linda S ^a  

^a Southwest College Naturopathic Med   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIMICIFUGA RACEMOSA EXTRACT; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; ESTRADIOL; ESTRADIOL VALERATE; ESTRIOL; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA; ESTRONE; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE; NORETHISTERONE; PLACEBO; PROGESTERONE;

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; BREAST CANCER; BREAST TENDERNESS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIZZINESS; DRUG BINDING; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; HYPNOSIS; LUNG EMBOLISM; MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME; MENOPAUSE; MOOD DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; STROKE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UROGENITAL TRACT DISEASE; VAGINA BLEEDING; ESTROGEN THERAPY; FEMALE; RISK FACTOR;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; ESTRIOL; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; ESTRONE; FEMALE; HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; HUMANS; MENOPAUSE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 33751211490     PISSN: 11756349     EISSN: 11756349     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00024677-200605060-00005     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Avis NE, Crawford S, Stellato R, et al. Longitudinal study of hormone levels and depression among women transitioning through menopause. Climacteric 2001; 4 (3): 243-9
2. Reynolds RF, Walker AM, Obermeyer CM, et al. Discontinuation of postmenopausal hormone therapy in a Massachusetts HMO. J Clin Epidemiol 2001; 54 (10): 1056-64
3. Hodgin JB, Maeda N. Minireview: estrogen and mouse models of atherosclerosis. Endocrinology 2002; 143 (12): 4495-501
4. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288 (3): 321-33
5. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291 (14): 1701-12
6. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on endometrial histology in postmenopausal women: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. JAMA 1996; 275 (5): 370-5
7. Grady D, Applegate W, Bush T, et al. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS): design, methods, and baseline characteristics. Control Clin Trials 1998; 19 (4): 314-35
8. Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V, et al. Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002; 288 (1): 49-57
9. Barrett-Connor E, Bush TL. Estrogen and coronary heart disease in women. JAMA 1991; 265 (14): 1861-7
10. Espeland MA, Hogan PE, Fineberg SE, et al. Effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy on glucose and insulin concentrations: PEPI Investigators. Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions. Diabetes Care 1998; 21 (10): 1589-95
11. Marcus R, Holloway L, Wells B, et al. The relationship of biochemical markers of bone turnover to bone density changes in postmenopausal women: results from the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial. J Bone Miner Res 1999; 14 (9): 1583-95
12. Seed M. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial. The Writing Group for the PEPI trial. JAMA 1995; 273 (3): 199-208
13. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial. The Writing Group for the PEPI trial. JAMA 1995; 273 (3): 199-208
14. Cushman M, Legault C, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Effect of postmenopausal hormones on inflammation-sensitive proteins: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) study. Circulation 1999; 100 (7): 717-22
15. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 1998; 280 (7): 605-13
16. Hulley S, Furberg C, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Noncardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002; 288 (1): 58-66
17. Design of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study: the Women's Health Initiative Study Group. Control Clin Trials 1998; 19 (1): 61-109
18. Reynolds RF, Obermeyer CM, Walker AM, et al. Side effects and sociobehavioral factors associated with the discontinuation of hormone therapy in a Massachusetts health maintenance organization. Menopause 2001; 8 (3): 189-99
19. Vihtamaki T, Savilahti R, Tuimala R. Why do postmenopausal women discontinue hormone replacement therapy? Maturitas 1999; 33 (2): 99-105
20. Hersh AL, Stefanick ML, Stafford RS. National use of postmenopausal hormone therapy: annual trends and response to recent evidence. JAMA 2004; 291 (1): 47-53
21. Washburn S, Burke GL, Morgan T, et al. Effect of soy protein supplementation on serum lipoproteins, blood pressure, and menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal women. Menopause 1999; 6 (1): 7-13
22. Kronenberg F, Fugh-Berman A. Complementary and alternative medicine for menopausal symptoms: a review of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137 (10): 805-13
23. Lieberman S. A review of the effectiveness of Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) for the symptoms of menopause. J Womens Health 1998; 7 (5): 525-9
24. 1995 US Pharmacopoeia & The National Formulary: USP 23-NF18. Rockville (MD): US Pharmacopoeia, 1994
25. Katzenellenbogen BS. Biology and receptor interactions of estriol and estriol derivatives in vitro and in vivo. J Steroid Biochem 1984; 20 (4B): 1033-7
26. Pettersson K, Delaunay F, Gustafsson JA. Estrogen receptor beta acts as a dominant regulator of estrogen signaling. Oncogene 2000; 19 (43): 4970-8
27. Bardin A, Boulle N, Lazennec G, et al. Loss of ERbeta expression as a common step in estrogen-dependent tumor progression. Endocr Relat Cancer 2004; 11 (3): 537-51
28. Morito K, Aomori T, Hirose T, et al. Interaction of phytoestrogens with estrogen receptors alpha and beta (II). Biol Pharm Bull 2002; 25 (1): 48-52
29. Rich RL, Hoth LR, Geoghegan KF, et al. Kinetic analysis of estrogen receptor/ligand interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99 (13): 8562-7
30. Nishihara T, Nishikawa J. Bioassay for endocrine disruptors by using yeast two-hybrid system. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2001; 118 (3): 203-10
31. Arnold SF, Bergeron JM, Tran DQ, et al. Synergistic responses of steroidal estrogens in vitro (yeast) and in vivo (turtles). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 235 (2): 336-42
32. Clark JH, Markaverich BM. The agonistic and antagonistic actions of estriol. J Steroid Biochem 1984; 20 (4B): 1005-13
33. Kikuchi N, Urabe M, Iwasa K, et al. Atheroprotective effect of estriol and estrone sulfate on human vascular smooth muscle cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 72 (1-2): 71-8
34. Raines EW, Ross R. Smooth muscle cells and the pathogenesis of the lesions of atherosclerosis. Br Heart J 1993; 69 (1 Suppl.): S30-7
35. Saegusa Y, Ziff M, Welkovich L, et al. Effect of inflammatory cytokines on human endothelial cell proliferation. J Cell Physiol 1990; 142 (3): 488-95
36. Zang YC, Halder JB, Hong J, et al. Regulatory effects of estriol on T cell migration and cytokine profile: inhibition of transcription factor NF-kappa B. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 124 (1-2): 106-14
37. Kano H, Hayashi T, Sumi D, et al. Estriol retards and stabilizes atherosclerosis through an NO-mediated system. Life Sci 2002; 71 (1): 31-42
38. Ushiroyama T, Sakai M, Higashiyama T, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: a study of the efficacy of estriol and changes in plasma gonadotropin levels. Gynecol Endocrinol 2001; 15 (1): 74-80
39. Manonai J, Theppisai U. Effect of oral estriol on urogenital symptoms, vaginal cytology, and plasma hormone level in postmenopausal women. J Med Assoc Thai 2001; 84 (4): 539-44
40. Takahashi K, Manabe A, Okada M, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral estriol for managing postmenopausal symptoms. Maturitas 2000; 34 (2): 169-77
41. Takahashi K, Okada M, Ozaki T, et al. Safety and efficacy of oestriol for symptoms of natural or surgically induced menopause. Hum Reprod 2000; 15 (5): 1028-36
42. Kamenov Z, Kolarov G, Nalbanski B. Low dose estradiol valerate plus estriol can preserve bone loss in the forearm and attenuate climacteric symptoms in early postmenopausal women. Arch Hellenic Med 2000; 17 (6): 600-8
43. Cheng GJ, Liu JL, Zhang Q, et al. Nylestriol replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: a three-year prospective study. Chin Med J (Engl) 1993; 106 (12): 911-6
44. Yang TS, Tsan SH, Chang SP, et al. Efficacy and safety of estriol replacement therapy for climacteric women. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 1995; 55 (5): 386-91
45. Tzingounis VA, Aksu MF, Greenblatt RB. The significance of oestriol in the management of the post-menopause. Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh) 1980; 233: 45-50
46. Lindsay R, Hart DM, Maclean A, et al. Bone loss during oestriol therapy in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 1979; 1 (4): 279-85
47. Hayashi T, Kano H, Sumi D, et al. The long-term effect of estriol on endothelial function and bone mineral density in octogenarian women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50 (4): 777-8
48. Itoi H, Minakami H, Sato I. Comparison of the long-term effects of oral estriol with the effects of conjugated estrogen, 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium lactate on vertebral bone loss in early menopausal women. Maturitas 1997; 28 (1): 11-7
49. Itoi H, Minakami H, Iwasaki R, et al. Comparison of the long-term effects of oral estriol with the effects of conjugated estrogen on serum lipid profile in early menopausal women. Maturitas 2000; 36 (3): 217-22
50. Bukowska H, Stanosz S, Zochowska E, et al. Does the type of hormone replacement therapy affect lipoprotein (a), homocysteine, and C-reactive protein levels in postmenopausal women? Metabolism 2005; 54 (1): 72-8
51. Rexrode KM, Manson JE, Lee IM, et al. Sex hormone levels and risk of cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women. Circulation 2003; 108 (14): 1688-93
52. Ridker PM. Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation 2003; 107 (3): 363-9
53. Ridker PM, Brown NJ, Vaughan DE, et al. Established and emerging plasma biomarkers in the prediction of first atherothrombotic events. Circulation 2004; 109 (25 Suppl. 1): IV6-19
54. Koh KK, Sakuma I. Should progestins be blamed for the failure of hormone replacement therapy to reduce cardiovascular events in randomized controlled trials? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24 (7): 1171-9
55. Nilsen J, Brinton RD. Divergent impact of progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) on nuclear mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100 (18): 10506-11
56. Wickelgren I. Estrogen research: brain researchers try to salvage estrogen treatments. Science 2003; 302 (5648): 1138-9
57. Otsuki M, Saito H, Xu X, et al. Progesterone, but not medroxyprogesterone, inhibits vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21 (2): 243-8
58. Arafat ES, Hargrove JT, Maxson WS, et al. Sedative and hypnotic effects of oral administration of micronized progesterone may be mediated through its metabolites. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159 (5): 1203-9
59. Warren MP, Shantha S. Uses of progesterone in clinical practice. Int J Fertil Womens Med 1999; 44 (2): 96-103
60. Cummings JA, Brizendine L. Comparison of physical and emotional side effects of progesterone or medroxyprogesterone in early postmenopausal women. Menopause 2002; 9 (4): 253-63
61. Greendale GA, Reboussin BA, Hogan P, et al. Symptom relief and side effects of postmenopausal hormones: results from the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions Trial. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 92 (6): 982-8
62. Montplaisir J, Lorrain J, Denesle R, et al. Sleep in menopause: differential effects of two forms of hormone replacement therapy. Menopause 2001; 8 (1): 10-6
63. Fitzpatrick LA, Pace C, Wiita B. Comparison of regimens containing oral micronized progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate on quality of life in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional survey. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2000; 9 (4): 381-7
64. Ryan N, Rosner A. Quality of life and costs associated with micronized progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate in hormone replacement therapy for nonhysterectomized, postmenopausal women. Clin Ther 2001; 23 (7): 1099-115
65. Bolaji II, Grimes H, Mortimer G, et al. Low-dose progesterone therapy in oestrogenised postmenopausal women: effects on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and liver function parameters. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1993; 48 (1): 61-8
66. Ottosson UB, Johansson BG, von Schoultz B. Subfractions of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol during estrogen replacement therapy: a comparison between progestogens and natural progesterone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 151 (6): 746-50
67. Saarikoski S, Yliskoski M, Penttila I. Sequential use of norethisterone and natural progesterone in pre-menopausal bleeding disorders. Maturitas 1990; 12 (2): 89-97
68. Cushman M. Hormone therapies and vascular outcomes: who is at risk? J Thromb Thrombolysis 2003; 16 (1-2): 87-90
69. Adams C, Cannell S. Women's beliefs about 'natural' hormones and natural hormone replacement therapy. Menopause 2001; 8 (6): 433-40
70. Gokhale L, Sturdee DW, Parsons AD. The use of food supplements among women attending menopause clinics in the West Midlands. J Br Menopause Soc 2003; 9 (1): 32-5